2025年高二英語寒假銜接講練 (譯林版)第03講 選擇必修第三冊(cè) Unit 3 Back to the past(知識(shí)講解+高考必考題型練)(學(xué)生版)

第03講選擇必修第三冊(cè)Unit3Backtothepast目錄新知導(dǎo)航：熟悉課程內(nèi)容、掌握知識(shí)脈絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)：知識(shí)點(diǎn)全面梳理，掌握必備重點(diǎn)記憶：關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)快速記憶，提升能力小試牛刀：考點(diǎn)剖析+過關(guān)檢測(cè)，合理應(yīng)用核心單詞講解1.convincevt.使確信，使相信；說服，勸說(1)convincesb.ofsth. 使某人相信某事convincesb.todosth. 說服某人做某事(2)convinced adj.確信的；深信的beconvincedof/that... 相信……(3)convincing adj.令人信服的2.onbehalfof代表(或代替)；為幫助，為了(1)onbehalfofsb.(=onone’sbehalf)為了某人；代表某人；為……的利益(2)represent vt.代表(3)representative n.代表；代理人adj.典型的；有代表性的(4)standfor 代表；象征3.loadvt.&vi.裝上，裝入n.負(fù)載；承載量；大量(1)loadsof=aloadof 大量，許多takealoadoffone’smind 打消某人的顧慮(2)load...with... 用……裝載……load...onto/into... 把……裝到……上去(3)workload n.工作量download vt.下載upload vt.上傳overload v.超載4.strengthenvt.&vi.加強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)(1)strength n.[U]力量，力氣[C]優(yōu)勢(shì)，長(zhǎng)處(2)havethestrengthtodosth. 有力量做某事buildupone’sstrength 強(qiáng)身健體strengthsandweaknesses 優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)，長(zhǎng)處和短處5.dismissvt.不予考慮，對(duì)……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散dismisssb.(from) 解雇某人dismisssth.as... 對(duì)……不屑一提；不予考慮dismisssb./sth.fromsth. 消除，摒除(思想、感情等)6.acknowledgevt.承認(rèn)(權(quán)威、地位)；承認(rèn)(屬實(shí))；(公開)感謝(1)acknowledgesb./sth.tobe/as... 認(rèn)為某人/物是……；承認(rèn)某人/物是……acknowledgedoing/havingdonesth. 承認(rèn)做了某事Itisuniversally/widelyacknowledgedthat... ……是大家公認(rèn)的(2)acknowledgement n.承認(rèn)；感謝；收件復(fù)函inacknowledgementof (公開)感謝……7.influentialadj.有很大影響力的，有支配力的(1)beinfluentialin 對(duì)……有影響(2)influence n.影響haveaninfluence/influenceson/upon 對(duì)……有影響haveaninfluenceover 對(duì)……有支配力(3)influence v.影響；對(duì)……起作用8.insistvi.&vt.堅(jiān)決要求，堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)持說(1)insiston/upon(sb./sb.’s)(doing)sth. 堅(jiān)持要求(某人)(做)某事Insistthat…堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，從句用陳述語氣Insistthat…堅(jiān)決要求，從句用虛擬語氣(..(should)do…)(2)insistence n.堅(jiān)持(3)insistent adj.堅(jiān)持的；堅(jiān)決要求的beinsistenton/that... 堅(jiān)持……9.panicn.驚恐，恐慌vi.&vt.(panicked，panicked)(使)驚慌，(使)驚慌失措(1)inpanic 驚慌失措地getintoapanic 陷入恐慌(2)panicodoingsth. 使某人驚慌地做某事10.regardlessadv.不顧，不加理會(huì)(1)regardlessof不顧；不管(2)despite=inspiteof 盡管；不管；雖然(后常接名詞，不接從句)(3)in/withregardto 關(guān)于；至于withoutregardto 不考慮；不顧及11.allowfor使成為可能；考慮到；把……計(jì)算在內(nèi)表示“考慮到；鑒于”的單詞和短語inviewof 鑒于；考慮到inconsiderationof 考慮到，鑒于oconsideration 顧及；考慮到……takeaccountof 考慮到……，把……考慮進(jìn)去given prep.鑒于，考慮到considering prep.&conj.鑒于，考慮到12.astonishvt.使十分驚訝，使吃驚(1)Itastonishessb.that... 令某人驚訝的是……(2)astonishing adj.令人驚訝的；難以置信的(3)astonished adj.感到驚訝的beastonishedtodosth. 做某事感到很驚訝beastonishedat/by 對(duì)……感到驚訝(4)astonishment n.驚訝toone’sastonishment 令某人驚訝的是13.facilitatevt.使便利，促進(jìn)(1)facilitatesth./doingsth.促進(jìn)……facilitatecommunication 方便聯(lián)系；促進(jìn)溝通(2)facility n.設(shè)施，設(shè)備sports/leisurefacilities 體育/休閑設(shè)施facilityfor... 用于……的設(shè)備(3)facilitation n.簡(jiǎn)易化；助長(zhǎng)14.sortout理順，整理；把……安排好(1)sortsth.into把……分成sortthrough 分類，整理sortoneselfout 處理自己的事(2)sortof=kindof 有幾分，有點(diǎn)兒asortof 一種；有點(diǎn)allsortsof 各種各樣的15.availableadj.可獲得的，可找到的；有空的(1)availableresources可利用的資源beavailableforsth./tosb. 對(duì)……有用(2)availability n.可用性；有效性；實(shí)用性theavailabilityof ……的可用性16.adoptvt.采用，采取；表決采納；領(lǐng)養(yǎng)，收養(yǎng)vi.領(lǐng)養(yǎng)，收養(yǎng)(1)adoptsb./sth.as...收養(yǎng)/挑選某人/某物為……(2)adoption n.收養(yǎng)；采用(3)adoptedson/daughter 養(yǎng)子/養(yǎng)女；義子/義女17.comparisonn.對(duì)比；比較(1)bycomparison通過對(duì)比，相比之下makeacomparison 進(jìn)行比較incomparison(with) 相比之下；與……比較beyondcomparison 無與倫比(2)compare v.比較，對(duì)比compareAand/withB 比較A和BcompareAtoB 把A比作Bcomparedto/with 和……比起來；相比之下18.packvt.&vi.塞進(jìn)，擠進(jìn)；裝(箱)，收拾，打包；包裝n.包，包裹；小盒，小包(1)packup整理；把……打包o... 擠進(jìn)……里；塞進(jìn)(2)apackof 一包(盒，捆，群)……(3)packedwithsth. 有大量……的；……極多的19.contraryadj.相反的，相對(duì)立的；截然不同的contraryto與……相反，違反contraryadvice/opinions/arguments相反的建議/觀點(diǎn)/論點(diǎn)thecontrary 相反的事實(shí)(或事情、情況)onthecontrary 恰恰相反quitethecontrary 恰恰相反，正相反tothecontrary 相反的(地)20.divevi.俯沖；跳水；潛水n.沖；撲；俯沖；潛水；跳水(1)diveinto...投入，潛入；把手伸入；鉆研divefor... 撲向；潛水尋找……diveoff 從……跳水godiving 去潛水(2)diver n.潛水者；跳水選手21.freeze(froze，frozen)vi.&vt.突然停止，呆?。唤Y(jié)冰；凍僵(1)freeze(sth.)up凍結(jié)；怯場(chǎng)freezetodeath 凍死freezeone’sblood 使某人處于驚恐狀態(tài)(2)freezing adj.冰點(diǎn)以下的，結(jié)冰的；極冷的(3)frozen adj.凍結(jié)的，凍僵的22.dragvt.拖；拉；緩慢而費(fèi)力地移動(dòng)dragby緩慢度過dragon 拖延dragone’sfeet/heels 行動(dòng)緩慢o... 將……硬拉入23.bleedvi.(bled，bled)失血；流血(1)bleedfor為……感到悲傷；為……流血bleedtodeath 因流血過多致死(2)bleeding adj.流血的n.出血(3)blood n.血液24.sinkvi.&vt.(sank；sunk)下沉；沉沒；坐下；降低sinkin滲入；完全被理解sinkinto 陷入；沉淪sinkdown 沉落sinkorswim 成敗全靠自己sinkdifferences 摒棄分歧asinkingfeeling 一種不祥的預(yù)感25.shiftn.改變；轉(zhuǎn)移；輪班vi.&vt.(使)移動(dòng)；(使)轉(zhuǎn)移；改變(1)shiftfrom...to...從……轉(zhuǎn)向……shiftresponsibility/blameforsth.ontosb. 把某事的責(zé)任推給某人shiftone’sground 轉(zhuǎn)變立場(chǎng)(2)workshift 輪崗，輪班day/nightshift 白/夜班shiftintemperature 溫度變化二、重點(diǎn)詞塊速記1.onbehalfof 代表(或代替)；為幫助；為了

2.inpanic 恐慌地，驚慌地

3.regardlessof 不管，不顧

4.allowfor 使成為可能；考慮到，

把……計(jì)算在內(nèi)5.setfoot 到訪；踏入；進(jìn)入6.keepsb.outofdanger 使某人平安7.setsail 啟航；開航

8.onboard 在船上9.inlength 長(zhǎng)度上10.passon 傳遞；傳給11.sortout理順，整理；把……安排好12.contraryto與……相反，違反13.dresssb.insth. 給(某人)穿衣服

14.hangover 籠罩

15.cometooneself 蘇醒；恢復(fù)知覺

16.declarewaron/against 對(duì)……宣戰(zhàn)

17.inhorror 驚恐地

18.getintouchwithsb. 與某人取得聯(lián)系19.openup 暢所欲言20.inresponseto 對(duì)……作出反應(yīng)21.besuitablefor 適合22.bringabout 導(dǎo)致，引起三、重點(diǎn)句型剖析1.Afleetofover200shipsnavigatedtheblueseas,withalmost28,000peopleonboard,whichwasasplendidscene.(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))由200多艘船組成的船隊(duì)在藍(lán)色的大海上航行,船上有近28000人,場(chǎng)面極其壯觀。

2.Accordingtosomerecords,thelargestshipswereover140metresinlength,demonstratingtheadvancedtechnologyandspecialskillsusedinconstructingships.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語)據(jù)史料記載,鄭和船隊(duì)最大的船超過140米長(zhǎng),顯示了用于建造船舶的先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和獨(dú)特工藝。3.Regardlessofallthechallenges,Columbusmanagedtokeepeveryoneoutofdangerwithhisknowledgeandbraveryacrosstheocean.(keep+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)不顧所有挑戰(zhàn),哥倫布設(shè)法憑借自己的知識(shí)和勇敢確保每個(gè)人都平安越過海洋。4.Thosewhomakegreatdiscoveriesmustoftenovercomemanychallengesalongtheway—aswasthecasewiththeexplorerChristopherColumbus.(as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)凡取得偉大發(fā)現(xiàn)的人,往往必須戰(zhàn)勝重重磨難——就像探險(xiǎn)家克里斯托弗·哥倫布那樣。5.Afterreceivingtheordertoabandonship,Louissavedmoremenfromthewater,draggingthemintothelifeboat.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語)接到棄船的命令后,路易斯又從水中救出了更多的人,把他們拖進(jìn)了救生艇。6.Outof37setsofbrothers,Russellandhisbrotherweretheonlyfullpairtosurvivetheattack.(theonly...todo)在(船上的)37對(duì)兄弟中,拉塞爾和他的兄弟是唯一在那次襲擊中幸存下來的一對(duì)。7.Theshiftfromthecottageindustrytothefactorysystem,combinedwiththeintroductionofnewmachines,newenergysourcesandnewformsoftransport,promotedeconomicgrowthandexpandedworldtrade.(過去分詞短語作狀語)從家庭手工業(yè)向工廠體制的轉(zhuǎn)變,加上新機(jī)器、新能源和新交通方式的引進(jìn),促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),擴(kuò)大了世界貿(mào)易。、重點(diǎn)句型asisthecasewith...(教材原句)Thosewhomakegreatdiscoveriesmustoftenovercomemanychallengesalongtheway—aswasthecasewiththeexplorerChristopherColumbus.凡取得偉大發(fā)現(xiàn)的人,往往必須戰(zhàn)勝重重磨難——就像探險(xiǎn)家克里斯托弗·哥倫布那樣。

(1)asisthecasewith...是固定表達(dá)方式,意為“和……情況一樣”,“……也是如此”,其中的as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。(2)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)是關(guān)系代詞,用來指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,有“正如”之意,常放于主句之前,有時(shí)也可放在主句之后或主句之中。2.現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作伴隨狀語(教材原句)Afterreceivingtheordertoabandonship,Louissavedmoremenfromthewater,draggingthemintothelifeboat.接到棄船的命令后,路易斯從水中救出了更多的人,把他們拖進(jìn)了救生艇。(1)現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作伴隨狀語,表示伴隨情況,所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,且與句子的主語即邏輯主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。翻譯時(shí)一般譯成并列句。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作狀語,含有一般式(doing),完成式(havingdone)以及完成被動(dòng)式(havingbeendone)。延伸：一般情況下,現(xiàn)在或過去分詞(短語)作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,如果作狀語的分詞(短語)的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致,分詞(短語)就要帶上自己的邏輯主語,構(gòu)成分詞(短語)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。3.過去分詞短語作狀語(教材原句)Theshiftfromthecottageindustrytothefactorysystem,combinedwiththeintroductionofnewmachines,newenergysourcesandnewformsoftransport,promotedeconomicgrowthandexpandedworldtrade.從家庭手工業(yè)向工廠體制的轉(zhuǎn)變,加上新機(jī)器、新能源和新交通方式的引進(jìn),促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),擴(kuò)大了世界貿(mào)易。

過去分詞短語作狀語。(1)過去分詞或過去分詞短語作狀語時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨等,表示被動(dòng)或完成;(2)過去分詞(短語)的邏輯主語一般與句子主語一致;(3)過去分詞(短語)表示的動(dòng)作與句子的主語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。重點(diǎn)語法(表語從句)一.概念表語從句即在主從復(fù)合句中用作表語的從句。二、表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞從屬連詞that,whether,asif/though連接代詞what,which,who,whom,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever連接副詞when,where,why,how1.從屬連詞(1)that引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí),只起引導(dǎo)作用,不充當(dāng)任何成分,也無任何意義,但通常不省略。(2023·浙江1月高考)Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.結(jié)果是,許多社區(qū),特別是在農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū),將太陽能農(nóng)場(chǎng)視為土壤的破壞者。(2)whether意為“是否”,引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí),不能用if替換;asif/though意為“好像,似乎”。Theproblemnowiswhetherhumanshaverealizedtheseriousnessofdestroyingtheenvironment.現(xiàn)在的問題是,人類是否已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了破壞環(huán)境的嚴(yán)重性。2.連接代詞連接代詞在表語從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語。ThequestioniswhatIshoulddotoimprovemystudyefficiency.問題是我應(yīng)該做什么來提高我的學(xué)習(xí)效率。Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。3.連接副詞連接副詞在表語從句中作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式狀語。ThisiswhereIgrewup.Iknowthisarealikethebackofmyhand.我在這兒長(zhǎng)大的,我對(duì)這地方再熟悉不過了。Thisishowhesolvedthedifficultproblem.這就是他解決那個(gè)難題的方法。延伸：(1)reason作主語時(shí),后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo),不宜用because。句型為：Thereasonwhy…isthat…Thereasonwhyshegotsoexcitedwasthathersonhadbeenadmittedintoakeyuniversity.她如此興奮的原因是她的兒子被一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取了。(2)because和why引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí),that’sbecause...強(qiáng)調(diào)原因;that’swhy...強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。I’mwritingtoexpressmythankstoyou.That’sbecausewithyourhelp,IhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish.我寫信是為了表達(dá)我對(duì)你的感謝。那是因?yàn)樵谀愕膸椭?我的英語取得了很大的進(jìn)步。Hestayeduptoolatelastnight.That’swhyhewaslateforworkthismorning.他昨晚熬夜太晚了。那就是他今天早上上班遲到的原因。4.用于虛擬語氣的表語從句在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語從句,謂語動(dòng)詞需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示,should可省略。常見的名詞有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,request等。Myadviceisthatyou(should)getridofyourbadlifestyleandhaveabalanceddiet.我的建議是你應(yīng)該改掉壞的生活方式,均衡飲食。考點(diǎn)一、核心單詞語法填空Ⅰ單詞拼寫1.Theytryto________(說服)metobuyacheaperelectriccar.2.Ididnot________(承認(rèn))thatshehaddoneanythingwrong.3.Whenthefirebrokeout,people________(恐慌)andraninalldirections.4.Many________(文學(xué)的)worksbecomewellreceivedaftertheyareadaptedintofilms.5.Asyouknow,CarolineHugoisafamouswriterand________(有很大影響力的)moviecritic.6.Whentheaccidenthappened,allpassengers________(在船上)fellintotheriver.7.Iamatalossbecausewhathehastoldmeisthe________(相反)ofwhatyouhavetoldme.8.Theschool________(制服)arefine,butnotspecialenoughtogiveauniqueChineseflavor.9.Itisoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadily________(可獲得的).10.Thedevelopingcountriesbeartheburdenofanenormousexternaldebt,sotheyneedurgent________(金融的)help.Ⅱ單句語法填空1.Joelistened,________(shift)uncomfortablyfromonefoottoanother.2.ThePresidentiscommittedto________(reform)healthcare.3.(2023上·廣東廣州·高二執(zhí)信中學(xué)?？计谥?(convince)thatthegovernmentcanleadthemoutofthefinancialdilemma,peopleareoptimisticaboutthefutureofthecountry.4.(2023上·江蘇無錫·高二江陰市華士高級(jí)中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí))Seeingpeopleofdifferentnationalitieslivetogether________(harmony)isagreatpleasure.5.(2023上·黑龍江雙鴨山·高二雙鴨山一中?？奸_學(xué)考試)Anumberoflocalpeoplehavebeenarrestedfortryingtostoptrucks(load)withlogs.6.Anumberoflocalpeoplehavebeenarrestedfortryingtostoptrucksloaded________logs.7.Doesthisfriendship(strength)meorweakenme?8.Hewasingreatdepressionafter(dismiss)bythecompany.9.Unfortunately,hewas________(dismiss)fromthejobandledamiserablelife.10.Hewasthreateneddismissalifhecontinuedtoturnuplateforwork.11.(2023上·四川成都·高二校考期中)StephenCurryislivingproof________whatothersthinkofyoudoesn’thavetoinfluencewhatyoubecome.12.(2023上·河南南陽·高二?？茧A段練習(xí))Itis________(acknowledge)thatthesummitwasagreatsuccess.13.(2023上·河南南陽·高二?？茧A段練習(xí))Sheisgenerallyacknowledged________oneofthefinestpoetsintheworld.14.(2023上·廣東東莞·高二校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))The________(influence)writerhasagoodreputationathomeandabroad.15.(2023上·江蘇鹽城·高二江蘇省響水中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí))Thespreadofworseninginternational________(finance)crisishasseriouslyaffectedworldeconomicgrowthandstability.16.(2023上·福建莆田·高二校聯(lián)考期中)Iinsiston(speak)tothemanager,sinceyouareclearlyunabletohelpme.17.HisEnglishteacherinsistedthathe________(hand)inhishomeworktomorrowmorning.18.Weshouldmakeanapologytoallofyouforthelate________(depart)ofthisflight.19.(2023上·福建漳州·高二福建省華安縣第一中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí))Theyfaceadesperate________(short)ofcleanwater.20.Theywere(astonish)toseeapolicecarwithflashinglightspullupoutsidetheirhome.21.Contrary________hisidea,Ithinkthehighlightofthemusicfestivalisthelastsong.22.Heseemedtodisliketheantiquesandcrafts.________thecontrary,hewasfondofthemverymuch.考點(diǎn)二、重點(diǎn)詞塊選詞填空選詞填空(可適當(dāng)改變形式)sortout,allowfor,regardlessof,onbehalfof,contraryto1.Couldyou________thetoysthatcanbethrownaway?2.Howmuchdoalltheitemscost,________round-triptickets?3.________mostmanagers’opinion,theyoungmanagervoicedhisuniqueview.4.We’vefixedthedatefortheoutingandwe’llgo________windorrain.5.I’llgototheairporttomeetthisyear’sexchangestudents________ourschool.考點(diǎn)三、重點(diǎn)句型完成句子1.Thechildslippedandfell,________________.

(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)那孩子滑了一跤,頭撞在了門上。2.Heforgottobringhispenwithhim,________________.(asisthecase)他忘了帶鋼筆,這是常事。3.MrWilliamwastheonlyforeignfriend________________.

(theonlytodo…)威廉先生是出席會(huì)議的唯一外國朋友。4.________________,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.

(動(dòng)詞過去分詞作狀語)從山頂往下看,這座城鎮(zhèn)看起來更加漂亮。5.________________isthekeysteptomakelifehealthy.(Keep的賓語補(bǔ)足語)保持環(huán)境清潔、無污染是實(shí)現(xiàn)健康生活的關(guān)鍵一步?？键c(diǎn)四、重點(diǎn)語法單詞語法填空1.(2023上·河北石家莊·高二校考階段練習(xí))I’mgoingtochooseEnglishasmymajorbecauseEnglishismyinterestlies.2.Thebestpartoftheartworkispeoplecanthinkofsomethingoftheirown.3.(2023上·廣東東莞·高二校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))Whatsurpriseduswasheworkedouttheprobleminsuchashorttime.4.ThetubeispeoplecalltheundergroundinLondon.5.Thisis________Iwenttherebytrain.6.(2023上·山西大同·高二大同一中?？茧A段練習(xí))Thesystemworkswellinthelab,butthequestionisitwillworkinreality.7.Whatworriesmemostiswemakehimfeelathome.8.Thefactishedoesn’treallytry.9.Takingayearofffromschooltotravelabroadisisgenerallycalledagapyear.10.Thequestionremains________theywillbeabletohelpus.11.Themostimportantis________IamindependentandhaveagoodcommandofEnglish.12.Thereasonwas________Ihadeatentoomuchfattyfood.能力提升閱讀理解(2023上·云南·高二云南師大附中校考階段練習(xí))WhenancientEgyptiansputpentopaper—or,moreaccurately,inktopapyrus(紙莎草紙)--theytookstepstoensurethattheirwordswouldlastforever,anewstudysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofCopenhagenhavefoundthatancientscribes(抄寫員)likelyaddedleadtotheirinkstohelptheirwritingdry.Morethan1,000yearslater,reportsCosmosMagazine,15th-centuryEuropeanartistsemployedleadaswell.AccordingtotheLondonNationalGallery,lead-basedpigmentsfoundinmanyOldMasterpaintingsare“knowntoaidthedryingofpaintfilms.”AccordingtoastatementfromtheUniversityofCopenhagen,thestudy’sauthorsanalyzed12papyruspiecesdatingbacktobetween100and200C.E.,whenEgyptwasunderRomancontrol.TheteamusedX-raymicroscopetodeterminetherawmaterialsusedindifferentinks,aswellasthechemicalstructureofthedriedinkattachedtotheancientpaper.AncientEgyptiansbeganwritingwithink—madebyburningwoodoroilandmixingtheresultingmaterialwithwater—around3200B.C.Typically,scribesusedblack,carbon-basedinkforthebodyoftextandreservedredinkforheadingsandotherkeywordsinthetext.Thoughblackandredinksweremostcommon,shadesofblue,green,whiteandyellowalsoappearedinancienttexts.TheresearcherswritethattheEgyptianscreatedredinkswithiron-basedcombinations—mostlikelynaturalearthpigments.Theteamalsoidentifiedthepresenceoflead.Theywerebowledoverthattherewasnoleadwhiteorothercombinationsthatwouldtypicallybepresentinalead-basedpigment.Instead,theancientink’sleadpigmentsappearedtowraparoundthepapyruscellwallsandironparticles(微粒).Theresultingeffectlooked“asiftheletterswereoutlined”inlead.ThisfindingindicatesthattheancientEgyptiansinventedasystemofaddingleadtoredandblackinksspecificallyforthepurposeofstickingthewordstopaper.The12analyzedpapyruspiecesarepartoftheUniversityofCopenhagen’sPapyrusCarlsbergCollection.ThedocumentsoriginatedinTebtunis,theonlylarge-scaleinstitutionallibraryknowntohavesurvivedfromancientEgyptiantimes.1.Whatisthemainfunctionofleadinthemasterpiecesoftheancients?A.Tomakethecolorsbrighter. B.Tosticktheinktothepen.C.Tohelpthewritingdry. D.Toincreasetheirthickness.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthestatement?A.ItwaseasyforX-raymicroscopetodetecttherawmaterials.B.O