Development-of-the-one(單片機的發(fā)展)-外文翻譯

Developmentoftheone-chipcomputerThedevelopmentofthecomputersystemhasalreadybeendevelopedinthreedirectionsobviously;Thesethreedirectionsare:Huge,singleslicemelts,networked.Calculateandworkwiththeremaininghugemachineofhigh-speeddataprocessinginordertosolvethecomplicatedsystem,sohugeoneholdofficeatcourthighspeedanddealwithdirectionofabilitydiligentatpresent.One-chipcomputerwhileappearing,IntelCompanyisdeclinecontrollertoimbedtonameitsone-chipcomputer(embeddedmicrocontroller).Themostobviousadvantageoftheone-chipcomputer,canimbedinvariouskindsofinstruments,equipment.Thisgettinghugeandnetworkimpossibletoaccomplish.Inthistext,introducethenewesttechnologicalprogressoftheone-chipcomputer,includingthecraftandtechnologyofthedigitalone-chipcomputer,craftandtechnologyofthefuzzyone-chipcomputer,thedependabilitytechnologyoftheone-chipcomputer,andtheembeddedsystemtakingone-chipcomputerasthecore.Thedevelopmentofthecomputersystemhasalreadybeendevelopedinthreedirectionsobviously;Thesethreedirectionsare:Huge,singleslicemelts,networked.Calculateandworkwiththeremaininghugemachineofhigh-speeddataprocessinginordertosolvethecomplicatedsystem,sohugeoneholdofficeatcourthighspeedanddealwithdirectionofabilitydiligentatpresent.One-chipcomputerwhileappearing,IntelCompanyisdeclinecontrollertoimbedtonameitsone-chipcomputer(embeddedmicrocontroller).Themostobviousadvantageoftheone-chipcomputer,canimbedinvariouskindsofinstruments,equipment.ThisgettinghugeandnetworkimpossibletoaccomplishInthistext,introducethenewesttechnologicalprogressoftheone-chipcomputer,includingthecraftandtechnologyofthedigitalone-chipcomputer,craftandtechnologyofthefuzzyone-chipcomputer,thedependabilitytechnologyoftheone-chipcomputer,andtheembeddedsystemtakingone-chipcomputerasthecore.Digitaltechnicaldevelopmentofone-chipcomputerreflectatinsidestructure,powerconsumption,externalvoltagegradeandmanufacturingengineering.Intheserespects,havecomparativelystatedthelevelofthedigitalone-chipcomputertypically.Atpresent,therearemoreandmoreuser'srequirementsforone-chipcomputer,but,requirehigherandhigher.Nowthesefourrespectsexplainthetechnologicalprogressstateoftheone-chipcomputerseparately.1,Theprogressiveone-chipcomputeroftheinsidestructurehasalreadyintegratedmoreandmorepartsontheinside,thesepartsincludethegenerallycommonlyusedcircuit,forexample:Thetimer,thecomparator,A/Dconverter,D/Aconverter,serialcommunicationinterface,Watchdogcircuit,LCDcontroller,etc..Someone-chipcomputerforformnetworkofcontrollingorformsomenetwork,insidecontainsomenetworkcontrolmoduleCAN.Forexample,C505CofInfineonCompany,C515C,C167CR,C167CS-32FM,81C90;68HC08AZseriesofMotorolaCompany,etc..Especiallyinone-chipcomputerC167CS-32FM,theinsidestillcontains2CANs.So,thiskindofone-chipcomputerisveryapttoformthenetwork.Controllingspecially,thesystemformsaveryusefulcontrolnetworkcomparativelyatthetimeofthecomplicatednessForbeabletoconvenienttouseone-chipcomputerincontrollinginfrequencyconversion,isithaveembeddedcontrolsystemofeconomicbenefitsmosttoform.Havesetupandisspeciallyusedinthepulsewidthcontrolledinfrequencyconversionandmodulatethecontrolcircuitwithinsomeone-chipcomputers,theseone-chipcomputershaveMB89850seriesofFujitsuCompany,MB89860series;MC68HC08MR16,MR24ofMotorolaCompany,etc..Amongone-chipcomputerthese,pulsewidthmodulatecircuithave6passwayexport,canproducepulsewidthofthree-phasemodulatethevoltageofexchanging,andtheinsideincludessuchfunctionsasthedistrictcontrolsverymuch.Theonesthatespeciallyguidedpeopleandfixedone'seyesonare:Someone-chipcomputershavealreadyadoptedthreeso-callednuclear(TnCore)structurenow.Thisisstructureontheconceptofonegradeofchips(Systemonachip)ofthesystemofakindofsetting-up.Thiskindofone-chipcomputerismadeupofthreecores:OnelittlecontrollerandDSPcore,onedatumandprocedurememorycore,thelastoneisaspecial-purposeintegratedcircuitofperiphery(ASIC).Thebiggestcharacteristicofthiskindofone-chipcomputerliesindoingDSPandlittlecontrolleroneveryoneatthesametime.SpeakDSPonekindofone-chipcomputer,functionitsitreflectstobesuchasFusetupleafpersonwhovaryabovefastinsupercomputingandspecial-purposeprocessingmainlyondefiningfromstructure.Isitisitimprovefunctionofone-chipcomputergreatlytointegratetocombinebetweenitandtraditionalone-chipcomputer.Thisisoneofthegreatestprogressoftheone-chipcomputeratpresent.ThemosttypicalTC10GPwhichhasInfineonCompanyofthiskindofone-chipcomputer;SH7410ofHitachiCompany,SH7612,etc..Theseone-chipcomputersarealltop-gradeone-chipcomputers,MCUisall32's,andDSPadopts16or32personsofstructure,theoperatingfrequencyisgenerallyinabove60MHz.2,Consumption,sealnewconsumptionofone-chipcomputerlighterandlightercontainingandthevoltageofpowernowsuchasprogress,especiallyalotofone-chipcomputershaveallsetupmanykindsofworkingways,theseworkingwaysincludewaiting,suspend,thesleepisidle,workingwayofeconomizingonelectricityetc..One-chipcomputerP87LPC762ofPhilipsCompanyisaverytypicalexample,whenidle,itsconsumptionis1.5mA,butineconomizingonelectricitytheway,itsconsumptionis0.5mAAmarvellousoneseries,MSP430ofone-chipcomputer,,TIofCompanymostonconsumption,itoneseriesof16,thereisworkingwayofultralowconsumption.ItslowconsumptionwayisthreekindsLPM1,LPM3,LPM4.Whenthepoweris3V,ifworkinLMP1way,eventheperipheralcircuitisintheactivity,becauseCPUdoesnotmoveabout,theoscillatorisin1-4MHz,thereisonly50|ìAintheconsumptionatthismoment.InLPM3,theoscillatorisin32kHz,thereisonly1intheconsumptionatthismoment.3|ìA.InLPM4,CPU,peripheryandoscillator32kHzdonotmoveabout,thentheconsumptionis0.1|ìA.Theencapsulationleveloftheone-chipcomputerhasalreadybeenimprovedgreatlynow,withstickingtotheappearanceofonesliceofcrafts,one-chipcomputeradoptvariouskindsofisitsticktoacraftencapsulationwayappeartoagreewithjointlyinalargeamounttoo,inordertoreducethevolumeinalargeamount.Amongthesituation,Microchip8one-chipcomputerofpinthatCompanyintroduceverynoticeable.ThisisPIC12CXXXseries.Itcontains0.5-2Kprocedurememory,byte25-128datamemory,6I/Oportsandatimer,someinclude4A/D,cansomelow-gradeapplicationofsystemmore.Expandpowervoltagerangeandcanitworkstobetodaygoal,one-chipcomputerofdevelopmentoneofstillunderlow-voltagerelatively。Atpresent,thegeneralone-chipcomputercanallbein3.3-5.Workundertheconditionof5V.Andsomeproducers,itcanbein2toproduce.One-chipcomputerworkingundertheconditionof2-6V.Theseone-chipcomputershaveMB89191-89195ofFujitsuCompany,MB89121-125A,MB89130series,etc.,shouldsayF2MC-8Lseriesone-chipcomputeroverwhelmingmajoritysatisfied2ofcompanythis.Workingvoltageconditionof2-6V.AndtheworkingvoltageofMSP430X11XseriesofTICompanyistofallaslowas2.2Vone3,Theone-chipcomputerwithpresentprogressonthecraftadoptsCMOStechnologybasically,butalreadythegreatmajorityhaveadopted0.Thephotoengravingcraftabove6|ìm,therearespecificcompanies,hasalreadyadopted0suchasMotorolaCompany.35|ìmoreven0.25|ìmtechnology.Technologytheprogresslargeearthraiseinsidedensityanddependabilityofone-chipcomputer.Takingone-chipcomputerasthecoreembeddedsystematicanothernameofone-chipcomputertoisitdeclinethecontrollertoimbed,thereasonliesinitcanimbedintheanyminiatureorsmall-scaleinstrumentortheequipment.Atpresent,ithasalreadybeenakindoftrendtojointheembeddedsystemandInternetofone-chipcomputer.However,Internetisalwaysthatonekindadoptsthefertileserver,thetechnologyofthethinsubscribercomputer.Thetechnologyinstoreandvisitalargenumberofdatasuitableonbeinginterconnected,butbecome"breakingaflyuponawheel"incontrollingtheembeddeddevice.RealizethesumoftheembeddedequipmentInternetisjoined,needstoallputupsidedowntraditionalInternettheoryandpracticesoftheembeddedequipment.Formakeacomplicatedoneorsimpleembeddedequipment,forexamplelathe,lockwhichtheone-chipcomputercontrolledthatone-chipcomputercontrol,canandInternetjoinfeasibly,requirespeciallyforisitdeclinecontrollerequipmentdesignthenetworkservertoimbed,enabletheembeddedequipmenttolinktoeachotherwithInternet,andcontroltheprocessTech.throughthestandardnetworkbrowserAtpresent,forlinkedtoone-chipcomputerforcentralembeddedsystemandInternet,ithasmanyofcompaniesincarryingontobemoretostudyalready.InthisrespecthaveemWareCompanyandTASKINGCompanywhilebeingcomparativelytypical.EmWareCompanyputsforwardtheschemethattheembeddedsystemnetworks--EMITtechnology.Thistechnologyincludesthreemainparts:NamelyemMicro,emGatewayandnetworkbrowser.Amongthem,emMicroimbedsanextremelylittlenetworkserverthatonlytakesthecapacity1Kbyteofmemoryintheequipment;EmGateway,asafunctionstrongeruserorserver,itisusedforrealizingthecontroloveralotofembeddedequipment,andstandardInternetcommunicationinsertandsupport,networkofbrowser.ThenetworkbrowserusesemObjictstocarryonshowinganddatatransmissionbetweentheembeddedequipment.Ifresourcesoftheembeddedequipmentareenough,thenemMicroandemGatewaycanpacktheembeddedequipmentintoatthesametime,realDirectaccessofInternetnow.Otherwise,willrequireemGatewayandnetworkbrowsertocooperateeachother.EMITsoftwareengineeringofEmWareusesstandardInternetagreementtomanageto8and16personsofembeddedequipment,itismuchsmallerbutthantheexpensestraditionally.Atpresent,theone-chipcomputerputsforwardanewquestionwhileusing:Thishowmake8,16productsthatone-chipcomputercontrol,embeddedproductsorequipmentcanrealizeandInternet'sinterconnectiontoo?TASKINGCompanyhasbeenofferingthewayforsolvingthisproblematpresent.CompanythisformacompletesetandintegrateEMITsoftwarepackageandrelevantsoftwareofemWarealready,formaintegrateddevelopmentenvironment,offerdevelopingconveniencetousers.ImbedtheclosecooperationofInternet'sallianceETI(embedtheInternetConsortium),developthesolutionofembeddedInternettogether.Haveachievementsthatwillbeannounced.Dependabilitytechnicaldevelopmentthatone-chipcomputeruseinusing,dependabilityforexpandrangeofapplicationandfieldofone-chipcomputerprimaryfactorinone-chipcomputer,itisakindofeffectivemethodtoimprovetheone-chipcomputer'sowndependability.Inrecentyears,themanufactureroftheone-chipcomputerhasadoptedvariouskindsofnewtechnologiesofimprovingdependabilityintheone-chipcomputerdesign,thesenewtechnologiesdisplayinthefollowingseveralpoints:1,EFT(EllectricalFastTransient)technologicalEFTtechnologyisakindofanti-interferencetechnology,itmeanswhenthesinesignalofshakingthecircuitisinterferedbytheexternalworld,waveformitswillisitaddvariouskindsofburrsignaltochange,useSchmittcircuithaveafacelifttotheir,thentheburrwillbecomethesignaloftouchingoffandinterferethenormalclock,whenuseSchmitt'scircuitandRCtostrainthewavecircuitalternativly,candispelotherwisethesemaomakeitsfunctionloseefficiency,thustheclocksignalofthesecuritysystemworksnormally.Inthisway,improvethedependabilitythattheone-chipcomputerworks.TheMC68HC08seriesone-chipcomputerofMotorolaCompanyadoptsthiskindoftechnology.2,Connectinguptechnologyanddrivingtechnologylowinnoislyinthetraditionalone-chipcomputer,powerandgroundwireareonthesymmetricalpinoftheoutercoverofintegratedcircuit,itisgenerallytwoontheleft,underrightoronright,undertheleft,tohavingabitmoresymmetrically.Inthisway,makethenoiseofthepowercrossthemonoblockchip,causeandinterferetheinsidecircuitoftheone-chipcomputer.Now,alotofone-chipcomputersallarrangethegroundandpowerpinontwoadjointpins.Inthisway,reducewearwholeelectriccurrentofchip,apttoassignelectriccapacityofdecouplingatprintedcircuitboardalsoinaddition,thusreducethesystematicnoise.Inordertomeetvariouskindsofneedsthatuse,theoutputabilityofalotofone-chipcomputershasbeenimprovedalotnow,Mouth,I/Oofone-chipcomputer,,MotorolaofCompanyisitdrawelectriccurrentcanreach8mAtobeabove,andone-chipcomputer,MicrochipofCompanycanreach25mAtoirritate.Othercompanies:AMD,Fujitsu,NEC,Infineon,Hitachi,Ateml,Tosbiba,etc.canreachthelevelof8-20mAbasically.Electriccurrenttheheavydrivecircuitintegrateinsidethechiptobringvariouskindsofnoiseswhileworking,forreducetheinfluence,one-chipcomputeradoptalotoflittletubeconnectequivalentonebigmethodoftubeinparallelnow,andwithresistanceofthehinderingvalueequivalentlyoneachsmalloutputendbunchoftube,inordertoreducedi/dt,thisso-called"isitbecomealongtechnologyofsoftenningtojump",dispellargeelectriccurrentwinknoisethatproducewhenbecoming.3,Adoptlowfrequencyclockclocknoisesourceoneofoutsidethehighfrequency,canusethesystemtoproduceandinterferetotheone-chipcomputernotmerely,canproduceandinterferetotheexternalcircuitalso,makeelectromagneticcompatibilityunabletomeetthedemands.Forrequiringthesystemwithhigherdependability,theclockhelpstoreducethesystematicnoiseoutsidelowfrequency.Adopttheinsidetosurroundtechnologytriviallyinsomeone-chipcomputers,whentheoutsideclockislower,canproducehigherinsidetotallinearvelocitytoo,thusguaranteedthespeedhasreducedthenoiseagain.MC68HC08seriesofMotorolaCompanyand16/32one-chipcomputersadoptthiskindoftechnologyinordertoimprovedependability單片機的發(fā)展計算機系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展已明顯地朝三個方向發(fā)展,這三個方向就是：巨型化，單片化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。以解決復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)計算和高速數(shù)據(jù)處理的仍然是巨型機在起作用，故而，巨型機在目前在朝高速及處理能力的方向努力。單片機在出現(xiàn)時，Intel公司就給其單片機取名為嵌入式微控制器（embeddedmicrocontroller）。單片機的最明顯的優(yōu)勢，就是可以嵌入到各種儀器、設(shè)備中。這一點是巨型機和網(wǎng)絡(luò)不可能做到的。在本文，介紹單片機的最新技術(shù)進步，包括數(shù)字單片機的工藝及技術(shù)，模糊單片機的工藝及技術(shù)，單片機的可靠性技術(shù)，以及以單片機為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。數(shù)字單片機的技術(shù)發(fā)展:數(shù)字單片機的技術(shù)進步反映在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、功率消耗、外部電壓等級以及制造工藝上。在這幾方面，較為典型地說明了數(shù)字單片機的水平。在目前，用戶對單片機的需要越來越多，但是，要求也越來越高。下面分別就這四個方面說明單片機的技術(shù)進步狀況。1.內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的進步單片機在內(nèi)部已集成了越來越多的部件，這些部件包括一般常用的電路，例如：定時器，比較器，A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器，D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器，串行通信接口，Watchdog電路，LCD控制器等。有的單片機為了構(gòu)成控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)或形成局部網(wǎng)，內(nèi)部含有局部網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制模塊CAN。例如，Infineon公司的C505C，C515C，C167CR，C167CS-32FM，81C90；Motorola公司的68HC08AZ系列等。特別是在單片機C167CS-32FM中，內(nèi)部還含有2個CAN。因此，這類單片機十分容易構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。特別是在控制，系統(tǒng)較為復(fù)雜時，構(gòu)成一個控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)十分有用。為了能在變頻控制中方便使用單片機，形成最具經(jīng)濟效益的嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)。有的單片機內(nèi)部設(shè)置了專門用于變頻控制的脈寬調(diào)制控制電路，這些單片機有Fujitsu公司的MB89850系列、MB89860系列；Motorola公司的MC68HC08MR16、MR24等。在這些單片機中，脈寬調(diào)制電路有6個通道輸出，可產(chǎn)生三相脈寬調(diào)制交流電壓，并內(nèi)部含死區(qū)控制等功能。特別引人注目的是：現(xiàn)在有的單片機已采用所謂的三核(TnCore)結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一種建立在系統(tǒng)級芯片(Systemonachip)概念上的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種單片機由三個核組成：一個是微控制器和DSP核，一個是數(shù)據(jù)和程序存儲器核，最后一個是外圍專用集成電路(ASIC)。這種單片機的最大特點在于把DSP和微控制器同時做在一個片上。雖然從結(jié)構(gòu)定義上講，DSP是單片機的一種類型，但其作用主要反映在高速計算和特殊處理如快速傅立葉變換等上面。把它和傳統(tǒng)單片機結(jié)合集成大大提高了單片機的功能。這是目前單片機最大的進步之一。這種單片機最典型的有Infineon公司的TC10GP；Hitachi公司的SH7410，SH7612等。這些單片機都是高檔單片機，MCU都是32位的，而DSP采用16或32位結(jié)構(gòu)，工作頻率一般在60MHz以上。2.功耗、封裝及電源電壓的進步現(xiàn)在新的單片機的功耗越來越小，特別是很多單片機都設(shè)置了多種工作方式，這些工作方式包括等待，暫停，睡眠，空閑，節(jié)電等工作方式。Philips公司的單片機P87LPC762是一個很典型的例子，在空閑時，其功耗為1.5mA，而在節(jié)電方式中，其功耗只有0.5mA。而在功耗上最令人驚嘆的是TI公司的單片機MSP430系列，它是一個16位的系列，有超低功耗工作方式。它的低功耗方式有LPM1、LPM3、LPM4三種。當(dāng)電源為3V時，如果工作于LMP1方式，即使外圍電路處于活動，由于CPU不活動，振蕩器處于1～4MHz，這時功耗只有50μA。在LPM3時，振蕩器處于32kHz，這時功耗只有1.3μA。在LPM4時，CPU、外圍及振蕩器32kHz都不活動，則功耗只有0.1μA?，F(xiàn)在單片機的封裝水平已大大提高，隨著貼片工藝的出現(xiàn)，單片機也大量采用了各種合符貼片工藝的封裝方式出現(xiàn)，以大量減少體積。在這種形勢中，Microchip公司推出的8引腳的單片機特別引人注目。這是PIC12CXXX系列。它含有0.5～2K程序存儲器，25～128字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)存儲器，6個I/O端口以及一個定時器，有的還含4道A/D，完全可以滿足一些低檔系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用。擴大電源電壓范圍以及在較低電壓下仍然能工作是今天單片機發(fā)展的目標(biāo)之一。目前，一般單片機都可以在3.3～5.5V的條件下工作。而一些廠家，則生產(chǎn)出可以在2.2～6V的條件下工作的單片機。這些單片機有Fujitsu公司的MB89191-89195，MB89121-125A，MB89130系列等，應(yīng)該說該公司的F2MC-8L系列單片機絕大多數(shù)都滿足2.2-6V的工作電壓條件。而TI公司的MSP430X11X系列的工作電壓也是低達(dá)2.2V的。3.工藝上的進步現(xiàn)在的單片機基本上采用CMOS技術(shù)，但已經(jīng)大多數(shù)采用了0.6μm以上的光刻工藝，有個別的公司，如Motorola公司則已采用0.35μm甚至是0.25μm技術(shù)。這些技術(shù)的進步大大地提高了單片機的內(nèi)部密度和可靠性。以單片機為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)單片機的另外一個名稱就是嵌入式微控制器，原因在于它可以嵌入到任何微型或小型儀器或設(shè)備