2024年定語從句知識點講解

一．幾種基本概念1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之後。4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)。﹙1﹚關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前(先行詞之後)。【as除外】6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能(作用)：﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語)。7.定語從句的類型：﹙1﹚限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間無逗號)。①

直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句The

man

who

you’re

talking

to

is

my

friend.②

由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)The

man

to

whom

you’re

talking

is

my

friend.I

need

a

pen

with

which

I

can

write

a

letter.=I

need

a

piece

of

paper

on

which

I

can

write

a

letter.介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的有關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞一般可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：The

man

(who/whom/that)

I

talked

about

at

the

meeting

is

from

Beijing

University.=The

man

about

whom

I

talked

at

the

meeting

is

from

Beijing

University.The

palace

(which/that)

I

often

pay

a

visit

to

was

built

in

the

17th

century.=The

palace

to

which

I

often

pay

a

visit

was

built

in

the

17th

century.﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開)。①

直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。②

由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)。I

live

in

a

house

far

away

from

the

city,

in

front

of

which

is

a

big

tree.There

is

an

apple

tree

standing

at

the

gate,

on

which

are

many

apples.This

is

the

man

to

whom

I

gave

the

book.③

由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of

which/

whom

+名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One,

some,

any,

none,

all,

both,

several,

many,

most,

neither,

either等詞、數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或比例與of

whom或of

which連用。He

has

five

children,

two

of

whom

are

abroad.(比較：He

has

five

children,

and

two

of

them

are

abroad.)We

have

three

books,

none

of

which

is/are

interesting.(比較：We

have

three

books,

but

none

of

them

is/are

interesting.)除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句外，其他引導(dǎo)詞都可以，使用方法同限定性定語從句同樣。但要注意如下區(qū)別。1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充闡明先行詞的狀況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。The

engineer,

whose

leg

was

badly

hurt,

was

quickly

sent

to

hospital.(那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷)The

engineer

whose

leg

was

badly

hurt

was

quickly

sent

to

hospital.(那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院)3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略(包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語在內(nèi))。指人做主語時只能用who,

做賓語時用whom;指物做主語，賓語都用which;

關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。The

man,

______

is

sitting

on

the

chair,

is

my

father.The

woman,

_______

I

met

yesterday,

is

my

English

teacher.The

city,

_______

is

far

away,

is

very

beautiful.He

went

to

America,

______

his

parents

live.He

joined

the

Army

yesterday,

______

I

left,

too.4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：The

house,

whose

window

faces

south,

is

mine.=The

house,

the

window

of

which

faces

south,

is

mine.=The

house,

of

which

the

window

faces

south,

is

mine.二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本使用方法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中替代先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。Do

you

know

the

gentleman

who/that

is

sitting

there?2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中替代先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語(動賓或介賓)。①

當(dāng)作動賓(動詞後接賓語)時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。Do

you

know

the

gentleman

(whom/who/that)

we

met

just

now?②

當(dāng)作介賓(介詞後接賓語)時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略;介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞+whom(指人時介詞後的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。The

man

(whom/who/that)

I

spoke

with

is

my

teacher.The

man

with

whom

I

spoke

is

my

teacher.※注：固定的動詞短語(動詞+介詞)如look

for,

take

care

of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。She

is

the

right

girl

(who/whom/that)

we

are

looking

for.3.whose:

指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語(動賓或介賓)即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n.

=

the

+n.

+

of

which/whom=

of

which/

whom+

the

=n.I

didn’t

find

the

desk

whose

leg

was

broken.

(主語)He

is

the

student

whose

pencil

I

broke

yesterday.

(動賓)The

boss

in

whose

company

I

work

is

very

kind.

(介賓)4.which/that

指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語(動賓或介賓)。①

當(dāng)作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。②

當(dāng)作介賓時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略;介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞+which(指物時介詞後的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。The

house

which/that

was

destroyed

in

the

earthquake

is

weak.The

pen

(which/that)

you

found

yesterday

is

mine.The

games

(that/which)

the

young

men

competed

in

were

difficult.The

games

in

which

the

young

men

competed

were

difficult.※注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。※5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。重要用于

“the

same

…as…;such

…as…;so

…as…;as

…

as…;as

follows”固定構(gòu)造中，形式固定此時的引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。要用as替代who(m),

which,

或that引導(dǎo)定語從句：Such

people

as

knew

Hill

thought

he

was

honest.Such

people

as

Hill

knew

thought

he

was

honest.My

hometown

is

no

longer

the

same

as

it

was.Here

is

so

big

a

stone

as

no

one

can

lift.The

child

knows

as

much

as

grow-ups

(know).I’d

like

to

have

the

same

books

as

are

used

in

your

school.He

is

not

such

a

person

as

I

expected.He

will

marry

as

pretty

a

girl

as

he

can

find.※注：which和as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。因此，當(dāng)as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數(shù).Our

team

lost

the

game,

as/which

was

reported

in

the

newspaper.She

was

terrified,

as/which

I

could

see

from

her

eyes.He

married

her,

as/which

was

natural.區(qū)別：①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句背面。He

married

her,

as/which

was

natural.=As

was

natural,

he

married

her.Mark

Twin

is

a

great

writer,

which/as

is

known

to

all.=As

is

known

to

all,

Mark

Twin

is

a

great

writer.②as引導(dǎo)的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無此意。常用句型有：as

we

all

know,

as

is

known

to

all,

as

everybody

can

see,

as

is

expected,

As

is

known/

said/

reported/

told/

we

all

know等。如：As

we

all

know,

paper

was

first

made

in

China.To

shut

your

eyes

to

facts,

as

many

of

you

do,

is

foolish.③主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時，用which.Our

class

has

won

the

football

match,

which

made

us

very

happy.Bamboos

are

hollow,

which

makes

them

very

light.④從句含否認意義時常用which.She

didn’t

pass

the

exam,

which

we

couldn’t

expect.She

didn’t

pass

the

exam,

as

we

expected.6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替代(此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞)。I

still

remember

the

time

when

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

time

on

which

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

time

(which/that)

I

joined

the

League

on.7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替代(此時先行詞一定是表地點的名詞)。I

still

remember

the

school

where

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

school

in

which

I

joined

the

League.=I

still

remember

the

school

(which/that)

I

joined

the

League

in.※注：對關(guān)系副詞when,

where的認識。①.

先行詞是時間的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句。I’ll

never

forget

the

time

(which/that)

I

spent

in

Beijing.②.

先行詞是地點的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。This

is

the

factory

(which/that)

he

visited

yesterday.③.

當(dāng)句型為It/This/That

is(was)

the

first(second…last)

time引起的句子時用that連接其後的句子。此時的time是次數(shù)，不是時間。It/This

is

the

first

time

that

we

travel.It/This

is

the

last

time

that

I

shall

give

you

a

lesson.8.

why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，先行詞一般為reason,不能省略。且why引導(dǎo)的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why=

for

whichI

don’t

know

the

reason

why

he

was

late

yesterday.The

reason

why(for

which)

he

was

late

is

that

he

missed

the

bus.※注：當(dāng)先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。This

is

the

reason

(that/

which)

he

gave/

explained

to

us.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺乏的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較：I

will

never

forget

the

day

(which/that)

I

spent

in

Hongkong.(

spent是及物動詞，後缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略

)I

will

never

forget

the

day

when/on

which

Hongkong

returned

to

its

motherland.(

從句主謂賓構(gòu)造完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞

)The

reason

(that/which)he

gave

for

not

coming

to

school

yesterday

isn’t

believable.(

gave是及物動詞，後缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略

)The

reason

why

he

didn’t

come

to

school

yesterday

isn’t

believable.(

從句主謂賓構(gòu)造完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞

)三.

值得注意的幾種問題：第一.

當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的狀況。1.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。This

is

the

best

film

that

has

been

shown

this

year.This

is

the

first

book

(that)

I

borrow

from

the

library.※He

is

the

first

student

that/who

came

to

school

today.2.當(dāng)先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。He

talked

about

the

teachers

and

the

school

(that)

he

had

visited.3.當(dāng)先行詞自身是all的，用that。(all

that=what)All

that

(what)

I

want

to

say

to

you

is

“Thank

you”.=All

(what)

I

want

to

say

to

you

is

“Thank

you”.Go

over

all

that

(what)

we

learned.=Go

over

all

(what)

we

learned.(that在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語可以省略)4.先行詞為something,

anything,

nothing,

everything,

thing時，用that.I’ll

tell

you

anything

(that)

I

know.5當(dāng)先行詞前有all,

much,

little,

many,

(a)

few,

every,

some,

any,

no,

only,

the

very,

one

of,

the

only,

the

last,

the

next等修飾語時。This

is

one

of

the

books

(that)

I’m

very

interesting

in.※

This

is

one

of

the

books

in

which

I’m

very

interesting.This

is

the

only

book

(that)

I

read.He

is

the

only

one

of

the

boys

that

likes

playing

the

piano.All

the

glasses

that

were

on

the

table

fell

off

onto

the

floor.6.(人，物)，當(dāng)先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導(dǎo)以防止混淆.Who

is

the

man

that

is

talking

with

the

lady?Which

of

you

that

know

the

answer

can

come

to

the

front?7.當(dāng)先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that.He

likes

the

girl

that

she

used

to

be.第二.

當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的狀況。1.作介賓且介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞之前時.The

room

in

which

he

lives

is

very

large.2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(主，賓都用which,都不能省略).Football,

which

is

a

very

interesting

game,

is

played

all

over

the

world.The

house,

which

I

visited

yesterday,

is

very

large.3.which指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句.He

always

makes

fun

of

me,

which

upsets

me.第三.其他特殊狀況.1.先行詞是these,

those指人時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.Those

who

are

playing

over

there

are

my

students.2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he,

she…)時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.He

who

doesn’t

reach

the

Great

Wall

is

not

a

true

man.3.不定代詞someone,

anyone,

everyone,

no

one,

somebody,

anybody,

everybody作先行詞時，關(guān)系代詞用who.Anybody

who

breaks

the

rules

would

be

punished.4.①先行詞是the

only

one

of

+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用單數(shù)形式(由于此時的先行詞是the

only

one,而不是of

後的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)).He

is

the

only

one

of

the

boys

that

likes

playing

the

piano.This

is

the

only

one

of

the

books

that

is

borrowed.②先行詞是one

of

+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式(由于此時的先行詞是of

後的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是one).This

is

one

of

the

students

who

are

late.5.當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時，用the

one

替代，但須注意：the

one只能替代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù).如為不可數(shù)名詞時，指什么用什么.Is

this

school

the

one

I

visited

yesterday?Is

pop

music

the

music

he

likes

best?6.

當(dāng)先行詞是the

way,在定語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語時(the

way表"以…方式/措施")，引導(dǎo)詞一般用that或省略，也可用in

which.I

don’t

like

the

way

(that)

you

speak.=I

don’t

like

the

way

in

which

you

speak.=I

don’t

like

the

way

(which/that)

you

speak

in.【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”拾種狀況】在定語從句中，介詞+關(guān)系代詞構(gòu)造是一種較為復(fù)雜的問題?，F(xiàn)就幾種常見的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的構(gòu)造淺析如下：1.介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語，替代對應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when,

where和why。如：I

still

remember

the

day

on

which

(when)

I

first

came

to

school.我仍然記得初來學(xué)校的那一天。The

factory

in

which

(=where)

I

work

is

a

large

one.我工作的工廠是一種大工廠。This

is

the

reason

for

which

(=why)

he

was

late.這就是他為何遲到的原因。2.介詞+which(指物)/

whom(指人)在定語從句中作地點狀語，表達存在關(guān)系，定語從句主謂一般要倒置。They

arrived

at

a

farmhouse,

in

front

of

which

sat

a

small

boy.他來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一種小男孩。I

saw

a

man,

on

the

head

of

whom

stood

a

bird.我看見一種人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。3.介詞+

which(指物)/

whom(指人)在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點狀語。這種構(gòu)造中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞後的名詞所制約。如：Could

you

tell

me

for

whom

you’ve

bought

this

coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎?The

man,

from

whom

I

learned

the

news,

is

an

engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那裏得到這消息的。4.介詞+which/whom，用于被動構(gòu)造的定語從句中，作狀語，闡明動作的出發(fā)者。如：The

wolf

by

which

the

sheep

was

killed

was

shot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。The

man

by

whom

the

wolf

was

shot

was

a

good

hunter.打死狼的那人是個好獵手。5.不定代詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，闡明整體中的部分，常用的不定代詞有：both,

all,

any,

some,

each,

none,

most等。如：There

are

a

lot

of

books

here,

none

of

which

belongs

to

me.這兒有許多書，可一本也不屬于我。Yesterday

Mary

bought

a

few

clothes,

all

of

which

were

expensive.昨天瑪麗買了某些衣服，他們都很貴。6.數(shù)詞+of+which/whom，在定語從句中作主語，闡明整體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或百分數(shù)。如：In

our

class

there

are

fifty-four

students,

twenty-five

of

whom

are

girls.我們班有54名學(xué)生，25人是女生。Two

watches

were

stolen,

one

of

which

was

mine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7.名詞+of+which替代whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：I

saw

some

trees,

the

leaves

of

which

(=whose

leaves)

were

black

with

disease.我看見某些樹，他們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。I

live

in

a

house,

the

windows

of

which

are

all

broken.我住在一所房子裏，其窗都破了。8.介詞+

which(指物)/

whose(指人)修飾後邊的名詞。如：It

rained

all

night

and

all

day,

during

which

time

the

ship

was

broken

into

pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。The

driver

was

the

man

from

whose

room

she

had

stolen

the

maps.司機就是那個人，她從他的房間偷走地圖。9.形容詞最高級+of+which/whom構(gòu)造，在定語從句中，作定語，表部分關(guān)系。如：China

has

thousands

of

islands,

the

largest

of

which

is

Taiwan.中國有成仟上萬個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣島。In

our

class

there

are

twenty

girls,

the

cleverest

of

whom

is

Li

Hua.我們班有20名女生，最聰穎的是李華。10.介詞+which+不定式。此種使用方法多見于正式文體中，相稱于一種定語從句。如：At

last

he

had

something

about

which

to

write

home.他終于有了給家裏寫信的內(nèi)容了。He

had

no

key

with

which

to

open

the

door.他沒有開門的鑰匙。He

has

a

small

room

in

which

to

live.【運用定語從句時應(yīng)注意的幾種問題】1.

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。This

is

one

of

the

books

which

were

written

by

Mark

Twain.這是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本。(先行詞是books，因此動詞應(yīng)用were。)2.

關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)一種句子成分，因此要注意防止從句中句子成分的反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。This

is

the

most

beautiful

place

that

I

have

visited

it.This

is

the

most

beautiful

place

that

I

have

visited.

這是我參觀過的最美的地方。(去掉it，因that替代先行詞the

most

beautiful

place在定語從句中作visit的賓語，再加it就多出了。)The

school

where

I

worked

there

is

a

big

one.The

school

where

I

worked

is

a

big

one.我所工作過的學(xué)校是一所大學(xué)校。(去掉there，