化學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試卷及答案

裝訂線(xiàn)內(nèi)不許答裝訂線(xiàn)內(nèi)不許答題…………○…………○…………內(nèi)…………○…………裝…………○…………訂…………○…………○…………內(nèi)…………○…………裝…………○…………訂…………○…………線(xiàn)…………○…………___學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)級(jí)班姓名學(xué)號(hào) 第3頁(yè)，共4頁(yè) 第4頁(yè)，共4頁(yè)___學(xué)院___學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)級(jí)班姓名學(xué)號(hào)…………○…………○…………內(nèi)…………○…………裝…………○…………訂…………○…………線(xiàn)…………○………… 第=2*11頁(yè)，共4頁(yè) 第=2*page12頁(yè)，共4頁(yè)任課教師簽名：劉生桂命題教師簽名：劉生桂系主任簽名：主管院長(zhǎng)簽名：任課教師簽名：劉生桂命題教師簽名：劉生桂系主任簽名：主管院長(zhǎng)簽名：湛江師范學(xué)院2010年－2011學(xué)年度第1學(xué)期期末考試試題(考試時(shí)間:120分鐘)考試科目：化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)題號(hào)一二三四五總分總評(píng)分人分值206020100得分一詞匯題(20分)1無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)Inorganicchemistry11結(jié)晶crystal2配位化學(xué)coordinationchemistry12室溫roomtemperature3酸acid13回流reflux4堿alkali14克gram5氧氣oxygengas15臭氧ozon6氮?dú)鈔itrogengas16摘要summary7燒杯beaker17結(jié)果result8試管testtube18蒸發(fā)evaporation9酒精燈spiritlamp19蒸餾distillation10純化purification20甲烷methane二翻譯題（共60分）1ifyoudecidetogointoagriculture,youwillneedtoknowaboutfertilizersandpesticides,aswellasanimalnutrition.Evenifyouentersomeprofessionthatseemstohavenoconnectionwithchemistry,suchaslaw,youwillfindaknowledgeofchemistryveryuseful.Lawyersfreguentlyhavetodealwithpatentsthatconcernchemicalinventions.SomemembersoftheU.S.Congresshavehadextensivechemicaltraining,whichgivesthemagreatadvantageindiscussionsofenviromentalpollution,nuclearenergy,theregulationsoftheFoodandDrugAdministration,andinotherlegislationthatconcernsscientificmatters.如果你決定進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè),你需要知道化肥和殺蟲(chóng)劑,以及動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)。即使你進(jìn)入一些似乎與化學(xué)沒(méi)有聯(lián)系的職業(yè),如法律,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)知識(shí)非常有用。律師經(jīng)常必須處理一些有關(guān)化學(xué)發(fā)明的專(zhuān)利問(wèn)題,。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)的一些成員有廣泛的化學(xué)訓(xùn)練,這給了他們一個(gè)很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)在討論環(huán)境污染、核能源、規(guī)定的食品和藥物管理局,其他立法等有關(guān)科學(xué)問(wèn)題上。2Theconversionofaphysicalquantityfromoneunittoanotherisdonewithconversionfactorsderivedfromthenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwounits.Choosingthecorrectconversionfactorallowsthecancellationoftheunwantedunits.Conversionfactorsorphysicalconstantsshouldincludeasufficientnumberofsignificantfiguressoasnottoaffecttheuncertaintyoftheanswer.一種物理量的轉(zhuǎn)換從一個(gè)單位到另一個(gè)單位與轉(zhuǎn)換因素來(lái)源于兩個(gè)單元之間的數(shù)值關(guān)系。選擇正確的轉(zhuǎn)換因子允許取消不必要的單位。轉(zhuǎn)換因素或物理常數(shù)應(yīng)該包括足夠數(shù)量的重要數(shù)據(jù),以免影響不確定性的答案。Thesubstancesthatundergochangesinachemicalreactionarecalledthereactants,andthenewsubstancesformedaretheproducts.Thechemicalchangethattakesplaceisrepresentedwithsymbolsandformulasinachemicalequations.Allchemicalequationsmustbebalanced-thecorrectcoefficientmustbeusedforeachspeciessothatalltheatomsofeachelementinthereactantscanbeaccountedforintheproducts.這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)中發(fā)生變化的物質(zhì)被稱(chēng)為反應(yīng)物,新的物質(zhì)叫做生成物。化學(xué)變化的表示是化學(xué)方程式中的符號(hào)和公式。所有的化學(xué)方程式必須配平——正確的系數(shù)必須用于每個(gè)物質(zhì),從而反應(yīng)物中各種元素的原子可以和生成物中相同。4Theenthalpychange,△H,forareactionisequalinmagnitudeto△Hforthereversereactionbutoppositeinsign.Ifthequantitiesofreactantsandproductsinareactionarechanged.△Hforthatreactionchangesproportionately.Foranychemicalreaction,△Hhasthesamevaluewhetherthereactiontakesplaceinonesteporseveralsteps.一個(gè)反應(yīng)中焓的變化,△H,和逆反應(yīng)的△H在數(shù)值上相同但在符號(hào)上相反。如果反應(yīng)物和生成物在一個(gè)反應(yīng)中數(shù)量發(fā)生改變，該反應(yīng)的△H也相對(duì)地（或成比例地）發(fā)生變化。對(duì)于任何化學(xué)反應(yīng),無(wú)論反應(yīng)發(fā)生在一個(gè)步驟或幾個(gè)步驟，△H有相同的值。5Afunctionalgroupisachemicallyreactiveatomorgroupofatomsthatimpartscharacteristicpropertiestothefamilyoforganiccompoundscontainingit.Thesiteofreactioninanorganicmoleculeisoftenafunctionalgroup,amultiplecovalentbond,orapolarsinglebond.Anelectron-pooratomorgroupthatwillbondwithanatomthathasanavailableelectronpairiscalledanelectrophile,Anelectro-richatomorgroupthatwillbondwithanelectron-deficientatomiscalledanucleophile.一個(gè)官能團(tuán)是一個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)的原子或原子團(tuán),它能使包含這些原子團(tuán)的一類(lèi)有機(jī)化合物顯示特殊的性質(zhì)。有機(jī)分子發(fā)生反應(yīng)的位置經(jīng)常是在官能團(tuán),一個(gè)多共價(jià)鍵,或一個(gè)極性單鍵。一個(gè)缺電子的原子或原子團(tuán)會(huì)鍵合有可用電子對(duì)的原子，被叫做親電試劑。一個(gè)富電子的原子和原子團(tuán)會(huì)鍵合一個(gè)缺電子的原子，叫做親核試劑。6Ironexposedtotheactionofmoistairrustsrapidly,withtheformationofaloose,crumblydepositoftheoxide.Theoxidedoesnotadheretothesurfaceofthemetal,asdoesaluminumoxideandcertainothermetaloxides,butpeelsoff.exposingafreshsurfaceofirontotheactionoftheair.Asaresult,apieceofironwillrustawaycompletelyinarelativelyshorttimeunl