2023年考研英語(yǔ)真題及參考答案

2023年全國(guó)碩士碩士入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題及參照答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobe

insensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,we

standupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloat

throughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weare

extremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapable

of7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnot

another,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecause

somepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthe

nose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.

However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12can

suddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14to

keepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.

Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydo

notneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18new

smellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19

forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethe

dangeroffire.

l.[A]although[B]as[Clbut[D]while

2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides

3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicatedfD]confined

4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking

5.fAlanyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused

9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical

1l.[A]signs[B]stimulifC]messages[Dlimpulses

12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarg[D]attimes

13.[A]subjectedfB]leftfC]drawn[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create

16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice

19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiablefD]suitable

2O.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)

Text1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyouleam

thatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationfor

slacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedassailtoohuman”,

withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinely

developedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalof

EmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,

suggeststhatitalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.They

lookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfood

tardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloser

attentiontothevalueof'goodsandservices^thanmales.Suchcharacteristicsmake

themperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.dewaafs；study.Theresearchers

spenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,the

monkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.

However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothat

eachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbecame

markedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferableto

cucumbers)Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,the

secondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifone

receivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theother

eithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedto；

acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheother

chamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentina

femalecapuchin.

Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocial

emotions,inthewild,theyareaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operation

islikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsof

righteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesser

rewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthe

group.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchins

andhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35

millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby

A.posingacontrast.

B.justifyinganassumption.

C.makingacomparison.

D.explainingaphenomenon.

22.Thestatemenf'itisalltoomonkey^^(Lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat

A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.

B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'nature.

C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.

D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.

23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobably

becausetheyare

A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.

B.attentivetoresearchers4nstructions.

C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.

D.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthe

monkeys

A.prefergrapestocucumbers.

B.canbetaughttoexchangethings.

C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.

D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

Text2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkill

usbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewas

inconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroy

ourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericans

boughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearly

graves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertryto

awakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.Thelatestwasapanelfromthe

NationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth's

atmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclear

messageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.Thepresidentofthe

NationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointinteprefacetothepaneFs

repof'ScienceneverhalltheanswersButsciencedoesprovideuswiththebest

availableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbase

importantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthe

futureconsequencesofpresentactions.

Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthe

scienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'sOktokeeppouringfumesinto

theairuntilweknowforsure,thisisadangerousgame：bythe100percentofthe

evidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudent

peoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthata

majorityofthepresidentsadvisersstilldon*ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Instead

ofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof'paralysis

byanalysis^^.

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeper

atmosphericandoceanicresearchButresearchaloneisinadequate.Ifthe

Administrationwon'ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobegin

fashioningconservationmeasuresAbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWest

Virginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromising

startManyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantsto

meetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucial

thatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat

A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokingand

death.

B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.

C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.

D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas

A.aprotector.

B.ajudge.

C.acritic.

D.aguide.

28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby6tparalysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)

A.Endlessstudieskillaction.

B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

C.prudentplanninghinders.

D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoabout

A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

C.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.

D.Takesomelegislativemeasures.

30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmoking

because

A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'snegligence.

B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.

C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.

D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.

Text3

Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinour

control.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddead

peoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreams

werethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s.

neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust66mentalnoise^therandom

byproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearchers

suspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoods

whilethebrainis"ofF4ine“Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintensely

powerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunder

consciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,"It'syourdream^saysRosalind

Cartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter."Ifyoudon*tlikeit,

changeit.”

Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.Thebrainisasactiveduring

REM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfully

awake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthe

brainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the"emotionalbrain")isespecially

active,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelatively

quiet/'Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywith

usallday^saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.

Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecan

exerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreamsAssoonasyouawaken,identify

whatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead,the

nexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuch

practicepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.

Attheendoftheday,there'sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreams

atallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingofwewakeuinapanic,“Cartwrightsays

Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreased

people'sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfroma

therapistFortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.

Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou'llfeelbetterinthemorning.

31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams

A.canbemodifiedintheircourses.

B.aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.

C.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.

D.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.

32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow

A.itsfunctioninourdreams.

B.themechanismofREMsleep.

C.therelationofdreamstoemotions.

D.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.

33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto

A.aggravateinourunconsciousmind.

B.developintohappydreams.

C.persisttillthetimewefallasleep.

D.showupindreamsearlyatnight.

34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat

A.wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.

B.visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroll.

C.dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.

D.dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.

35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?

A.leadyourlifeasusual.

B.Seekprofessionalhelp.

C.Exerciseconsciouscontrol.

D.Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.

Text4

Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,to

commandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuch

commandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationof

languageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistand

controversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960s

counter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing”,hasspelt

thedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestly

educatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,even

themostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthe

page.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthat

couldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingover

speaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,

thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totake

thequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledges

thatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,

canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthat

cannotconveycomplexideasHeisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolonger

thinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksof

memorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthat

wouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledges

thatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducation

reforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.

WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,but

probablyaninevitableone.

36.AccordingtoMeWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.

37.Theword“talking”(Linge6,paragraphs)denotes

A.modesty.

B.personality.

C.liveliness.

D.informality.

38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMeWhortermostlikelyagree?

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.

39.ThedescriptionofRussians1loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor's

A.interestintheirlanguage.

B.appreciationoftheirefforts.

C.admirationfortheirmemory.

D.contemptfbrtheirold-fashionedness.

40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,"paperplates"isto"china”as

A."temporary"isto"permanent”.

B.”radical"isto"conservative”.

C.“functional”isto"artistic”.

D."humble”isto“noble”.

PartB

Directions：

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblankthere

aretwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveany

breathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,might

spareamomenttodosomething,toreducehealth-carecosts.

They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growing

componentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.

41.

Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealth

care-tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexpertsrecommendedthecreationofa

nationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,

bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,

workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.

42.

But“national“doesn'thavetomeanthat."National“couldmean

interprovincial-provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.

Eitherway,onebenefitofa"national“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetter

prices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseries

ofhospitalswithinaprovince-negotiateapricefbragivendrugontheprovinciallist,

thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.

Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,the

nationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomics

suggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetter

price.

43.

Asmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththe

creationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,

fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommends

toprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded,predictablyandregrettably

Quebecrefusedtojoin.

Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They

(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillions

withfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationalisthasn't

goneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.

44.

PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow'sreportselectively,especiallytheparts

aboutmorefederalmoneyperhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs.

“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceon

pharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”

[5.|

SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaint

list,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwould

helptheirbudgetsandpatients.

A.Quebec'sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.Oneofthrst

advocatesfornationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec*sDrug

InsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percent

to26.8percent!

B.OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport："thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuch

anagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiate

thelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies”

C.Whatdoes"national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirby

recommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNational

HealthCouncil.

D.Theproblemissimpleandstark：health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwill

continuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.

E.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrug

costshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partof

theincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatmentspartof

itarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.

F.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovethey

canrunit,startingwithaninteqprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,save

administrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,and

bargainforbetterdrugprices.

G.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedivided

buyers,theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfrom

oneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonits,

listthepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanational

agencyagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.

PartC

Directions：

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.

(1Opoints)

Itisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelmingly

significantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone's

impressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisone

ofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed-andperhapsnever

beforehasitservedtomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecent

eventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanits

peoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisinmindwecanbeginto

analyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewheremulti-media

groupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,

radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtoone

another.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwell

andMurdochcometomind.

Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobe

abletocompetecompleteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.(48)Thisalone

demonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurviveinafact

underlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksno

lessthan50%tookalossin1989.

Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommun