unit5-ReadingandWriting市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎課件

UnitFive1/83Unit3

NegotiationsGettingThingsReady1ThingstoDo2ThingstoWrite3MoreThingstoDo4CareerSkillDescription2/83Section1

GettingThingsReady1

theprocessofanegotiationandmakepreparationforit

theconflictsmanagement

howtowriteanoutlineforanegotiation

Inthisunit,youwilllearn:233/83Section1GettingThingsReady4/83Activity2:ReadthepassageinSection2andcompletethefollowingparagraph.

Section1GettingThingsReadyNegotiationisregardedasa1)________amongnations,organizationsorindividualsoveraparticulardispute.Itgoesthroughaseriesof2)_________,suchastheopeningstage,the3)_________stage,theproposingstage,the4)_________stageandtheclosingstage.Negotiatingskillsandstylesvaryfromnegotiatortonegotiator.Negotiatorsmakefulluseofdifferentskillstocreateeithera5)“__________”or“win-lose”situation.A‘win-win”situationismoredesirableforlong-termrelationships.dialogueprocessespresentationbargainingwin-winback5/83Section2

ThingstoDo

ThingstoDoActivityTwo

ListenandWriteReadandThinkActivityOneRelatedInformationback6/83Section2ThingstoDoWhat?Negotiationisadialogueintendedtoresolvedisputes,toproduceanagreementuponcoursesofaction,tobargainforindividualorcollectiveadvantage,ortocraftoutcomestosatisfyvariousinterests.Negotiationcanbedividedintosixphases:a.Introduction:Bothpartiesintroducethemselves.b.Generalization:Bothpartiestalkabouttheirobjectives,plans,etc.c.Presentingone’sproposition:Bothpartiesclarifytheirpositionandputforwardquestionsfortheotherparty.RelatedInformation:7/83Section2ThingstoDod.Bargaining:Bothpartiesbargainonsomemaindisputesandstrugglesfortheirowninterests.e.Compromising:Bothpartiesmakesomeconcessioninordertogainsomebenefits.f.Makinganagreement:Bothpartiesmakeagreementsandsummery.Where?Negotiationoccursinbusiness,non-profitorganizations,governmentalbranches,legalproceedings,amongnationsandinpersonalsituationssuchasmarriage,divorce,parenting,andeverydaylife.8/83Section2ThingstoDoHow?Therearesomeverygoodnegotiationskillsandthemosteffectiveareasfollows:a.Friendlyenvironment:Afriendlyenvironmentisgoodfordifferentpointofviews.Professionalnegotiatorsknowwellwhentostartsmalltalksandwhentogettothemainpoints.b.Solvingdisputes:Professionalnegotiatorsknowwellawin-winsituationisthebestwaytoachieveeachparty’sbenefit,sotheyavoiddisputesandoftenfindwaystosolvedisputes.c.Hidingone’semotions:Emotionsaregoodwaystotelltheotherpartywhatyouhaveinyourmind,socontrollingone’semotionsisaneffectivewaytomakeagooddeal.Positiveemotionshaveagreatbenefitonnegotiation,whilenegativeemotionsoftenleadnegotiationtodeadlock.back9/83onbehalfofstepbystepnegotiatorbargain

inexchangeofeffectivedialoguecarryoutconcessionSectionTwo

ThingstoDo

ActivityOneListenandWritelayoutback10/83SectionTwo

ThingstoDo

Question3

Willyougetangrywhentheotherpartyrefusesyourproposalinthenegotiation?Question2Whatkindofpreparationdoyouneedtomakebeforethenegotiation?Question1Whatisthepurposeofnegotiation?ReadandThinknext11/83ReadandThinkNegotiationsNegotiationisadialogueamongnations,companies,non-profitorganizationsorindividuals.Itaimsatsolvingdisputesandproducingagreementsthroughaseriesofbargaining.Itiscarriedoutbynegotiatorsonbehalfofdifferentpartiesanditgoesthroughaseriesofprocesses.Negotiationbeginsbymakingcleartheobjectives,rolesandcommunicationskillsofone’sownparty.Suchpreparationsarerequiredintheopeningintroduction.Task-orientednegotiatorsgetdowntobusinesssoonaftertheintroduction,whilepeople-orientednegotiatorsaremoreawareofdevelopinganicerelationshipandcreatingafriendlyatmosphere.Whateverattitudenegotiatorshave,anegotiatingw12/83planwillbelaidoutaftertheopeningintroductionsothatmainpointswillbediscussedstepbystep.Truenegotiationdoesnotgetstarteduntilnegotiatorspresenttheirpositionsandlistenfortheotherparty’sfeedback.Degreeofdirectnessincommunicationvariesfromnegotiatortonegotiator,andthuseachpartyneedtoknowtheotherparty’snegotiatingstyleverywell.Skillfulnegotiatorsoftenlistencarefullyandputforwardeffectivequestions.Theylistennotonlyforwords,butforfeelings.Handlingconflictsandmakingeffectivebargainingareregardedasthemostimportantprocessesinnegotiation.Somenegotiatorsareeasilyinvolvedemotionally,whichmightbringthenegotiationintoadeadlock,whileothernegotiatorsReadandThink

w13/83ReadandThinkcommunicateinamorepositiveway.Agoodmanybargainingskillsarestronglyrequired,suchasexertingpressure,makingconditionsandevenhelpingotherstogetwhattheywantinexchangeofone’sowninterest.Thelastprocessinnegotiationistoclosethemeeting.Bothpartiesmakesummary,agreeoncertainactionsandbidfarewell.Theresultofnegotiationiseithera“win-lose”or“win-win”situation.“Win-lose”negotiationsuggeststhatthereshouldbeawinnerandaloserinthegame.Oneparty’sbenefitcomesfromtheotherparty’sloss.However,“win-win”negotiationtreatsnegotiationasonlyapartofanopenandlong-termrelationship.Byofferingcertainconcession,“win-win”negotiationmakesbenefitsforbothpartiespossible.（329words）translationbackw14/83ReadandThinkTask1Testyourproblem-solvingability.Findoutmoreaboutwin-win,win-lose,andlose-loseoutcomes.

Win-win,win-lose,andlose-losearegametheorytermsthatrefertothepossibleoutcomesofagameordisputeinvolvingtwosides,andmoreimportantly,howeachsideperceivestheiroutcomerelativetotheirstandingbeforethegame.Forexample,a"win"resultswhentheoutcomeofanegotiationisbetterthanexpected,a"loss"whentheoutcomeisworsethanexpected.Inotherwords,expectationsdetermineone'sperceptionofanygivenresult.Win-winoutcomesoccurwheneachsideofadisputefeelstheyhavewon.Sincebothsidesbenefitfromsuchascenario,anyresolutionstotheconflictarelikelytobeacceptedvoluntarily.Theprocessofintegrativebargainingaimstoachieve,throughcooperation,win-winoutcomes.next15/83ReadandThinkWin-losesituationsresultwhenonlyonesideperceivestheoutcomeaspositive.Thus,win-loseoutcomesarelesslikelytobeacceptedvoluntarily.Distributivebargainingprocesses,basedonaprincipleofcompetitionbetweenparticipants,tendtoendinwin-loseoutcomes.Lose-losemeansthatallpartiesendupbeingworseoff.Insomelose-losesituations,allpartiesunderstandthatlossesareunavoidableandthattheywillbeevenlydistributed.Insuchsituations,lose-loseoutcomescanbepreferabletowin-loseoutcomesbecausethedistributionisatleastconsideredtobefair.16/83ReadandThink

Task2

Tellwhetherthe

followingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTforTrueandFforFalse.1.Negotiationonlytakesplaceamongbusinesscompanies.2.Anegotiationusuallygoesthroughaseriesofprocesses.3.Somenegotiatorsdonotwanttowastetimeondevelopingnicerelationshipandpreferdiscussingthemaintaskimmediately.4.Negativeemotioninnegotiationoftenleadstofruitfulresults.5.Ifthenegotiatorsofonepartyofferconcession,itmeansthattheyloseeverything.6.Accordingtothepassage,bothpartiesbenefitfrom“win-win”approachinnegotiation.FFTTnextFT17/83ReadandThink1.Wheredoesnegotiationtakeplace?

Itoccursamongnations,companies,non-profitorganizationsorindividuals.

2.Whatkindofpreparationshouldbemadebeforenegotiation?Bothpartiesshouldmakecleartheirobjectives,rolesandcommunicationskills.3.Whatkindofattitudedopeople-orientednegotiatorshold?Theyaremoreawareofdevelopinganicerelationshipandcreatingafriendlyatmosphere.

nextTask3Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.18/83ReadandThink4.Howdoskillfulnegotiatorsgainadvantagesatthestageofpresentingone’spositions?Skillfulnegotiatorsgainadvantagesbylisteningcarefullyandputtingforwardeffectivequestions.5.Howdonegotiatorsclosethemeeting?

Bothpartiesmakesummery,agreeoncertainactionandbidfarewell.

6.Whichnegotiatingapproachdoyouprefer,“win-win”approachor“win-lose”approach?Whyorwhynot?

Open.next19/83ReadandThinknextTask4MatchAwithB

1-c2-f3-e4-a5-d6-i7-j8-g9-h10-b20/83ReadandThinkTask5

Fillintheblankswiththerightwordsorphrases.Changetheformwherenecessary.1.Customersarewelcometogive__________ontheservicesthehotelhasprovidedforthem.2.Shemadeaspeechatthegraduationceremony___________allthegraduatestudents.3.Nomatterwhatdifficultyyoumaymeetwith,yourplanshouldbe__________.4.Inanegotiationwehavetocarefully___________theimpliedmeaningsoftheotherparty.

concessionlistenforatmospherefeedbackinexchangeofgothroughlayoutcarryoutonbehalfofaseriesof

feedbackonbehalfofcarriedoutlistenfor21/83ReadandThink5.Theyfinallymakeanagreementonpricethrough__________negotiations.6.Bothpartiesrefusedtomakeany__________onprice,whichbroughtthenegotiationintoadeadlock.7.StudyshowsthatpeopleinChinaarewillingtoworkharderwhentheyareyoung_________________abetterlifeafterretirement.8.Ihave__________acarefulplanformyresearchonBritishcultureinthissummervocation.9.Thenegotiation_____________aseriesofdeadlocksbeforeitfinallyendedwithoutanyoutcomes.10.Ilovedininginthisrestaurantbecausethe__________hereisalwayswarmandromantic.aseriesofconcessioninexchangeoflaidoutwentthroughatmosphereback22/83ReadandThinkTask6Readandtranslate.1.…varyfrom…to…Negotiationskillsvaryfrompersontoperson.Outcomesvaryfromnegotiationtonegotiation.2.Whatever…Whateverhappens,wehavetocarryoutourinvestmentplanimmediately.Whateverdifficultieswemaymeetwith,themarketsurveyistobecarriedoutasplanned.23/83ReadandThink3.…while…Duringnegotiation,AmericannegotiatorswereimpatientwhileJapanesenegotiatorswereatease.Somecompanylaunchadvertisementstoattractmorecustomerswhileothersgiveoutfreesamples.4.…notuntil…ThenegotiationbetweentheU.S.andChinadidnotcometoanenduntil9o’clockintheevening.Marydidnotrealizetheimportanceofmakingproperconcessioninnegotiationuntilthisnegotiationfailed.24/83ReadandThink5.…notonly…but…Asuccessfulnegotiatordoesnotonlyaccomplishthenegotiatingplansuccessfully,butalsodevelopslong-termrelationshipwiththeotherparty.Iloveworkingwithmycolleaguesnotonlybecausetheyteachmealotatwork,butbecausetheyaregoodfriendsinlife.6.doing…beregardedas…Havingpositiveemotionisregardedasthekeytocarryingoutanegotiationsmoothly.Loweringcostisregardedasoneoftheeffectivestrategiesforcompaniestoachievesuccessinthefiercecompetition.25/83Section3

ThingstoWrite

ThingstoWriteActivityTwo:

AppliedWritingAnOutlineofaNegotiationCompleteapassageActivityOne:Task-basedWritingback26/83Section3

ThingstoWriteActivityOne:Task-basedWritingAnOutlineofaNegotiationTask1Studythefollowingtipsforwriting.Task2Studythefollowinglanguageforwriting.Task3Studythefollowingmodelforwiting.Task4

Completetheoutlineforsalarydiscussion.back27/83Section3

ThingstoWriteWhenwritingaboutanoutlineofanegotiation,thefollowingshouldbeconsidered:1.Whatyouwant

Startbymakingalistofyourdemands.Beveryspecificinyourlistofitems,becausespecificdemandscarrymorenegotiatingpower.2.WhereyoucanaffordtocompromiseConsiderthelistofdemandsyoumadeanddecidewhichitemsyouabsolutelymusthave,whichwouldbegreattohave,andwhichwouldbenicetohavebutaredispensable(可有可無).Planaheadhowmuchyouarewillingtoreduceyourdemandssothatyouaren'tforcedintomakingadecisionyoumayregret.Task1Studythefollowingtipsforwriting.28/83Section3

ThingstoWrite3.Alternativestoyourultimategoal

ForeveryplanAyoushouldhaveaplanB.Negotiatorswhoaren'tpreparedwithanalternativeplantendtofeelliketheyhavenochoicebuttotakewhat'sofferedbytheotherside.4.Othergeneralpreparation:objectives,members,dateandplace,termsandconditions.back29/83Section3

ThingstoWriteTask2Studythefollowinglanguageforwriting.Wordsandphrasesbudget預算objective目標contract協(xié)議responsibility責任timelimits限期claim索賠quality質量price價格30/83Section3

ThingstoWriteSentencepatterns:Wesetourmainobjectiveas……However…isacceptable.Besides,weaimat……We’llbeginwith……We’lldiscussover……We’llsummarizeon……We’llmakeafurtherplanon……back31/83Section3

ThingstoWrite

Task3Studythefollowingmodelforwiting.

NegotiationOutlineofContractingProject（工程承包項目標談判提要）Objectiveofnegotiation（談判目標）:MakeareasonablecontractMembersofournegotiationteam（本企業(yè)談判組員）:TomSmith&DanielJonesDateofnegotiation（談判時間）:2ndMay,Placeofnegotiation（談判地點）:WhiteSwamHotel1.DetailsoftheContractingProject（承包項目標詳細內(nèi)容）:1)Thenameandthelocationoftheproject（承包項目標名稱和地點）:TheAdministrationBuildingofSuccessVocationalCollege2)Thedesignoftheproject（項目設計圖）:Seetheattachment3)Thetechniqueoftheproject（項目技術）:ReinforcedConcreteStructures32/83Section3

ThingstoWrite2.BudgetoftheContractingProject（項目預算）:

1)Thebasisofthebudget（項目標預算基礎）:RMB500,0002)Specificitemsofthebudget（預算詳細內(nèi)容）:constructionofthebuildingandinteriordecoration3.QualityoftheContractingProject（工程質量）:1)Standardofthequality（質量標準）:Good2)Timelimitsfortheproject（工期要求）:Oneyear3)Supervisoroftheproject（監(jiān)理）:DavidJackson33/83Section3

ThingstoWrite4.Draftingthebusinesscontract（協(xié)議文書）:1)Itemsinthecontract（協(xié)議條款）:Quality,Date,Budget,etc2)Waysofsolvingdisputes（爭議處理方法）:Throughlegalways3)Timelimitforfilingclaims（索賠時效）:Sixmonths4)Qualityinspection（質量驗收）:Accomplishedbyengineersemployedbyourside5)Solutionstoqualitydefects（質量問題處理）:Throughlegalways34/83Section3

ThingstoWriteOthers（其它）:Divisionoflaborinnegotiation（談判人員分工）ThetechnologydepartmentisresponsibleforpreparingmaterialsrelatedtotechniqueThelawdepartmentisresponsiblefordraftingthebusinesscontractThefinancedepartmentisresponsibleformakingbudget35/83Section3

ThingstoWriteTask4Completetheoutlineforsalarydiscussionwiththecompany.SalaryNegotiationOutline（薪酬談判提要）Objectiveofnegotiation（談判目標）:______________________________________Membersofnegotiation（談判組員）:______________________________________Dateofnegotiation（談判時間）:______________________________________Placeofnegotiation（談判地點）:______________________________________getareasonablesalaryofaboutRMB3,000

DavidJonesandHRmanagerofP&Gcompany

May20,officeofP&Gcompany36/83Section3

ThingstoWrite1.DetailsoftheSalary（薪酬詳細內(nèi)容）:Salaryduringprobation（實習期工資）:__________________________________Salaryafterprobation（實習期結束后工資）:_________________________Detailsofthesalary（薪酬組成）:___________________________________2.Welfare（福利）:Accommodation（是否提供住房）:__________________________________Holidaywithpay（多少天帶薪假期）:___________________________________RMB2,000RMB3,000basicsalaryplussalesbonusyes/no,butwithrentingallowance

5daysperyearpluspublicholidays37/83Section3

ThingstoWrite3.Assurance（保險）:SocialAssurance（是否繳納社會保險）:_________________________________MedicalAssurance（是否繳納醫(yī)療保險）:_________________________________AccommodationAllowance（是否提供住房補助）:_________________________________backyes,8%ofthetotalsalaryyes,basicmedicalassuranceplusaccidentassuranceyes,about8-12%ofthetotalincome38/83Section3

ThingstoWritenext39/83Section3

ThingstoWrite

BasicsinNegotiationNegotiationisacomplicatedtask.Itisimportanttounderstandthebasicsofnegotiationsothatyoucanbetterachieveyourgoalsand1)_________________________(開展雙贏策略).Negotiationmainlyconsistsofthefollowingbasics:strategyandstyle,emotion,position,andnegotiationtasks.Eachnegotiationteamhasitsownstyleand2)____________________________________________(依據(jù)自己目標和格調(diào)制訂談判策略).Emotionplaysanimportantpartinthenegotiation.It’ssometimesadecisivefactorfortheresults.Somenegotiationgroupstendtohaveamorepositivemood,whileTask2CompletethefollowingpassagebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninbracketsintoEnglish.develop“win-win”strategydevelopsstrategiesbasedontheirgoalsandnegotiationstyle40/83Section3

ThingstoWrite3)_________________________________________________(其它一些談判小組可能會有較消極情緒).Positionisthecoreofnegotiationandmayhaveadecisiveeffectoneachteam’sstrategy.Differentteamsmaychoose4)_________________(合作性策略)oraggressivetacticsaccordingly.Asaresult,negotiationtasksarewelldevelopedbasedonsuchfactors.Eachoftheabovebasicisequallyimportanttonegotiation.Ifonegoeswrong,thenegotiationmay5)________________(陷入僵局).othernegotiationgroupsmaydevelopnegativeemotioncooperativestrategiescometodeadlockback41/83Section4

MoreThingstoDoMoreThingstoDoActivityTwo:ReadingMoreFocusonGrammarActivityOne:back42/83

Win-winApproachinNegotiationInmodernnegotiation,“win-win”approachismostwidelyencouragedandusedby1)____________negotiators.Itistotallydifferentfromthetraditional“win-lose”approachinthatitencouragesmoreproductiveresults.Youdon’thavetodestroy(破壞)thenegotiationordefeattheotherparty2)__________getwhatyouwant.Section4

MoreThingstoDoagreementslowestthatpreparationpositionwhatskillsrelaxedprofessionalandconfidenceaggressivedetaildisagreementsbut

Task1Readthepassageandfillintheblankswithappropriatewordsfromtheboxbelow.professionalinorderto43/83Section4

MoreThingstoDoToachievea“win-win”situation,agood3)______________andapositiveattitudeareofgreatimportancetonegotiatorsofbothparties.Knowingthepositionsofbothpartiesisthefirsthomeworkyouhavetodo,becauseone’spositionoftenhasdecisive（決定性）effectonone’sobjective.Besidesmakingclearofyourownobjectives,youhavetounderstand4)________theotherpartymightwanttogetfromthenegotiation.Youhavetothinkoverevery5)__________andmakealistofthem.Basedonthisanalysis,youhavetodecidethehighestandthe6)__________youwillgiveofftotheotherpartyuponeachissue.Inthisway,youcanputforwardproposalsandgivefeedbacksmoreeffectively.preparationwhatdetaillowest44/83Section4

MoreThingstoDoMaintainingapositiveattitudebeforeandduringthenegotiationisnecessarytoa“win-win”negotiation.Apositiveattitudebeforenegotiationgivesyoumore7)__________andhelpsyoudigup(發(fā)覺)allthesmalldetailsoftheproject.Apositiveattitudeduringthenegotiationkeepsyoucalmand8)__________.Inthisway,youwillbemorecooperativeandconcentrateonmakingmore9)__________.Acooperativeattitudedoesnotonlygiveyouthetradeyouwanttogetinonenegotiation,10)__________helpsyoubuildupalong-termrelationshipfromwhichyoumightbenefitinthefuture.relaxedconfidenceagreementsbutnext45/83Section4

MoreThingstoDoTask2Choosetheanswerthatbestcompleteseachsentence.1.A“win-win”negotiationdiffersfroma“win-lose”negotiationinthat__________.A)theformerismoretraditionalB)theformerproducesbetteroutcomesC)thelatterneedsmorepreparationsD)thelatterismorewidelyused46/83Section4

MoreThingstoDo2.Thefirstthingtodoinpreparinganegotiationistoknow__________.A)whatyouwantfromitB)whattheotherpartywantsfromitC)whatbothpartieswantfromitD)whatnobodywantsfromit47/83Section4

MoreThingstoDo3.Apositiveattitudeisneededduringthenegotiationbybothpartiesfor___________.A)beatingtheotherpartyB)winningthenegotiationC)creatingawin-winsituationD)makingbetterpreparations48/83Section4

MoreThingstoDo4.Thephrase“concentrateon”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeansto_________.A)findoutB)coverupC)putforwardD)focuson49/83Section4

MoreThingstoDo5.Fromthepassageweknowthatthe“win-win”approachinnegotiationdemands__________.A)goodlanguageskillsB)acooperativeattitudeC)afriendlyrelationshipD)goodbargainingskillsback50/83ReadandThinkNegotiation

Negotiation

isadialogueamongnations,companies,

non-profit

organizationsorindividuals.Itaimsatsolvingdisputesandproducingagreementsthroughaseries

of

bargaining.Itiscarriedout

bynegotiatorsonbehalfof

differentpartiesanditgoesthrough

aseriesofprocesses.Negotiationbeginsbymakingcleartheobjectives,rolesandcommunicationskillsofone’sownparty.Suchpreparationsarerequiredintheopeningintroduction.Task-orientednegotiatorsgetdowntobusinesssoonaftertheintroduction,whilepeople-orientednegotiatorsaremoreawareofdevelopinganicerelationshipandcreatingafriendlyatmosphere.Whateverattitudenegotiatorshave,anegotiatingback51/83ReadandThink

planwillbelaidout

aftertheopeningintroductionsothatmainpointswillbediscussedstepbystep.Truenegotiationdoesnotgetstarteduntilnegotiatorspresenttheirpositionsandlistenfor

theotherparty’sfeedback.Degreeofdirectnessincommunicationvariesfrom

negotiatortonegotiator,andthuseachpartyneedtoknowtheotherparty’snegotiatingstyleverywell.Skillfulnegotiatorsoftenlistencarefullyandputforwardeffectivequestions.Theylistennotonlyforwords,butforfeelings.Handlingconflicts

andmakingeffectivebargainingareregardedas

themostimportantprocessesinnegotiation.Somenegotiatorsareeasilyinvolvedemotionally,whichmightbringthenegotiationintoadeadlock,while

othernegotiatorsback52/83ReadandThinkcommunicateinamorepositiveway.Agoodmanybargainingskillsarestronglyrequired,suchasexertingpressure,makingconditionsandevenhelpingotherstogetwhattheywantinexchangeof

one’sowninterest.Thelastprocessinnegotiationistoclosethemeeting.Bothpartiesmakesummary,agreeoncertainactionsandbidfarewell.Theresultofnegotiationiseithera“win-lose”or“win-win”situation.“Win-lose”negotiationsuggeststhatthereshouldbeawinnerandaloserinthegame.Oneparty’sbenefitcomesfromtheotherparty’sloss.However,“win-win”negotiationtreatsnegotiationasonlyapartofanopenandlong-termrelationship.Byofferingcertainconcession,“win-win”negotiationmakesbenefitsforbothpartiespossible.（329words）back53/83LanguageStudynegotiation:bargainingamongdifferentparties談判,協(xié)商Forexample:Wearesatisfiedwiththesmoothnessofthenegotiation.我們對談判順利進行很滿意。I'mgladournegotiationhascometoasuccessfulconclusion.我很高興這次洽談圓滿成功。back54/83LanguageStudynon-profit:nottakingprofitasitspurpose非營利Forexample:AnNGOisanynon-profit,voluntarycitizens'grouporganizedatthelocal,nationalorinternationallevel.非政府組織是指地方、國家或國際上成立非盈利、自愿公民團體。Theseincludechildren'srightsgroupsandnon-profitgroupsthatdealindevelopment.這些包含兒童權利組織以及致力于發(fā)展非贏利性組織。back55/83LanguageStudydispute:adisagreementorargumentaboutsomething爭議Forexample:Weareindispute(withthemanagement)aboutovertimerates.我們正（與資方）交涉加班費問題.Afteralongdispute,heatlastmadeaconcessiontome.經(jīng)過長時間爭論，他終于對我讓步。back56/83LanguageStudybargain:tonegotiatethetermsofanagreement,astosellorexchange談判，討價還價Forexample:Shebargainedwiththefishmongerovertheprice.她與魚販講價錢。Thetradeunionbargainedthatitsmembersshouldhaveanotherweek'sholiday.工會提出其會員增加一周假日要求。back57/83LanguageStudy

listenfor:listenattentivelyonordertohear注意傾聽Forexample:Thesimplestwayoflisteningtomusicistolistenforthesheerpleasureofthemusicalsounditself.聽音樂最簡單方式就是從樂聲本身中獲取純粹美享受。Helistenedforthestepstoappear.他注意聽腳步聲出現(xiàn)。back58/83LanguageStudy

aseriesof:anumberof(eventscomingoneaftertheotherinsuccession)一系列Forexample:Thestudentalwaysaskshisteacheraseriesofquestions.這個學生總是問他老師一連串問題。Thebusinesscycleisaseriesofpeaksandtroughs.商業(yè)周期就是淡旺期交替。back59/83LanguageStudycarryout:accomplish,fulfill實施，執(zhí)行，實現(xiàn)Forexample:Shehadfinallycarriedoutherpromisetoquitsmoking.她最終實現(xiàn)了戒煙諾言。Theplanmustbecarriedoutwithinthisweek.本周應該要完成計劃起草。back60/83LanguageStudy

onbehalfof:astheagentof;onthepartof代表，在…一邊Forexample:Hespokeonbehalfofallthemembersofthefacultyandstaff.他代表全體教職員工講了話。Hehasreturnedsafelyfromamissiononbehalfofhiscountry.他已經(jīng)為國完成使命，安全歸來。back61/83LanguageStudy

gothrough:experience經(jīng)過，經(jīng)歷Forexample:He'samazinglycheerfulconsideringallthathe'sgonethrough.鑒於他經(jīng)歷過種種遭遇，他樂天達觀令人驚嘆。I'vegonethroughallthedifficultiesandhardshipsinlifeyoucanimagine.我經(jīng)歷了你所能想象全部苦難。back62/83LanguageStudy

beawareof:havetheknowledgeof意識到Forexample:Johnisawareofhavingdonesomethingwrong.約翰已意識到自己做錯了事情。Hepretendednottobeawareofmypresence.他假裝不知道我在那里。back63