翻譯三級筆譯實務分類模擬題2

翻譯三級筆譯實務分類模擬題2EnglishChineseTranslationGovernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatth（江南博哥）ewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.

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Undermodernconditions,thisrequiredvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.

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Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestuctureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

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Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,

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intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.

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Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.1.

正確答案：在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。

2.

正確答案：再者，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。

3.

正確答案：由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國政府不得不經(jīng)常采取更進一步的革新措施。

4.

正確答案：在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在十年左右的時間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。

5.

正確答案：由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易)所引起的各種問題也會給社會造成新的壓力。

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Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.

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Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.

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Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodoloziesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.

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Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod".frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy".Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciphneasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.

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Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.6.

正確答案：幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為歷史學是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其作出解釋。

7.

正確答案：人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。

8.

正確答案：在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

9.

正確答案：方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。

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正確答案：這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

USphotogiantEastmanKodakisseekingtoexploittheirsnapping.

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ItannouncedinMarchthatitwouldspendmorethan$1billioninthenextfewyearstocaptureashareoftheChinesemarket."Chinaisoneofthefastestgrowingmarketsforphotography,anditsdouble-digitgrowthwillassurethatitmovesfromthenumberthreeranktonumberoneortwo,exceedingJapanandperhapstheUnitedStatesinthenextcentury,"saidKodakchiefGeorgeFisherinastatement.

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AccordingtoKodak,fewerthanonein10Chinesehouseholdsownsacamera,whichtypicallyusesaboutfourrollsoffilmperyear."IfonlyhalfthepeopleinChinashotasingle36-exposurerolloffilmayear—afractionofusageratesinothercountries—thatwouldswellthenumberofworldwide'clicks'by25percent,"Fishersaid.

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Nationalfiguresoncameraownershipdonotreflectthekeeninterestinphotographyinurbanareas."Wehavetwocamerasinthehouse,oneforourselvesandoneforour14-year-oldsonwhotakesitwithhimonschooltrips,"saidBeijingresidentChenYanan,whowasrecentlylaidofffromherstate-sectorjob.Chen'ssonisnotalone:"Allhisfriendshaveacamera.Theyonlycost150yuan."Sheadded.

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Whenthepriceofa36-exposurerollofcolorfilm(20yuan)anddevelopmentcosts(16yuan)aretakenintoaccount,thepleasureofphotographyareaffordabletomostcityinhabitants.

Andwhilethecheapcostsmeanthequalityoffilmandprintsisusuallypoor,theChinesehaveneverthelesscomealongwayintheirsnapping.

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Inthe1970s,blackandwhitephotoshardlybiggerthanpostagestampswerestillcommon.Todaymorethan70percentofphotosaretakenincolorandtheprintsaremuchlarger,accordingtoaBeijingretailer.11.

正確答案：柯達公司3月份宣布：在最近幾年它將花費10億多美元來占領(lǐng)部分中國市場。

12.

正確答案：據(jù)柯達公司講：中國擁有相機的家庭不到1/10，每部相機每年使用大約四卷膠卷。

13.

正確答案：國民擁有相機的數(shù)字并沒有反映出城市地區(qū)對攝影的強烈愛好。

14.

正確答案：考慮到一卷36張彩色膠卷的價格(20元)以及沖洗的價格(16元)，攝影這種樂趣對大多數(shù)城市居民來說都是可以承受的。

15.

正確答案：在20世紀70年代，人們常用的仍然是幾乎不比郵票大多少的黑白照片。

Geniusissomethingthatisdifficulttomeasurequantitativelysinceitisauniquequality,

althoughmostofuscanrecognizegeniuswhenweseeitorhearit.

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Bycontrastintelligenceispossiblyeasiertoquantifyandlikegeniusisapolygeniccharacterthatcanbemouldedbytheenvironment.

Intelligenceisaqualitativetrait,whichdoeshaveageneticcomponent,butweshouldnot

assumethatithasasingledimensionofexpression.

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Thereareseverallimitationsinmeasuringintelligencebyalinearscalerangingfromdulltobright,sinceindividualsdiffergreatlyintheirgenotypes.Anynumberofgenecombinationmaypredisposeanindividualtomusicalgenius,ortopainting,ortodesigningcomputerprograms,etc.Thepossessionofanyoneoftheseabilitiesmayormaynotbeassociatedwithanother.Moreover,thesamegenotypemaybeexpressedinmarkedlydifferentwaysinmarkedlydifferentenvironments.

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Forexample,intelligencequotienttestscoresvaryconsiderablywithillnessanddisease,educational,socialandeconomiclevels—eventheskincoloroftheexaminerconductingtheIQtestmayhaveasignificanteffect!Thereisalsodifficultyindecidingwhatintelligenceshouldbeappliedto.Isittheabilitytolearn?Isitrelatedtotheenquiringmindortomotivation?

ConsequentlycomparisonsbetweenanIQtestgiventoaUniversitystudentandtoanAborigineinAustraliawillgivemeaninglessresults,sincethetestismostunlikelytomeasurethesamebehavior.

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Notonlyarethegenotypesandtheenvironmentsofthesetwoindividualstotallydifferent,buttheirmotivationsforachievementinparticularactivitieswillbedifferent.

Indeed,assomearticleswhichdealwiththeproblemsmentionedaboveshow,peoplewhobelievetheycanestimategeneticandenvironmentalcontributionstodifferencesinintelligencebetweenracesarestatisticallynaive.

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Ifsomeracesorsocialgroupsinthehumanpopulationcanbeshowntobeinferiorinintelligence,itopensupthepossibilitythatsomesegregationistsorpoliticianscouldbringinlegislationorpoliciestosuppressoreveneliminatesuchracesorgroupsinthepopulation.

Historycertainlyshowsthatthissuggestionisquitelikelywhenruthlessindividualsareinpositionsofpower.

Canyouseewhythefalsescientificconclusionscouldbecomedangeroussociallyandpolitically?16.

正確答案：相對而言，智力也許比較容易用數(shù)量來衡量。而且它像天才一樣，具有一種易受環(huán)境影響的多基因特征。

17.

正確答案：由于各人在基因類型上有很大的差異，所以用一種從愚昧排列到聰明的線性標尺來衡量智力有很大的局限性。

18.

正確答案：比方說，智商測驗的得分，會由于疾病狀況、教育程度、社會和經(jīng)濟水平而有很大的差異，甚至智商測驗主考人的膚色也會對得分有顯著的影響。

19.

正確答案：這兩個人不僅是基因類型和生活環(huán)境完全不同，而且他們完成某些活動的動機也極不相同。

20.

正確答案：如果能夠證明人類中某些種族或社會群體在智力上是劣等的，那就會使某些種族隔離主義者或政客有可能去制訂法律或政策來壓迫，甚至從人類中消滅這些種族和群體。

Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.

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ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy'svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploy60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehaftofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2,000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepast6yearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.

Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.

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Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavor(欣賞)theideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeepersandreceptionists,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytodisappearintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.

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Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.

Thinkingthroughanenterprisebefor