羅賓斯《組織行為學》12版OB12-04人格與價值觀資料

PersonalityandValuesChapter

FOURWhatIsPersonality?PersonalityThesumtotalofwaysinwhichanindividualreactsandinteractswithothers,measurabletraitsapersonexhibits人格是個體對他人的反應方式和交往方式的綜合，它通常通過個體表現出來的、可以測量的人格特質進行描述。PersonalityTraitsEnduringcharacteristicsthatdescribeanindividual’sbehavior能預測工作表現的人格特質是什么？PersonalityDeterminantsHeredityEnvironmentSituationTheMyers-BriggsTypeIndicatorPersonalityTypesExtrovertedvs.Introverted(EorI)Sensingvs.Intuitive(SorN)Thinkingvs.Feeling(TorF)Judgingvs.Perceiving(PorJ)Scoreisacombinationofallfour(e.g.,ENTJ)Myers-BriggsTypeIndicator(MBTI)Apersonalitytestthattapsfourcharacteristicsandclassifiespeopleinto1of16personalitytypesMeyers-Briggs(cont’d)AMeyers-BriggsScoreCanbeavaluabletooforself-awarenessandcareerguidanceBUTShouldnotbeusedasaselectiontoolbecauseithasnotbeenrelatedtojobperformance!

TheBigFiveModelofPersonalityDimensionsExtroversion外邊性

Sociable,gregarious,andassertiveAgreeableness宜人性

Good-natured,cooperative,andtrustingConscientiousness盡責性

Responsible,dependable,persistent,andorganizedOpennesstoExperience開放性

Curious,imaginative,artistic,andsensitiveEmotionalStability情感穩(wěn)定性

Calm,self-confident,secureunderstress(positive),versusnervous,depressed,andinsecureunderstress(negative)哪一項特質最能預測工作表現？MeasuringPersonalityPersonalityIsMeasuredby:Self-ReportSurveysObserver-RatingSurveysProjectiveMeasuresRorschachInkblotTestThematicApperceptionTestMajorPersonalityAttributesInfluencingOBCoreSelf-EvaluationSelf-EsteemLocusofControlMachiavellianismNarcissismSelf-MonitoringRiskTakingTypeAvs.TypeBPersonalityProactivePersonalityCoreSelf-Evaluation:TwoMainComponentsSelf-Esteem

自尊能預測工作表現嗎？Individuals’degreeoflikingordislikingthemselves

LocusofControl過于自信的有利于工作嗎？ThedegreetowhichpeoplebelievetheyaremastersoftheirownfateInternals(Internallocusofcontrol)內控

IndividualswhobelievethattheycontrolwhathappenstothemExternals(Externallocusofcontrol)外控

IndividualswhobelievethatwhathappenstothemiscontrolledbyoutsideforcessuchasluckorchanceMachiavellianismConditionsFavoringHighMachsDirectinteractionwithothersMinimalrulesandregulationsEmotionsdistractforothersMachiavellianism(Mach)Degreetowhichanindividualispragmatic,maintainsemotionaldistance,andbelievesthatendscanjustifymeans在國內，哪些地方適合馬基雅維利主義者發(fā)展？NarcissismANarcissisticPersonHasgrandiosesenseofself-importanceRequiresexcessiveadmirationHasasenseofentitlementIsarrogantTendstoberatedaslesseffective如何做自戀者的上司？

Self-MonitoringSelf-MonitoringApersonalitytraitthatmeasuresanindividual’sabilitytoadjusthisorherbehaviortoexternal,situationalfactors

HighSelf-MonitorsReceivebetterperformanceratingsLikelytoemergeasleadersShowlesscommitmenttotheirorganizations自控與《普通心理學》的那個概念關系最密切？“吃糖果的表現”能反應一個人未來的成就嗎？Risk-Taking人有多大膽？HighRisk-TakingManagersMakequickerdecisionsUselessinformationtomakedecisionsOperateinsmallerandmoreentrepreneurialorganizationsLowRisk-TakingManagersAreslowertomakedecisionsRequiremoreinformationbeforemakingdecisionsExistinlargerorganizationswithstableenvironmentsRiskPropensityAligningmanagers’risk-takingpropensitytojobrequirementsshouldbebeneficialtoorganizationsPersonalityTypesTypeAsArealwaysmoving,walking,andeatingrapidlyFeelimpatientwiththerateatwhichmosteventstakeplaceStrivetothinkordotwoormorethingsatonceCannotcopewithleisuretimeAreobsessedwithnumbers,measuringtheirsuccessintermsofhowmanyorhowmuchofeverythingtheyacquireTypeBsNeversufferfromasenseoftimeurgencywithitsaccompanyingimpatienceFeelnoneedtodisplayordiscusseithertheirachievementsoraccomplishmentsPlayforfunandrelaxation,ratherthantoexhibittheirsuperiorityatanycostCanrelaxwithoutguilt心臟病與性格有關系嗎？PersonalityTypesProactivePersonalityIdentifiesopportunities,showsinitiative,takesaction,andperseveresuntilmeaningfulchangeoccursCreatespositivechangeintheenvironment,regardlessoreveninspiteofconstraintsorobstacles積極主動是人的天性嗎？

Whichofthefollowingisnotatypicalpersonalitytraitconsideredtobeorganizationallyrelevant?LocusofcontrolSelf-monitoringSelf-enhancingSelfesteemMachiavellianism

ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityDiscusswithyourneighborhoweachofthethreetraitsabovewouldinfluenceacollegeinstructor’sbehavior,andwhereyouthinkyourteacherfallswithrespecttoeachofthem.ChapterCheck-up:Personality

Alisonarrivestoclassandrealizesthatshe’sforgottenherhomeworktoturnin.Shesays“Ohman,it’sjustnotmyluckydaytoday.”Alisonhas______________.

Alisonhasahighexternallocusofcontrol.Alisonbelievesthatthingsoutsideofhercontroldeterminewhathappens.

IfAlisonworksonateamwithyou,andyouhaveaveryhighinternallocusofcontrol,whatkindsofdiscussionsdoyouthinkthetwoofyoumighthave?Discusswithafriend.

Juliaisknownforbeingago-getter.Sheneverleavesataskincomplete,andisinvolvedinanumberofactivities.Moreover,she’satthetopofherclass.She’ssobusythatsometimes,sheforgetstostopandeatlunch.Juliacanbeeasilycharacterizedassomeonethathas/isaType____Personality.ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityAJuliaisalsolikelytonotbevery: Happy? Fun? Creative? Stressed?

ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityIngeneral,TypeAsarerarelycreativebecausetheygenerallydon’tallocatethenecessarytimefornewsolutiondevelopment;theyusuallyrelyonpastexperiencestosolveproblemsinordertobespeedy.Definition:Modeofconductorendstateispersonallyorsociallypreferable(i.e.,whatisrightandgood)

個人或社會偏向的，具體的行為模式或終極生存狀態(tài)TerminalValuesDesirableendstatesInstrumentalValuesTheways/meansforachievingone’sterminalvaluesValueSystem:Ahierarchybasedonarankingofanindividual’svaluesintermsoftheirintensityNote:ValuesvarybycohortValuesImportanceofValuesProvideunderstandingoftheattitudes,motivation,andbehaviorsofindividualsandculturesInfluenceourperceptionoftheworldaroundusRepresentinterpretationsof“right”and“wrong”ImplythatsomebehaviorsoroutcomesarepreferredoverothersTypesofValues—RokeachValueSurveyTerminalValuesDesirableend-statesofexistence;thegoalsthatapersonwouldliketoachieveduringhisorherlifetimeInstrumentalValuesPreferablemodesofbehaviorormeansofachievingone’sterminalvaluesValuesintheRokeach

SurveyEXHIBIT4-3Source:M.Rokeach,TheNatureofHumanValues(NewYork:TheFreePress,1973).ValuesintheRokeachSurvey

(cont’d)EXHIBIT4-3(cont’d)Source:M.Rokeach,TheNatureofHumanValues(NewYork:TheFreePress,1973).MeanValueRankingsofExecutives,UnionMembers,andActivistsEXHIBIT4-4Source:BasedonW.C.FrederickandJ.Weber,“TheValuesofCorporateManagersandTheirCritics:AnEmpiricalDescriptionandNormativeImplications,”inW.C.FrederickandL.E.Preston(eds.)BusinessEthics:ResearchIssuesandEmpiricalStudies(Greenwich,CT:JAIPress,1990),pp.123–44.Values,Loyalty,andEthicalBehaviorEthicalClimatein

theOrganizationEthicalValuesandBehaviorsofLeadersPowerDistanceIndividualismvs.CollectivismMasculinityvs.FemininityUncertaintyAvoidanceLong-termandShort-termOrientationValuesAcrossCultures:Hofstede’sFramework

中國、日本、美國在這五項指標上處于何種位置？Hofstede’sFrameworkforAssessingCulturesPowerDistanceTheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Lowdistance:Relativelyequalpowerbetweenthosewithstatus/wealthandthosewithoutstatus/wealthHighdistance:Extremelyunequalpowerdistributionbetweenthosewithstatus/wealthandthosewithoutstatus/wealthHofstede’sFramework(cont’d)

CollectivismAtightsocialframeworkinwhichpeopleexpectothersingroupsofwhichtheyareaparttolookafterthemandprotectthem

Individualism

Thedegreetowhichpeopleprefertoactasindividualsratherthanamemberofgroupsvs.Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)MasculinityTheextenttowhichthesocietyvaluesworkrolesofachievement,power,andcontrol,andwhereassertivenessandmater-ialismarealsovaluedFemininityTheextenttowhichthereislittlediffer-entiationbetweenrolesformenandwomen

vs.Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)UncertaintyAvoidanceTheextenttowhichasocietyfeelsthreatenedbyuncertainandambiguoussituationsandtriestoavoidthemHighUncertaintyAvoidance:Societydoesnotlikeambiguoussituationsandtriestoavoidthem.LowUncertaintyAvoidance:Societydoesnotmindambiguoussituationsandembracesthem.做“鄉(xiāng)愿”較好？還是“是非分明”較好？Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)Long-termOrientationAnationalcultureattributethatemphasizesthefuture,thrift,andpersistenceShort-termOrientationAnationalcultureattributethatemphasizesthepresentandthehereandnowvs.為天地立心……逝者如斯夫……流芳百世……千秋功業(yè)……如隔三秋……中國人是長期導向？

還是短期導向？AchievingPerson-JobFitPersonalityTypesRealisticInvestigativeSocialConventionalEnterprisingArtisticPersonality-JobFitTheory(Holland)Identifiessixpersonalitytypesandproposesthatthefitbetweenpersonalitytypeandoccupationalenvironmentdeterminessatisfactionandturnover找喜歡的工作？還是找喜歡的環(huán)境？Holland’sTypologyofPersonality

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Congrue