自動(dòng)化英語(yǔ)電子教案

Unit1ElectronicsElementsandLawsResistors,CapacitorsandInductorsResistors,capacitorsandinductorsareveryimportantelementsinelectroniccircuits.ResistorsandResistance Aresistorisatwo-terminalelement.Resistanceisthecapacityofmaterialstoimpedetheflowofcurrentor,morespecifically,theflowofelectriccharge.resistor n.[電]電阻器 capacitorn.(=capacitator)電容器inductor n.電感器 element n.元件electronica.電子的 circuit n.電路resistancen.電阻，阻抗 terminal n.終端capacity n.容量 impede v.阻止current n.電流 charge n.負(fù)荷，電荷，充電電阻器、電容器和電感器在電子電路中，電阻器、電容器和電感器是非常重要的元件。電阻器和電阻電阻器是二端口元件。電阻是阻止電流流動(dòng)，更確切地說(shuō)，是阻止電荷流動(dòng)的能力。InSI,resistanceismeasuredinohms.TheGreekletteromega(Ω)isthestandardsymbolforanohm.Largeramountofresistancearecommonlyexpressedinkilo-ohm(kΩ)andinmega-ohm(MΩ).SI 國(guó)際單位制,英文:InternationalSystemofUnitsohm n.[物]歐姆在國(guó)際單位制中，電阻用歐姆來(lái)度量。希臘字母Ω是歐姆的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符號(hào)。較大的電阻一般用千歐和兆歐來(lái)表示。Thecircuitelementusedtomodelthisbehavioristheresistor.Figure1.1showsthecircuitsymbolfortheresistor,withRdenotingtheresistancevalueoftheresistor.Figure1.1Thecircuitsymbolforaresistor模擬這種特性常用的電路元件是電阻器。圖1.1表示電阻器的電路符號(hào)，R表示電阻器的電阻值。圖1.1電阻器的電路符號(hào)Forpurposesofcircuitanalysis,wemustreferencethecurrentintheresistortotheterminalvoltage.Ifwechoosetheassociatedreferencedirection,therelationshipbetweenthevoltageandcurrentisv=iR(1.1)Wherevisthevoltageinvolts,iisthecurrentinamperes,andRistheresistanceinohms.voltage n.[電工]電壓，伏特?cái)?shù)associated a.聯(lián)合的，關(guān)聯(lián)的ampere n.安培為了進(jìn)行電路分析，我們必須在電阻器中指明電流和電壓的參考方向。如果我們選擇關(guān)聯(lián)參考方向，那么電壓和電流之間的關(guān)系是：這里v是電壓，其單位是伏特，i是電流，其單位是安培，R是電阻，其單位是歐姆。Ifwechoosenon-associatedreferencedirection,wemustwritev=-iR (1.2)ThealgebraicsignsusedinEqs(1.1)and(1.2)areknownasOhm’sLaw.Ohm’sLawexpressedthevoltageasafunctionofthecurrent.Howeverexpressingthecurrentasafunctionofthevoltageisalsoconvenient.Ohm’sLawisthealgebraicrelationshipbetweenvoltageandcurrentforaresistor.non-associated a.非聯(lián)合的，非關(guān)聯(lián)的algebraic a.代數(shù)的，關(guān)于代數(shù)學(xué)的Eq. 公式(equation)的縮寫Ohm’sLaw 歐姆定律function n.[數(shù)]函數(shù)如果選擇非關(guān)聯(lián)參考方向，我們必須寫成：v=-iR(1.2)用在公式（1.1）和（1.2）中的代數(shù)式就是著名的歐姆定律。歐姆定律表示了電壓作為電流的函數(shù)。然而，要表示電流是電壓的函數(shù)也是非常方便的。歐姆定律是電阻兩端的電壓和電流間的代數(shù)關(guān)系。CapacitorsandCapacitanceThedevicecapableofdoingthisiscalledacapacitor.Theabilityofacapacitortostoreelectricalenergyistermedcapacitance.1Electricalenergycanbestoredinanelectricfield.Figure1.2showsthecircuitsymbolforthecapacitor.capacitance n.容量，電容electricfield 電場(chǎng)電容器和電容電能可以存儲(chǔ)在電場(chǎng)中，存儲(chǔ)電能的裝置叫電容器。電容器存儲(chǔ)電能的能力叫做電容。圖1.2表示電容器的電路符號(hào)。存儲(chǔ)能量的裝置叫電容器?電容器存儲(chǔ)電能的能力叫做電容?句中“tostoreelectricalenergy”為不定式作定語(yǔ)?兩個(gè)句子都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),在科技英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?ThecircuitparameterofcapacitanceisrepresentedbytheletterC,ismeasuredinfarads(F).Becausethefaradisanextremelylargequantityofcapacitancepracticalcapacitorvaluesusuallylieinthepicofarad(pF)tomicrofarad(μF)range.Fig.1.2Thecircuitsymbolforacapacitorparametern.參數(shù)，參量faradfaradn.[電]法拉，電容單位picofaradn.[電]皮(可),法拉,微微法拉,百億分之一法拉,符號(hào)為PF或pfmicrofaradn.[電]微法拉電容的電路參數(shù)用字母C表示，用法拉來(lái)度量。因?yàn)榉ɡ窍喈?dāng)大的電容量，實(shí)際上電容值通常位于皮法和微法之間。圖.1.2電容器的電路符號(hào)Asthevoltagevarieswithtime,thedisplacementofchargealsovarieswithtime,causingwhatisknownasthedisplacementcurrent.2Attheterminals,thedisplacementcurrentisindistinguishablefromaconductioncurrent.Whenthecurrentreferenceandthevoltagereferenceareassociated,thecurrentisproportionaltotherateatwhichthevoltageacrossthecapacitorvarieswithtime,or,mathematically,whereiismeasuredinamperes,Cinfarads,vinvolts,andtinseconds.當(dāng)電壓隨時(shí)間變化時(shí),電荷的位移也隨時(shí)間變化,引起了眾所周知的位移電流?在“causingwhat...”中,causing是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,作causing的賓語(yǔ)?當(dāng)電壓隨時(shí)間變化時(shí)，電荷的位移也隨時(shí)間變化，引起了眾所周知的位移電流。在終端，位移電流和傳導(dǎo)電流沒(méi)有區(qū)別。當(dāng)電流參考方向和電壓參考方向是關(guān)聯(lián)參考方向時(shí)，電流正比于電容兩端電壓隨時(shí)間的變化率，數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式為：這里i的單位是安培，C的單位是法拉，v的單位是伏特，t的單位是秒。InductorsandInductanceItiswellknownthatinductorsareoneofbuildingblocksinelectroniccircuits.Allcoilshaveinductance.Inductanceisthepropertyofopposinganychangeofacurrentflowingthroughacoil.InductanceissymbolizedbytheletterL,ismeasuredinhenrys(H).Figure1.3showsaninductor.Fig.1.3Thecircuitsymbolforaninductorinductance n.感應(yīng)系數(shù)，自感應(yīng)coil v.盤繞,卷,線圈henry n.henries亨利(電感單位)電感器和電感眾所周知，電感是電子電路中的模塊之一。所有的線圈都有電感。電感是抵抗流過(guò)線圈電流的任何變化的性質(zhì)。電感用字母L表示，其單位是亨利。圖1.3表示一個(gè)電感器。圖1.3電感器的電路符號(hào)Whenthereferencedirectionsofthecurrentandvoltageareassociated,yieldswherevismeasuredinvolts,Linhenrys,iinamperes,andtinseconds.當(dāng)電流和電壓的參考方向關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)，有(1.4)這里v的單位是伏特，L的單位是亨利，i的單位是安培，t的單位是秒。NotefromEq.(1.4)thatthevoltageacrosstheterminalsofaninductorisproportionaltothetimerateofchangeofthecurrentintheinductor.Wecanmaketwoimportantobservationshere.First,ifthecurrentisconstant,thevoltageacrosstheidealinductoriszero.Thustheinductorbehavesasashortcircuitinthepresenceofaconstant,ordc.current.Second,acurrentcannotchangeinstantaneouslyinaninductor,thatis,thecurrentcannotchangebyafiniteamountinzerotime.Aninductor,likeacapacitor,storestheenergysuppliedtoit,butitstoresenergyintheformofamagneticratherthananelectricfield.3constant n.[數(shù)?物]常數(shù)，恒量finite a.有限的，[數(shù)]有窮的，限定的shortcircuit 短路dc.current 直流電流電感器和電容器一樣,存儲(chǔ)供給它的能量,但是它是以磁場(chǎng)的形式而不是以電場(chǎng)的形式存儲(chǔ)能量?句中“ratherthan”可作連詞詞組使用,連接兩個(gè)并列成分,表示在兩者中間進(jìn)行選擇,否定后者?后面可以接名詞?代詞?形容詞?副詞?動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞不定式等?Exercises1.two-terminalelement 2.associatedreferencedirection Ohm’sLaw4.electricfield .Chooseonewordfromthewordlistbelowtofillintheblankineachofthefollowingsentences.Changetheformofthewordwherenecessary.1.Theabilityofacapacitortostoreelectricalenergyistermed.2.Aisadevicedesignedtohavecapacitance.3.InSIismeasuredinohms.4.Ohm’sLawisthealgebraicrelationshipbetweenthevoltageandcurrentfora.5.isthepropertyofopposinganychangeofacurrentflowingthroughacoil.6.storesenergyintheformofamagneticratherthananelectricfield.III.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.Wecanmaketwoimportantobservationshere.First,ifthecurrentisconstant,thevoltageacrosstheidealinductoriszero.Thustheinductorbehavesasashortcircuitinthepresenceofaconstant,ordc.current.Second,acurrentcannotchangeinstantaneouslyinaninductor,thatis,thecurrentcannotchangebyafiniteamountinzerotime.在此，我們可以得到兩條重要的結(jié)論：第一，如果電流是常數(shù)，理想電感器的端電壓為0，這樣電感器在恒量或直流中可以當(dāng)作短路；第二，在電感器中電流不能瞬時(shí)變化，也就是說(shuō)，在0時(shí)間內(nèi)電流不能以有限量改變。科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及方法翻譯是一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)法,是譯者根據(jù)原作者的思想,用本國(guó)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)?這就要求譯者必須確切理解和掌握原著的內(nèi)容和意思,絲毫不可以離開它而主觀地發(fā)揮譯者個(gè)人的想法和推測(cè)?在確切理解的基礎(chǔ)上,譯者必須很好地運(yùn)用本國(guó)語(yǔ)言把原文通順而流暢地表達(dá)出來(lái)?1.翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可概括為“忠實(shí)?通順”四個(gè)字?忠實(shí):首先指忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容,譯者必須把原作的內(nèi)容完整而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái),不得任意增刪?歪曲;忠實(shí)還指保持原作風(fēng)格,盡可能還其本來(lái)面目?通順:指譯文語(yǔ)言必須通順易懂,符合漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范?忠實(shí)與通順是相輔相成的?忠實(shí)而不通順,讀者看不懂,也就做不到忠實(shí);通順而不忠實(shí),脫離原作的內(nèi)容與風(fēng)格,通順也就失去了作用?例如:1)Heknowssomethingaboutelectricity.錯(cuò)誤譯法:他知道有關(guān)電的某些東西?正確譯法:他懂點(diǎn)電?2)Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.錯(cuò)誤譯法:電的反抗是用歐姆測(cè)量的。正確譯法:電阻的測(cè)量單位是歐姆?3)Allmetalsdonotconductelectricityequallywell.錯(cuò)誤譯法:全部金屬不導(dǎo)電得相等好。正確譯法:并非所有的金屬都同樣好地導(dǎo)電?4)Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingtowardthecoil.錯(cuò)誤譯法:電路被完成的片刻,一個(gè)電流將開始流向這個(gè)線圈?正確譯法:電路一接通,電流就開始流向線圈?從以上例句中可以清楚地看到:不要任意增刪,并非是逐詞死譯;譯文漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范化,并非是離開原文自由發(fā)揮?在科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯過(guò)程中,還應(yīng)該注意通用術(shù)語(yǔ)的譯法?例如,例句2中“電阻”是術(shù)語(yǔ),沒(méi)有別的譯法?2.翻譯的方法 翻譯的方法大體說(shuō)來(lái)有兩種:直譯(literaltranslation)和意譯(freetranslation)?直譯,即指“既忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容,又忠實(shí)于原文形式”的翻譯,但決不是“死譯”,不可望文生義?意譯,就是指忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容,不拘泥于原文的形式?在翻譯時(shí),我們應(yīng)靈活使用上述兩種方法,能直譯的就直譯,能意譯的就意譯,因?yàn)閷?duì)同一個(gè)句子有時(shí)并非只能用一種方法,有時(shí)兩種方法可交替使用或同時(shí)并用?總之,要遵循“忠實(shí)?通順”的宗旨?試看下面的例子:theMilkyWay銀河(意譯)(不可直譯為:牛奶路)bull’seye靶心(意譯)(不可直譯為:牛眼睛)catchacold感冒(意譯)(不可直譯為:抓住一個(gè)冷)Newuseshavebeenfoundforoldmetals,andnewalloyshavebeenmadetosatisfynewdemands.老的金屬有了新用途,新的合金被冶煉出來(lái),以滿足新的需要?(本句前半部分用的是意譯法,后半部分用的是直譯法?)TheIdealBasicCircuitElementandKirchhoff’sLawsTheidealbasiccircuitelementAnidealbasiccircuitelementhasthreeattributes:(1)ithasonlytwoterminals,whicharepointsofconnectiontoothercircuitcomponents:(2)itisdescribedmathematicallyintermsofcurrentsand/orvoltages,and(3)itcannotbesubdividedintootherelements.Weusetheword“ideal”toimplythatabasiccircuitelementdoesnotexistasarealizablephysicalcomponent.Weusethe“basic”toimplythatthecircuitelementcannotbefurtherreducedorsubdividedintootherelements.Thusthebasiccircuitelementsformthebuildingblocksforconstructingcircuitmodels,buttheythemselvescannotbemodeledwithanyothertypeofelements.Therearefiveidealbasiccircuitelements:voltagesources,currentsources,resistors,inductors,andcapacitors.Kirchhoff’sLawsAcircuitissaidtobesolvedwhenthevoltageacrossandthecurrentineveryelementhavebeendetermined.Ohm’sLawisanimportantequationforderivingsuchsolutions.Insimplecircuitstructures,Ohm’sLawissufficientforsolvingforthevoltagesacrossandthecurrentsineveryelement.However,formorecomplexinterconnectionsweneedtousetwomoreimportantalgebraicrelationshipsknownasKirchhoff’sLaws,tosolveforallthevoltagesandcurrents.ThereareKirchhoff’sCurrentLawandKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw.Kirchhoff’sCurrentLawcanbestated,thealgebraicsumofallthecurrentsatanynodeinacircuitequalszero.TouseKirchhoff’sCurrentLaw,analgebraicsigncorrespondingtoareferencedirectionmustbeassignedtoeverycurrentatthenode.Assigningapositivesigntoacurrentleavinganoderequiresassigninganegativesigntoacurrententeringanode.Conversely,givinganegativesigntoacurrentleavinganoderequiresgivingapositivesigntoacurrententeringanode.BeforewecanstateKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,wemustdefineaclosedpathorloop.Startingatanarbitrarilyselectednode,wetraceaclosedpathinacircuitthroughselectedbasiccircuitelementsandreturntotheoriginalnodewithoutpassingthroughanyintermediatenodemorethanonce.WecannowstateKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,Thealgebraicsumofallthevoltagesaroundanyclosedpathinacircuitequalszero.TouseKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,wemustassignanalgebraicsign,referencedirection,toeachvoltageintheloop.Aswetraceaclosedpath,avoltagewillappearaseitherariseoradropinthetracingdirection,assigningapositivesigntoavoltageriserequiresgivinganegativesigntoavoltagedrop.Conversely,givinganegativesigntoavoltageriserequiresgivingapositivesigntoavoltagedrop.TechnicalWordsandExpressionsKirchhoff’sLaws 基爾霍夫定律component n.元件subdivide v.細(xì)分node n.節(jié)點(diǎn)positive a.正的negative a.負(fù)的Unit2DigitalCamerasDigitalCamerasDigitalcamerasaresimpletouseandofferamazingqualitypictures.Adigitalcameratakespicturesusinganelectronicphotosensitivesensor.Theimagesarestoredinthecamera’sdigitalmemoryandcanbetransferredtoacomputerorstoragedevice.Whereastraditional35mmcamerasrelyonmechanicalandchemicalprocessestocreateaphoto,digitalcamerashaveasmallcomputerinsidethemtorecordadigitalimage.photosensitive a.對(duì)光敏感的,感光的whereas conj.然而,反之,鑒于,盡管,但是數(shù)碼相機(jī)使用簡(jiǎn)單并可提供驚人的高質(zhì)量圖像。數(shù)碼相機(jī)是利用電子感光傳感器拍攝照片，圖像儲(chǔ)存在相機(jī)的數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)卡中，并可傳到計(jì)算機(jī)或存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。傳統(tǒng)的35毫米照相機(jī)依靠機(jī)械和化學(xué)過(guò)程來(lái)生成一個(gè)照片，而數(shù)碼相機(jī)內(nèi)部有一個(gè)小型計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)記錄數(shù)字圖像。ApertureAnadjustableirisoropeningthroughwhichlightentersacamera’slens.Thelargertheapertureis,thegreaterthecamera’sphotosensitivityis.Asmalleraperture,however,givesgreaterdepthoffieldtoapicture.Theaperturesettingiscalledthef-stop.Asmallaperturehasarelativelyhighf-number,suchasf8orf11,andalargeraperturehasasmallernumber,suchasf2.8.aperture n.孔,穴,縫隙,(照相機(jī),望遠(yuǎn)鏡等的)光圈,孔徑iris n.希神,彩虹之女神,虹,虹彩photosensitivity n.[物]光敏性,感光性;感光靈敏度光圈控制光線進(jìn)入相機(jī)鏡頭的一個(gè)可調(diào)的虹膜或孔。光圈越大，相機(jī)的感光靈敏度越大。然而較小的光圈會(huì)使照片有更大的景深。光圈設(shè)置被稱做f-stop(光圈級(jí)數(shù))，小光圈有相對(duì)較高的f值，比如f8或f11；較大的光圈是較小的值，如為f2.8。光圈越大,相機(jī)的感光靈敏度越大?themore...themore...,越……就越……Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou’llmake.你越努力工作,你取得的進(jìn)步就越大?然而,較小的光圈值會(huì)使照片有更大的景深?句子中間的however是副詞插入語(yǔ),把句子的主謂語(yǔ)分開了?插入語(yǔ)一般對(duì)一句話做一些附加的說(shuō)明?通常與句中其它部分沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法上的聯(lián)系,將它刪掉之后,句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整?插入語(yǔ)在句中有時(shí)是對(duì)一句話的一些附加解釋?說(shuō)明或總結(jié);有時(shí)表達(dá)說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度和看法;有時(shí)起強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用;有時(shí)是為了引起對(duì)方的注意;還可以起轉(zhuǎn)移話題或說(shuō)明事由的作用;也可以承上啟下,使句子銜接得更緊密一些?Theaperturesettingmustbebalancedagainsttheshutterspeed.Thefastertheshutterspeed,thelargertheaperturemustbe,andviceversa,toadmittherightamountoflighttotheimagesensorforproperexposure.CompressionAprocessthatreducestheamountofdatarepresentinganimagesothatthefiletakesuplessspaceinyourcamera,memorycard,andcomputer.shutterspeed 快門速度viceversa ad.反之亦然compression n.濃縮,壓縮,壓榨,密集光圈設(shè)置必須兼顧快門速度，快門速度越快，光圈必須越大，反之亦然，允許適量的光線進(jìn)入以使圖像傳感器正確曝光。壓縮壓縮是減少代表圖像數(shù)據(jù)量的一種過(guò)程，以使文件在您的相機(jī)、記憶卡和電腦中占用較少的空間。Compressingandsavinganimageactuallytakeslesstimethansavinganuncompressedimage.Smallerfilesarequickertousefore-mailandontheWeb.Whenafileisovercompressed,however,imagequalitycanbeseriouslydegraded.degraded a.被降級(jí)的,退化的,墮落的其實(shí)壓縮并保存圖像比保存非壓縮圖像所花的時(shí)間更少。較小的文件在電子郵件和在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上更快。不過(guò)當(dāng)一個(gè)文件被過(guò)度壓縮時(shí)，圖像質(zhì)量可能嚴(yán)重退化。DepthoffieldAnindicationofhowmuchofascenewillbesharpandinfocus.Agreaterdepthoffieldimpliesanincreaseddistancebetweenwell-focusedbackgroundandforeground,witheverythinginbetweenproperlyfocused.Anarrowdepthoffieldconcentratesitsareaoffocuswithinasmallrange,basedonthecentralsubject’sdistancefromthecamera.depthoffield 景深infocus 焦點(diǎn)對(duì)準(zhǔn),清晰景深景深是景象的清晰程度和對(duì)焦的指標(biāo)。越大的景深意味著背景和前景之間更大的距離，在兩者之間的一切都可正確聚焦。根據(jù)鏡頭中央的對(duì)象與相機(jī)之間的距離，狹窄的景深把聚集面積集中在一個(gè)小范圍內(nèi)。Forinstance,ifyoursubjectisstandingaloneinaballpark,usinganarrowdepthoffieldwillmakemostoftheballparklookblurry,onlythesubjectwillbefocused.Agreaterdepthoffieldmightkeepmostoftheballparkinfocusblurrya.模糊的,不清楚的例如，如果你的目標(biāo)是獨(dú)自站在一個(gè)球場(chǎng)，狹窄的景深會(huì)令大部分的球場(chǎng)看起來(lái)模模糊糊的，只有目標(biāo)被對(duì)焦，更大的景深可能保持球場(chǎng)的大部分都能被對(duì)焦。ImagesensorThesemiconductorchipinadigitalcamerathatreplacesfilm.Itcapturesthelightofasceneorasubject,whichitturnsintoelectricalsignalsthatthecameracanunderstandanduse.Thecamerainturnconvertsthesesignalsintodigitaldatathatyourcomputercanunderstandanduse.圖像傳感器圖像傳感器是數(shù)碼相機(jī)里可以取代膠卷的半導(dǎo)體芯片。它捕捉到一個(gè)場(chǎng)景或?qū)ο蟮墓饩€，并把它變成相機(jī)可以識(shí)別和使用的電信號(hào)。相機(jī)依次把這些信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為計(jì)算機(jī)可以識(shí)別和使用的數(shù)字信息。ThemostcommonimagesensortypesareCCD(charge-coupleddevice)andCMOS(complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor).Bothtypesofimagersconvertlightintoelectricchargeandprocessitintoelectronicsignals.CCDsensorshavebeenusedincamerasformorethan20yearsandpresentmanyadvantageousqualities,amongthem,betterlightsensitivitythanCMOSsensors.advantageous a.有利的,有益的最常見的圖像傳感器類型有CCD（電荷耦合器件）和CMOS（互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體）。這兩種類型的傳感器都是把光線轉(zhuǎn)換成電荷并處理成為電信號(hào)。CCD傳感器在照相機(jī)中的應(yīng)用已超過(guò)20年了，它有許多優(yōu)良性能，其中之一就是：其光敏性優(yōu)于CMOS傳感器。LCDviewfinderAsmallelectronicscreenonthebackofadigitalcamerathatdisplayswhatthelenssees.Youwoulduseittocomposeyourpicture,chooseyoursettingsfocusandframeanimageinmacromode,andviewjust-shotphotos.viewfindern.取景器LCD取景器數(shù)碼相機(jī)背面的小電子屏幕會(huì)顯示鏡頭看到的東西。你可以用它來(lái)調(diào)整圖片、選擇你的設(shè)置、在微距模式對(duì)焦并框定一幀圖像、查看剛剛拍攝的照片。MemorycardAsmallremovablestoragedevicethatsavestheimagesadigitalcameracaptures.Whenitisfull,youcanswaponememorycardforanotherandcontinueshooting.Acardreadercanbeattachedtoyourcomputerforopeningandsavingimagefilesoutsideofyourcamera.Memorycardscomeinvariousdensities,asdoanyotherdrivesorstoragedevices.存儲(chǔ)卡一種可以保存數(shù)碼相機(jī)所拍攝圖像的小巧、可移動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。當(dāng)它存滿時(shí)，你可以更換另一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)卡，并繼續(xù)拍攝。讀卡器可以連到你的電腦上用來(lái)打開和保存你相機(jī)中的圖像文件。存儲(chǔ)卡有各種密度，任何其他的驅(qū)動(dòng)器或存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備也是同樣的，ThemostcommontypesofmemorycardsareCompactFlash,SmartMedia,andSecureData(SD).Youmustusetherighttypeandvolumeofcardforyourdigitalcamera.Ascameramegapixelcountsgrow,highercapacitymemorycardsbecomenecessary.最常見類型的記憶卡有CF卡、SM卡和SD卡。必須使用適合你數(shù)碼相機(jī)的適當(dāng)型號(hào)和容量的存儲(chǔ)卡。隨著照相機(jī)像素的不斷增加，更大容量的存儲(chǔ)卡已成為必備。像素?cái)?shù)字圖像中的一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)，這個(gè)詞是圖像元素的簡(jiǎn)稱。數(shù)碼相機(jī)的分辨率是衡量圖像傳感器能夠捕捉到的像素?cái)?shù)量的指標(biāo)。每一個(gè)像素含有一系列的描繪顏色或亮度的數(shù)字，一個(gè)像素可以表示的精度被稱作“位（bit）”或“色彩深度”。圖像所包含的像素越多，它就有越多的細(xì)節(jié)描述能力。ShutterspeedAmeasureofhowlongacameraallowslighttofallontheactiveimagesensor(expressedasafractionofasecond).Intraditionalfilmcameras,thereisaphysical,mechanicalshutterinthelensthatopensandclosestoregulatehowlongthefilmisexposedtolight.Thoughmanydigitalcamerashavebothelectronicandmechanicalshutters,inexpensivemodelsrelysolelyonelectronicshuttersthatturnoffthephotosensitivityoftheimagesensors.快門速度衡量允許光線落在圖像傳感器的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度（表示為一秒鐘的若干分之一）的參數(shù)。傳統(tǒng)的膠片相機(jī)，在鏡頭上有一個(gè)物理機(jī)械快門，用快門的打開或關(guān)閉來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)膠卷曝光時(shí)間。雖然許多數(shù)碼相機(jī)都有電子和機(jī)械兩種快門，但廉價(jià)的相機(jī)單靠電子快門來(lái)關(guān)閉圖像傳感器的感光性。ExercisesI.MarkthefollowingstatementswithT(true)orF(false)accordingtothetext.1. Adigitalcameratakespictures,andthensavestheminadigitalmemory.2.Thereisasmallcomputerinsidethedigitalcamera.3.Thelargertheapertureis,thesmallernumberoff-stopis.4. Theslowertheshutterspeed,thelargertheaperturemustbe.5.Digitalcameracannotworkwellwithoutfilm.6. Compressingtheimagefilepurposestosavetheimagefilesinlessspace.7. Acompressedimagemaylosssomeinformation.8.Themorepixelsanimagecontainsthelessdetailitcanpresent.9.Theaperturesettingandtheshutterspeedmustbematchedwell.(TTTFFTTFT)II.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish.1.數(shù)碼相機(jī)2.電子光學(xué)傳感器3.景深4.快門速度5.存儲(chǔ)卡6.膠片照相機(jī)7.電子快門8.光圈9.液晶取景器10.電荷耦合器件(CCD)1.digitalcamera2.electronicphotosensitivesensor3.depthoffield4.shutterspeed5.memorycard6.filmcamera7.electronicshutter8.aperture9.LCDviewfinder10.charge-coupleddeviceIII.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese.1.convertlightsignalsintodigitaldata2.imagesensor3.lightsensitivity4.electronicscreen5.macromode6.removablestoragedevice7.acardreader8.digitalimage9.pictureelement10.colordepth1.把光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信息2.圖像傳感器3.光敏性4.電子屏幕5.微距模式6.可移動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)裝置7.讀卡器8.數(shù)字圖像9.圖像元素10.色彩深度IV.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.Thedigitalcamerasoffermorethanjusttheinstantgratificationofpreviewingpicturesonsmallcolorscreens,thuseliminationthecostofrepetitiveshots.Theycanstoredozenssometimeshundredsofimagesthatcanbeprintedeasilyathomeorsentbye-mail.Althoughthereareextracostsinvolvedingoingdigital,thecostofmemorycardsforstorage,andthespecialpaperforprinting,manybuyershavebeenwillingtomaketheswitch.Digitalcamerasarecapturingagrowingshareoftheconsumermarket,andthenumberofdigital-camerahouseholdsiscertaintogrow.Thepriceshavecomedownandthequalityhasgoneup.Withalargememorycardtostorepictures,youcanshootandshootandneverhavetoworryaboutchangingaroll.數(shù)碼相機(jī)除了可以在其小彩色屏上立刻預(yù)覽照片是否令人滿意，省去了重復(fù)拍攝的開支之外，還可以存儲(chǔ)幾十張、甚至是數(shù)百?gòu)堈掌@些照片可以在家里打印出來(lái)或用電子郵件發(fā)送出去。盡管走向數(shù)字化也需要額外的花費(fèi)，如存儲(chǔ)卡、打印用特殊紙張的開支，但許多購(gòu)買者還是愿意換用（數(shù)碼相機(jī)）。數(shù)碼相機(jī)占有的市場(chǎng)份額正在增長(zhǎng)中，擁有數(shù)碼相機(jī)家庭的數(shù)量當(dāng)然也在增長(zhǎng)。數(shù)碼相機(jī)的價(jià)格已經(jīng)下降，而質(zhì)量卻在上升。有一張大容量的保存照片的存儲(chǔ)卡，你就可以不停地拍照而不必?fù)?dān)心更換膠卷。Grammar:省略和插入語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)的句子中除主?謂?賓?定?狀?補(bǔ)及補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)外,常有同位語(yǔ)?插入語(yǔ)及獨(dú)立定語(yǔ),這些句子的附加成分在語(yǔ)法中雖然不處于重要的地位,但對(duì)閱讀科技專業(yè)書刊往往會(huì)起一些干擾作用,妨礙我們對(duì)句子中主要成分的理解和分析?1.省略:英語(yǔ)句子中常省略一些成分使語(yǔ)言精練,但有時(shí)這種省略會(huì)給我們的閱讀和翻譯帶來(lái)一些困難,現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)看一下在科技英語(yǔ)中常見的省略情況?1)并列結(jié)構(gòu)中某些相同成分的省略在and,but,or,while,so等詞連起來(lái)的并列句中,常省去與前面相同的成分?Stoneandglassconductheatpoorlycomparedtometals,butwellcomparedtowoodandpaper.石頭和玻璃與金屬相比導(dǎo)熱性能很差,但是與木頭和紙相比則導(dǎo)熱性很好?But后面省略了theyconductheat?2)狀語(yǔ)從句中省略在一些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果其主語(yǔ)與主句中的主語(yǔ)相同,且謂語(yǔ)中含有動(dòng)詞be,則從句中的主語(yǔ)和be常?？梢允÷?Potentialenergy,thoughnotsoobviousaskineticenergy,existsinmanythings.勢(shì)能雖不如動(dòng)能那樣明顯,但很多物體都具有勢(shì)能?Though后面省略了itis?3)常用省略有些省略已成為習(xí)慣用法,如ifpossible(如果可能),ifnecessary(如有必要),ifany(如果主句中含有否定的意思,譯成:即使有,也很少;如果主句是肯定的,譯成:若有……)?Innon-conductors(insulators)therearefewifanyfreeelectrons.在絕緣體中幾乎沒(méi)有自由電子,即使有,也極少?這里ifany也可不譯?Thereareveryfewmistakesinhiswork,ifany.他工作極少出錯(cuò)?4)比較句中的省略Thehotterthegas,thefasterdothemoleculesmove.氣體越熱,分子就運(yùn)動(dòng)得越快?gas后面省略了is?Inaseriescircuitthetotalresistanceisthesumoftheindividualresistances.Thecurrentineachunitisthesameasinallotherunits.在串聯(lián)電路中,總電阻等于各個(gè)電阻的總和,通過(guò)每一個(gè)元件的電流與通過(guò)其他元件的電流相同?as后面省略了thecurrentis?2.插入語(yǔ)插入語(yǔ)也是英語(yǔ)中常有的現(xiàn)象,它也能造成句子的分離現(xiàn)象,在閱讀和翻譯時(shí)把它先放在一邊,免得對(duì)句子的主要意思產(chǎn)生干擾?一般插入語(yǔ)會(huì)用逗號(hào)斷開,所以還是比較好判斷的?1)插入語(yǔ)中見到最多的是同位語(yǔ),如果名詞后面有另一名詞(或代詞)?詞組或句子對(duì)該名詞作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明,而這兩者在語(yǔ)法上又處于同等的位置,則稱為同位語(yǔ)?同位語(yǔ)和前面的(特別是),including(包括)等引出同位語(yǔ)?Colortelevisionsbreakdownthepicturesintothreecolors—red,green,andblue.彩色電視把圖像分解為三種顏色——紅?綠?藍(lán)?OnOctober17,1831,Faradaysucceededinmakingoneofthegreatestdiscoveriesinthefieldofelectricity—theelectromagneticinduction.法拉第于1831年10月17日成功地做出了電學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的一項(xiàng)最偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)——電磁感應(yīng)?Their(electrons)orbits,orpaths,formconcentricshells,orlayers,somewhatlikethelayersofanonion. 電子的軌道(即軌跡)形成一些同心的外殼(即同心層),有點(diǎn)像洋蔥的表皮?2)插入語(yǔ)中常見的還有一些表示語(yǔ)氣?態(tài)度?承上啟下或轉(zhuǎn)折的短語(yǔ),這樣的插入語(yǔ)有許多,典型的如:therefore所以,forexample(例如),forinstance(例如),inaconclusion(作為結(jié)論),inshort(簡(jiǎn)言之)等?但也有的插入語(yǔ)沒(méi)有用逗號(hào)分開,要注意區(qū)分?Thearea-delaytrade-offinvolvedhereisinessence,theproblemoftransistorsizeoptimization.這里所涉及的面積-延遲平衡(問(wèn)題)本質(zhì)上就是晶體管規(guī)模設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化問(wèn)題?ClassroomReadingPropertyofDigitalCamerasAdvantagesofDigitalCamerasIfyouwanttobuyadigitalcamera,considerthefollowingadvantages,instantimagechecking,noscanning,nofilmcost,andpromotingacleanerenvironment.Forjustaminimalinvestment,youcanenhanceyourpicturesusingdigitaltechnology.Allyouneedisadigitalcamera,abasiccomputer,aphoto-qualityprintermaybesomeadditionalmemory,andaremovablemediaexternaldrive.You’llalsoneedsomeimagingprograms.You’llbeabletocropandgetridofdustmarksandscratches,bleach,sharpen,soften,splittoneretouchcolor,andperformdozensofotherfunctionincludingcorrectingperspective.Anddoitsoquicklyandeasilythatyourresultwillsoonsurpassthoseofconventionalphotographerswhotookyearstolearntheircraft.BasicrequirementsofdigitalcamerasLet’stalkaboutbasicrequirementsofadigitalcamera.Anydigitalcamerathathasa640by480pixelsresolutionwouldbeagoodstartifyoudon’tneedprintslargerthan4by6inches.Youneedapersonalcomputeralso,themonitorisoneofthemostimportantelementsinthedigitalchain.Youmayneedsomeextrastoragespacefortheimagesyouworkon.Theirfilesizescangobbleupanywherefrom1MB~5MBperpictureandthey’llfillupyourdrivefast.Finally,I’mgoingtosuggestyoubuyacolorink-jetprinter.ResolutionResolutionistheabilityofadevicetorecordfinedetailsinanimage.Imagesfromdigitalcamerasaremadeupoflittlesquares(sometimesrectangles)calledpixels.Apixelisshortfora“picturecell”.Adigitalcamera’simagingsurfaceismadeupofrowsoftinyindividuallightsensorsthatcapturecolorandlightinformationthatisthenelectricallyconvertedintodigitaldata—thecellsorpixelsthatmakeuptheimage.Themorepixelsthatcanbepackedintoagivenarea,thehighertheresolution.Thehighertheresolution,thelargerthefilessize—eventhoughmostimagesarecompressedinthecamerausingJPEGencoding.Yourfilesizeswilldependonthespecificimageanddegreeofcompression.Manycamerasallowyoutoselectthedegreeofcompressiondependingontheultimatepicturequalityyourequire.Ifahighdegreeofcompressionisacceptable,itallowsyoutostoremoreimagesinthecameraoronitsmemorycard.Whenanuncompressedimageisopened,itwillberoughlyfivetotwentytimeslargerthanitscompressedsize.JPEGisalosscompressionmethod.Thismeansthattoreducefilesize,someoftheimageinformationislost,oncegone,youcan’tgetthosepixelsbackwithoutstartingoverfromyouroriginalimage.SosaveimagesinTIFF,losslesscompression,ifavailable,tosavespace.TechnicalWordsandExpressionsenhance v.提高,增強(qiáng)scratch v.亂涂,勾抹掉,擦,刮bleach v.漂白sharpen v.銳化surpass v.勝過(guò),超越conventional a.傳統(tǒng)的,慣例的resolution n.分辨率lightsensor 光傳感器JPEG abbr.聯(lián)合圖像專家組一種壓縮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)degreeofcompression 壓縮程度losscompressionmethod 有損壓縮方式losslesscompression 無(wú)損壓縮TIFF 標(biāo)簽圖像文件格式Unit3MicrocontrollersTheAT89C51isalow-power,high-performanceCMOS8-bitmicrocontrollerwith4KbytesofFlashprogrammableanderasablereadonlymemory(PEROM).Bycombiningaversatile8-bitCPUwithFlashonamonolithicchip,theAtmelAT89C51isapowerfulmicrocontrollerwhichprovidesahighly-flexibleandcost-effectivesolutiontomanyembeddedcontrolapplications.microcontroller n.微處理器(在本文中可以譯成單片機(jī))CMOS是ComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor縮寫,指互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物(PMOS管和NMOS管)半導(dǎo)體共同構(gòu)成的互補(bǔ)型MOS集成電路制造工藝,它的特點(diǎn)是低功耗programmablea.可設(shè)計(jì)的,可編程的 erasablea.可消除的,可抹去的versatile a.多用途的,多功能的 monolithicn.單片電路,單塊集成電路flexible a.柔韌性,易曲的,可通融的cost-effectivea.有成本效益的,劃算的embeddeda.植入的,深入的,內(nèi)含的微處理器AT89C51是一種低功耗、高性能的帶有4KB可編程和可擦除的只讀存儲(chǔ)器(PEROM)。CMOS8位微控制器，通過(guò)把通用的8位CPU與Flash內(nèi)存集成在一塊單芯片上，AT89C51是一種功能強(qiáng)大的微控制器，它為許多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用提供了具有高度靈活性且價(jià)格低廉的解決方案。TheAT89C51providesthefollowingstandardfeatures,4KbytesofFlash128bytesofRAM,32I/Olines,two16-bittimer/counters,afive-vectortwo-levelinterruptarchitecture,afullduplexserialport,on-chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry.Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozerofrequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.interrupt n.發(fā)給電腦的中斷信號(hào)duplex a.雙倍的,復(fù)式的<電信?計(jì)>雙工的,雙向的circuitry n.電路,線路AT89C51具有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特點(diǎn)：4KB閃存、128字節(jié)RAM、32個(gè)I/O、2個(gè)16位定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器、五個(gè)2級(jí)中斷結(jié)構(gòu)、全雙工串行端口、片內(nèi)振蕩器和時(shí)鐘電路。此外，AT89C51具有降到零頻率的靜態(tài)邏輯，以及支持兩種軟件可選的省電模式。Port0isan8-bitopen-drainbi-directionalI/Oport.Asanoutputport,eachpincansinkeightTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort0pins,thepinscanbeusedashighimpedanceinputs.Port0mayalsobeconfiguredtobethemultiplexedloworderaddress/databusduringaccessestoexternalprogrammemoryanddatamemory.1highimpe