常村煤礦2.4Mt-a新井設(shè)計(jì)-常村煤礦礦震時(shí)空分布規(guī)律分析研究

本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：常村煤礦2.4Mt/a新井設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)題：常村煤礦礦震時(shí)空分布規(guī)律分析研究摘要本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)分三部分：一般部分針對(duì)義馬常村礦的地質(zhì)條件進(jìn)行了井型為2.4Mt/a的新井設(shè)計(jì)。常村礦井位于河南省義馬市境內(nèi)，井田走向長(zhǎng)約5.0km，傾向長(zhǎng)約3.5km，面積約14km2。主采煤層為2-1、2-3煤層，平均傾角10°，2-1平均厚度3.05m，2-3平均厚度10.63m，合并區(qū)平均厚12.48m。礦井正常涌水量為145m3/h，最大涌水量為375m3/h；礦井相對(duì)瓦斯涌出量為1.31m3/t，屬低瓦斯礦井。井田工業(yè)儲(chǔ)量為246.1Mt，可采儲(chǔ)量175.5Mt，設(shè)計(jì)年產(chǎn)量為2.4Mt/a，礦井服務(wù)年限為56.24a。根據(jù)井田地質(zhì)條件，設(shè)計(jì)采用立井兩水平（暗斜井延深）開(kāi)拓方式，一水平布置在+100m，二水平布置在-100m。井田采用帶區(qū)式跟采區(qū)式布置方式，共劃分為4個(gè)帶區(qū)，1個(gè)采區(qū)，軌道大巷、膠帶機(jī)大巷和回風(fēng)大巷皆為巖石大巷，布置在2-3煤層底板巖層中?？紤]到本礦井為低瓦斯礦井，且礦井面積較小，礦井通風(fēng)方式采用中央并列式通風(fēng)。大巷采用膠帶輸送機(jī)運(yùn)煤，輔助運(yùn)輸采用直流架線式電機(jī)車(chē)牽引固定箱式礦車(chē)。主井采用兩套兩對(duì)12t箕斗提煤，副井采用一對(duì)帶雙層四車(chē)（1.5t）罐籠，一個(gè)平衡錘的雙層兩車(chē)（5t）運(yùn)料和升降人員。針對(duì)東一帶區(qū)采用了帶區(qū)準(zhǔn)備方式，共劃分12個(gè)分帶工作面，并進(jìn)行了運(yùn)煤、通風(fēng)、運(yùn)料、排矸、供電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。針對(duì)21105工作面進(jìn)行了采煤工藝設(shè)計(jì)。該工作面煤層平均厚度為12.48m，平均傾角10°，直接頂為灰黑色泥巖，偽頂為薄層狀細(xì)砂巖。工作面采用長(zhǎng)壁綜合機(jī)械化放頂煤采煤法。采用雙滾筒采煤機(jī)割煤，往返一次割兩刀。采用“三八制”工作制度，截深0.8m，每天4個(gè)循環(huán)，循環(huán)進(jìn)尺3.2m，月推進(jìn)度96m。專(zhuān)題部分題目為《常村煤礦礦震時(shí)空分布規(guī)律分析》，以常村礦2115掘進(jìn)工作面與2120綜采工作面為背景，進(jìn)行了采掘過(guò)程中礦震規(guī)律的研究，通過(guò)觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)收集與處理，得出了該礦礦震在時(shí)間與空間的分布規(guī)律。這為礦井采掘工作面的安全生產(chǎn)提供了技術(shù)支撐。翻譯部分題目為《ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil》，主要介紹了巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤炭開(kāi)采礦井排水對(duì)水中主要和微量元素的影響以及對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境健康的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：常村礦井；立井兩水平；帶區(qū)布置；綜合機(jī)械化放頂煤；中央并列式；礦震分析；環(huán)境影響

ABSTRACTThisgraduationdesignisdividedintothreeparts.Thegeneraldesignisabouta2.40Mt/anewundergroundminedesignofChangcuncoalmine.ChangcuncoalmineislocatedinYima,Henanprovince.It’sabout5.0kmonthestrikeand3.5kmonthedip,withthe14.0km2totalhorizontalarea.Theminablecoalseamis2-1withanaveragethicknessof3.05m,2-3averagethicknessof10.63m,andtheAnnexationAreaaveragethicknessof12.48mwithanaveragedipof10°.Thenormalmineinflowis145m3/handthemaximummineinflowis375m3/h.Theminegasemissionrateis1.31m3/twhichcanberecognizedaslowgasmine.Theprovedreservesofthiscoalmineare246.1Mtandtheminablereservesare175.5Mt,withaminelifeof56.24a.Basedonthegeologicalconditionofthemine,Thedesignusesatwolevelverticalshaft(darkdeepinclinedshaftextension)toopenupthewaytoahorizontallayoutto+100m,thesecondlevelisarrangedinthe-100m.,andfullCoalfieldpreparation,whichdividedintofourbands,aminingarea,andtrackroadway,beltconveyorroadwayandreturnairwayareallrockroadways,arrangedinthefloorrockof2-3coalseam.Takingintoaccountofthelowgasemission,andminesmaller,mineventilationmodewithacentralparallelventilation.Mainroadwaymakesuseofbeltconveyortotransportcoalresource,andDCwiringmotorvehiclestobeassistanttransport.Themainshaftusesdouble12tskipstoliftcoalwithabalancehammerandtheauxiliaryshaftusesatwinsnarrow1.5tfour-cardouble-deckcageandawide1.5tfour-cardouble-deckcagetoliftmaterialandpersonneltransportation.ThedesignappliesstrippreparationagainstthefirstbandofEastOnewhichdividedinto12stirpstotally,andconductedcoalconveyance,ventilation,gangueconveyanceandelectricitydesigning.Thedesignconductedcoalminingtechnologydesignagainstthe21105face.Thecoalseamaveragethicknessofthisworkingfaceis12.48mandtheaveragedipis10°,theimmediateroofismudstoneandthemainroofissandstone.TheworkingfaceappliesfullymechanizedlongwallIntegratedmechanizedtopcoalcavingmethod,andusesdoubledrumshearercuttingcoalwhichcutstwiceeachworkingcycle."Three-Eight"workingsystemhasbeenusedinthisdesignandthedepth-webis0.8mwithfourworkingcyclesperday,andtheadvanceofaworkingcycleis3.2mandtheadvanceis96mpermonth.Themonographicstudyentitled"CaseStudyandResearchofChangcuncoalmineearthquakeinspatialandtemporaldistribution",thisstudytook2115HeadingFacewith2120mechanizedminingfaceofChangcuncoalmineasasbackground,conductedtheMineearthquakeintimeandspace,whichhadprovidedtechnicalsupportforthesafeproductionofminesminingface.Thetitleofthetranslatedacademicpaperis"ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil".IntroducestheSantaCatarinaregionofBrazilcoalminingintheminedrainagewatermainandtraceelements,aswellastheimpactonthelocalenvironmentalhealth.Keywords:Changcuncoalmine;doubleverticalshaft;bandmode;Integratedmechanizedtopcoalcaving;centralparallelventilation;Analysisofmineearthquake;Environmentalimpact.中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)2012屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）目錄一般部分TOC\h\z\t"標(biāo)題1,1,標(biāo)題2,2,標(biāo)題,3"1礦井概況與地質(zhì)特征 頁(yè)ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,BrazilLuisF.O.Silva?MarcusWollenschlager?MarcosL.S.OliveiraReceived:22September2009Accepted:3May2010Publishedonline:18May2010SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010Abstract:Theconcentrationsandloadingsofmajorandtraceelementsincoalminedrainage(CMD)from49abandonedmineslocatedinthecoalfieldsoftheBrazilianstateofSantaCatarinaweredetermined.TheCMDsitestypicallydisplayedawidespatialandtemporalvariabilityinphysicalandgeochemicalconditions.TheresultsofourCMDanalysesinSantaCatarinaStatewereusedtoillustratethatthegeochemicalprocessesintherockpilescanbededucedfrommultipledatasets.TheobservedrelationshipbetweenthepHandconstituentconcentrationswereattributedto(1)dilutionofacidicwaterbynearneutraloralkalinegroundwaterand(2)solubilitycontrolofAl,Fe,Mn,BaandSrbyhydroxide,sulfate,and/orcarbonateminerals.ThepreliminaryresultsoftheCMDanalysesandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil,arediscussed.Keywords:BraziliancoalminingCoalminedrainageDrainagemanagementEnvironmentalimpactsIntroductionAcoalminingprojectcanbeseentobeavaluableresourceintermsofitscontributiontothelocalandnationaleconomyanditsassociatedimpactonsociety(Sekineetal.2008).However,thecostassociatedwithreclamation,mitigation,andmonitoringofimproperlycontrolledandabandonedminescanbestaggering.Inaddition,oneofthemajorenvironmentalconcernsrelatedtocoalminingisthecontaminationofsurfaceandgroundwatersasaresultofsurfacedisposalofwasterock.Thesewastematerialstypicallycontainvariableamountsofsulfideminerals.Afterdisposal,exposuretoatmosphericoxygenandwaterresultsinsulfideoxidationandtheformationofminedrainagewithvariablepH,SO42-,andheavymetalcontent.Whencoalismined,pyriteisexposedtooxygenandwater,settingoffaseriesofreactionsthatcanresultinloweredpH(unlesstherearesufficientcarbonatestoneutralizeacidsproducedbyoxidationandhydrolysis)andthereleaseofhighconcentrationsofmetals,suchasiron(Fe),aluminum(Al),andmanganese(Mn).Potentiallytoxictraceelements,suchasarsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),andselenium(Se),mayalsobereleased.Inadditiontocausingpoorwaterquality,minedrainagecanaffectthesubstrateofastream.Ferrousiron(Fe2?)isoxidizedtoferriciron(Fe3?)toformaprecipitateonthesubstrate(commonlyreferredtoas‘‘yellowboy’’)inthepresenceofwaterwhenthepHisgreaterthanabout3.5(RoseandCravotta1998).InmanyminedrainagestreamswitharelativelyhighpH,precipitatedironandaluminummaycoatthestreamsubstrateandcauseanunstablehabitatformacroinvertebrates(Schmidtetal.2002;Simmonsetal.2005).ThepHofasolutionisanimportantmeasureforevaluatingaquatictoxicityandcorrosiveness(Cravotta2008).Theseverityoftoxicity,orcorrosion,tendstobegreaterunderlow-pHorhigh-pHconditionsthanatnear-neutralpHbecausethesolubilityofmanymetalscanbedescribedasamphoteric,withagreatertendencytodissolveascationsatlowpHoranionicspeciesathighpH(Langmuir1997).Forexample,AlhydroxideandaluminosilicatemineralshavetheirminimumsolubilityatpH6–7(NordstromandBall1986;BighamandNordstrom2000),andbriefexposuretorelativelylowconcentrationsofdissolvedAlcanbetoxictofishandotheraquaticorganisms(BakerandSchofield1982).Anions,includingSO42-,HCO3-and,lesscommonly,Cl-,canbeelevatedabovebackgroundconcentrationsincoalminedrainage(CMD)(Cravotta2008),andpolyvalentcationssuchasAl3?andFe3?tendtoassociatewithsuchionsofoppositecharge(Nordstrom2004).Ion-pairformation,oraqueouscomplexationreactions,betweendissolvedcationsandanionscanincreasethetotalconcentrationofmetalsinasolutionatequilibriumwithmineralsandcanaffectthebioavailabilityandtoxicityofmetalionsinaquaticecosystems(e.g.,Sparks2005).Eventually,thesolutionscanbecomesaturated,orreachequilibrium,dependingonthevarioussulfate,carbonate,orhydroxidemineralsthatestablishupperlimitsforthedissolvedmetalconcentrations.Inthisstudy,weanalyzed49samplesofabandonedCMDatminedumpsinSantaCatarinaState,Brazil,identifyingthegeochemicalprocesseswhichgiverisetoitsacidiccharacterandevaluatingtheeffectsoftheselectivespoilmanagementonitscharacteristics.Thevariationinthewaterchemistryisalsodiscussedwithintheframeworkoftheresults.ThispreliminarystudyoftheexistingCMDinSantaCatarinaStaterelatestomineralsexposedduringcoalmining(coalcleaningresidues,CCR)andtherelevantgeochemicalprocessesthatexplaintheoriginofthemainelementspresent.CoalzonesofSantaCatarinaStateTheriversofSantaCatarinaState(Tubara?o,Urussanga,andArarangua′)receivetheeffluentsgeneratedatthecoalmines.Contaminationofthewaterresourcesisduetocoaldrainagefrom134stripminesitescoveringatotalareaof2,964ha,115wastedepositareasonatotalof2,734hectares,77siteson58hectareswithacidicpools,andhundredsofundergroundmines(ABMC2008).However,theproductionandcirculationofacidicstreamsindumpareascreateaproblemforlandreclamationasitimpedestheestablishmentofvegetationandevencausesthedisappearanceofalreadywellestablishedvegetation(SIECESC2008).Thecontactbetweenspoilsofdifferentpermeabilitiesallowsthefrequentoutflowofsub-superficialwaterfromthebanksthatareinterconnectedwiththegeneralcirculation.Soilrestorationworkincludestheuseofcorrectors,suchaslimeorashesfromlignitecombustion,inorganicandorganicfertilizersand,onsomeoccasions,thespreadingofalayeroftopsoil.Thedifferenttypesofspoilsdumpedandtheproceduresusedhavegivenrisetoawidevarietyofphysicochemicalconditionsatthedumpsurfaces.Fig.1LocationoftheSantaCatarinacoalbasinTheenvironmentalproblemsaretheresultof120yearsofminingactivityandotherpollutionsources.In1980,theSantaCatarinaCoalRegion(Fig.1)wasdesignateda‘‘CriticalNationalAreaforPollutionControlandEnvironmentalConservation’’.Duetothisgravesituation,theFederalAttorneyGeneralfiledsuitin1993againstthefederalandstategovernmentsandcoalcompanies,seekingenvironmentalrecoveryoftheareasaffectedbycoalmininginadditiontoterminationoftheenvironmentaldegradationbytheactivemines.In2000,afederaljudgeinCriciu′ma,SantaCatarina,orderedthegovernment-runcompaniestoestablisharecoveryprojectwithin6monthsthatwouldbeimplementedover3yearsandencompassthedamagecausedbycoalminingactivitiesintheentirecoalregioninthesouthernpartofthestate(SIECESC2008).MethodsandanalyticalproceduresWaterInthisstudy,wecharacterizedthephysico-chemicalpropertiesofwasteeffluentatselectedacid-producingminesites.Thefieldworkwasperformedduringseveralweatherseasonsin2005(January,March,May,July,September,November)and2006(February,April,October,December)andincludedacomprehensiveanddetailedexplorationofthestudyarea.Forty-ninewaterqualitycontrolsamples,thelocationsofwhichweredeterminedbyGPS,werecollectedfromthedifferentrestorationareas,categorizedasfourcoalminegroups(Table2):LauroMuller,Criciu′ma,TrevisoandUrussangacities.Theseexactlocationswerechosenforthestudybecause(1)thelocationshowedacomparativelylowerresistancethansurroundingareas(i.e.,anindicationofCMDsourcematerial);(2)nearbywetlandsshowedevidenceofacidminedrainage(AMD);(3)thelocationwasreadilyaccessibleandcontainedexistingmonitoringwells;(4)nearbyseepscouldbeusedtoidentifythehydraulicgradientformonitoringpurposes.Watersampleswerecollectedin1-LTeflonbottlesthatwasthensplitintorinsedpolythenebottles;preservationwasdonebystandardmethods(Clescerialetal.1998).WaterqualityVarioustraceelements,suchasAs,Co,Cu,Pb,Ni,Se,uranium(U),andZn,areconcentratedincoal(Table1)andareharmfultothehealthofaquaticandTable1AveragevaluesforthetraceelementsintheSantaCatarinaCCR(ppm)Table1AveragevaluesforthetraceelementsintheSantaCatarinaCCR(ppm)ElementSantaCatarina(CCR)aBraziliancoalbWorldcoalcAs6.0-43.724.40.5-80Ba300N/A0.5-150Be2.2--5Co1.2-13.16.00.5-30CuCrHgMoNiPbSbSeSrSnThUVZn14.3-39.739-570.192.7-6.64-2326.8-139.80.4-2.14.3-9.43.8-5.710.3-616.113.8-22.84.9-1676.8-105.516.5-297.416.015.00.173.314.011.01.22.8N/AN/AN/A2.122.053.00.1-500.5-600.0120.1-100.1-502-800.05-100.2-100.1-50.5-2500.1-50.1-52-1005-300EnvironmentalhealthanddynamicsofsurfaceswatersThetoxicityinthewastewasmainlyduetothepresenceofdifferentmetals,namely,Pd,cadmium(Cd),As,Cr,amongothers,withAlalsobeingtoxictofish.Theresiduereleasedduringtheprocesscouldbeeitherrecycledforfurtherprocessingorsentforsafedisposalwithoutaffectinghumanhealth.Atsurfacecoalmines,wheretheoverburdenchemicalprocessesaredominatedbyeithercalcareousorhighlypyriticstrata,thepredictionofpostreclamationwaterqualityisrelativelystraightforward.However,atsiteswhereneitherofthetwoabovementionedprocessesclearlypredominates,predictingpost-reclamationwaterqualitycanbecomplex.Tenyearsago,researchersandscientists(Silva2006;SIECESC2008)foundthatatthesemoredifficult-topredictsites,overburdenanalysisproceduresgenerallyusedtopredictpost-reclamationwaterqualityatsurfacecoalmineswerenomorereliablethanflippingacoin.Sincethistime,agreatdealofefforthasgoneintoimprovingtheprocedures(ABMC2008).Itshouldbenotedthatthisstudyreportsonlyonthosecomponentsrelevanttothepredictionofwaterqualityatsurfacemineswherecoalisbeingmined.Althoughthegeneralapproachissimilar,theissuesandinterpretationofresultscanbequitedifferentforhardrockoperationsandundergroundcoalmining.Statisticalanalysisofsurfacewaterqualitydataincoalminingareasfromunmined,abandonedmine,andreclaimedsitesinSantaCatarinashowedthatthereweresignificantdifferencesinstreamflowpH,specificconductance,alkalinity,andconcentrationsofmetalsbetweenabandonedmine,andunminedsites(SIECESC2008).StreamsatreclaimedsiteshadaveragepHvaluesandAlconcentrationssimilartothoseinunminedsites.Theaveragespecificconductanceandsulfateconcentrationsofstreamwaterwereaboutthesameatreclaimedandabandoned-minesites,buttheyweresignificantlyloweratunminedsites;specificconductanceandsulfateconcentrationactuallyprovedtobereliableindicatorsofbasinsthathadbeendisturbedbymining(OliveiraandSilva2006).ConclusionsRegionalwaterqualitydatawerecollectedin2005–2006at49CMDsitesinSantaCatarinaState,Brazil.ThevariabilityintheCMDhydro-geochemistryenablesdifferentconditionsofpH,Eh,DO,oxidationrateofFe(II),andmetalcontentstobedeterminedamongthestudiedeffluents.Thesedifferentconditionshavestrongimplicationsastheyintroduceadditionaldifficultiesintothedesignofcorrectivemeasuresattheminesites.Ourresultsdemonstratethatselectivemanagementofspoilsitesistherestorationpracticethatoffersthebestprotectionagainstcontaminationofsurfaceandsubsurfacewaters,providingasuitableproceduretoapplyinthefutureconstructionofdumpsurfaces.Improvementinthequalityofdrainagesystemsusingthispracticecansignificantlyreducethecostoftreatmentinthepurificationplantpriortoeffluentsbeingdischargedtothereceivingcatchmentzone.Futureworkshouldinvestigatetherelationshipsbetweenthestabilityofsurfaceprecipitates.AcknowledgmentsThisworkwasconductedbyFEHIDROandEnvironmentalFoundationofSantaCatarinaState(FATMA).WearegratefultoMr.FransWaanders,R.B.Finkelman,CidneiGalvani,Rui,FernandoA.R.Guedes,andMarcioPinkandforinvaluablecollaborationinthestructuralwork.BASF,S.A.(Brazilian)conductedmostofthechemicalanalyses(inspecialmanagement,BrunoSina).Theauthorsacknowledgelogisticalsupportfromthecoalminingcompanies(accesstosamples).References[1]ABMC.(2008).Availableat:.br.Accessed12May2008.[2]Baker,R.,&Schofield,C.L.(1982).Aluminumtoxicitytofishinacidicwaters.Water,Air,andSoilpollution,18,289–309.[3]Bigham,J.M.,&Nordstrom,D.K.(2000).Ironandaluminumhydroxysulfatemineralsfromacidsulfatewaters.ReviewsinMineralogyandGeochemistry,40,351–403.[4]Borda,M.,Elsetinow,A.,Schoonen,M.,&Strongin,D.(2001).Pyrite-inducedhydrogenperoxideformationasadrivingforceintheevolutionofphotosyntheticorganismsonanearlyEarth.Astrobiology,1,283–288.[5]Carlson,L.,Bigham,J.M.,Schwertmann,U.,Kyek,A.,&Wagner,F.(2002).ScavengingofAsfromacidminedrainagebyschwertmanniteandferrihydrite:Acomparisonwithsyntheticanalogues.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36,1712–1719.[6]Clescerial,L.S.,Greenberg,A.E.,&Eatan,A.D.(1998).Standardmethodsforexaminationofwaterandwastewater(pp.3.37–3.38),20thedn.Washington,DC:APHA,AWWA.[7]Cohn,C.A.,Borda,M.J.,&Schoonen,M.A.(2004).RNAdecompositionbypyrite-inducedradicalsandpossibleroleoflipidsduringtheemergenceoflife.EarthandPlanetaryScienceLetters,225,271–278.[8]Cravotta,A.C.(2008).Dissolvedmetalsandassociatedconstituentsinabandonedcoal-minedischarges,Pennsylvania,USA.Part1:Constituentquantitiesandcorrelations.AppliedGeochemistry,23,166–202.[9]Earle,J.,&Callaghan,T.(1998).Effectsofminedrainageonaquaticlife,wateruses,andmanmadestructures.InK.B.C.Brady,&M.W.J.Smith(Eds.),CoalminedrainagepredictionandpollutionpreventioninPennsylvania,5600-BK-DEP2256,4.1–4.10.[10]Harrisburg,PA:PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.Herr,C.,&Gray,N.F.(1995).Samplingriverinesedimentsimpactedbyacidminedrainage:Problemsandsolutions.EnvironmentalGeology,29,37–45.[11]Kalkreuth,W.,Holz,M.,Kern,M.,Machado,G.,Mexias,A.,Silva,M.B.,etal.(2006).PetrologyandchemistryofPermiancoalsfromtheParana′Basin:1.SantaTerezinha,Lea?o-Butia′andCandiotacoalfields,RioGrandedoSul,Brazil.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,68,79–116.[12]Pires,M.,&Querol,X.(2004).CharacterizationofCandiota(SouthBrazil)coalandcombustionby-product.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,60,57–72.[13]Querol,X.,Izquierdo,M.,Monfort,E.,Alvarez,E.,Font,O.,Moreno,T.,etal.(2008).EnvironmentalcharacterizationofburntcoalganguebanksatYangquan,ShanxiProvince,China.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,75,93–104.[14]Silva,L.F.O.,Oliveira,M.L.S.,daBoit,K.M.,&Finkelman,R.B.(2009b).CharacterizationofSantaCatarina(Brazil)coalwithrespecttoHumanHealthandEnvironmentalConcerns.EnvironmentalGeochemistryandHealth,31,475–485.[15]Smith,K.S.,&Huyck,H.L.O.(1999).Anoverviewoftheabundance,relativemobility,bioavailability,andhumantoxicityofmetals.ReviewsinEconomicGeology,6A,29–70.

巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤炭開(kāi)采污水排放和環(huán)境健康的初步研究路易斯FO席爾瓦，馬庫(kù)斯伍侖斯拉格，馬科斯LS歐雷維拉收到日期：2009年9月22日采納日期：2010年5月3日在線出版日期：2010年5月18日摘要：本文對(duì)坐落在巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)的49座廢棄礦井排棄廢水中的主要和微量元素進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。這些進(jìn)行CMD測(cè)試的地點(diǎn)在物理和地球化學(xué)方面存在很大時(shí)間和空間上的差異性。我們?cè)谑タㄋ漳鹊貐^(qū)進(jìn)行的CMD測(cè)試分析可以說(shuō)明巖層中的物理化學(xué)變化可以通過(guò)一套模型數(shù)據(jù)的確定來(lái)推導(dǎo)演繹出來(lái)。已經(jīng)觀測(cè)到的PH值和濃度之間的關(guān)系如下（1）酸性水被附近的中性或堿性水所稀釋?zhuān)?）鋁、鐵、錳、鋇和鍶元素與含氫、硫酸鹽和碳酸鹽的礦物質(zhì)反應(yīng)從而可溶于水。巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)CMD的分析和環(huán)境健康的評(píng)估在本篇文章作為主要討論內(nèi)容。關(guān)鍵詞：巴西煤炭開(kāi)采，礦井排水，排水措施，環(huán)境影響。正文由于一個(gè)煤礦工程可以為當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)并且會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)上相關(guān)行業(yè)產(chǎn)生好的影響，所以煤炭被看做是一種有價(jià)值的資源。然而采空區(qū)的充填以及對(duì)不當(dāng)開(kāi)采和廢棄礦山監(jiān)測(cè)的成本卻令人咋舌。除此之外，煤炭開(kāi)采帶來(lái)的主要環(huán)境問(wèn)題之一是因?yàn)榈乇硭莺蛷U棄矸石所造成的地表水和地下水污染。這些廢棄物主要包含了大量的硫酸鹽礦物。在塌陷之后揮發(fā)到大氣層中或者溶于水中導(dǎo)致酸雨，形成多種PH值的含SO4-2和重金屬的煤礦廢水。當(dāng)一個(gè)煤礦進(jìn)行開(kāi)采時(shí)，其中混雜的鐵礦石與氧氣和水接觸，發(fā)生一系列的化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生一定的酸性（除非有足夠的碳酸鹽和硫酸鹽來(lái)中和由于接觸空去和水所產(chǎn)生的酸根離子）并且釋放高濃度的金屬離子，比如說(shuō)鐵、鋁和錳。一些具有潛在毒性的微量元素例如砷、汞、鉛和鍶也可能會(huì)釋放出來(lái)。除了會(huì)導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)量惡化，煤礦污水也會(huì)污染溪水或河流的水源。當(dāng)ph值大于3.5時(shí)水中的+2價(jià)鐵離子會(huì)被氧化成+3價(jià)鐵離子，在水中形成一種沉淀物。在很多PH值相對(duì)較高的受煤礦污水污染的河流中，沉淀的鐵和鋁會(huì)覆蓋在河底,造成大型無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物棲息地的不穩(wěn)定和惡化。一個(gè)地方水體的PH值對(duì)于評(píng)估毒性和腐蝕性是非常重要的。在酸性或者堿性水體中上述毒性或腐蝕性的嚴(yán)重程度要比接近中性的水體中高的多，這是因?yàn)樵S多金屬更容易在酸性和堿性環(huán)境中充分的溶解。例如，鋁及其化合物在PH=6-7時(shí)在液體中的溶解度最小，但是和相對(duì)較低濃度的鋁離子溶液短暫的接觸就會(huì)對(duì)魚(yú)類(lèi)和其他水中的有機(jī)物造成毒性。陰離子包括SO4-2，HCO3-和少量常見(jiàn)的Cl-，這些離子的濃度都會(huì)在煤礦污水中升高。通過(guò)溶解在水中的金屬和陰離子的反應(yīng)生成物還會(huì)使金屬離子的濃度增加直至與礦物質(zhì)達(dá)到平衡，這也會(huì)影響水下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中金屬離子的生物利用和自我恢復(fù)能力。最終這種過(guò)程根據(jù)不同的硫酸根、碳酸根或者離子型態(tài)的金屬元素所建立起的水體溶解上限達(dá)到一種平衡。在這項(xiàng)研究中，我們分析了圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)49個(gè)廢棄的CMD礦井污水樣本，證明了這種化學(xué)變化使得其酸性加強(qiáng)，評(píng)估了有選擇性的根據(jù)水體的酸堿性使之變質(zhì)的影響。水中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)也在結(jié)果中加以探討。這項(xiàng)對(duì)于圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)現(xiàn)存的CMD初步研究與在煤炭開(kāi)采時(shí)暴露在空氣或水中的礦物質(zhì)有關(guān)，同時(shí)也與地球物理化學(xué)變化過(guò)程有關(guān)，這種變化可以解釋現(xiàn)在這些主要物質(zhì)元素的起源。圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤田分布圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)的河流匯集了由于煤炭開(kāi)采產(chǎn)生的污水。這些水資源受到污染是由于在方圓2964公頃范圍內(nèi)存在的134個(gè)礦井的污水排放點(diǎn)以及在方圓2734公頃的范圍內(nèi)115個(gè)廢棄物沉淀聚集地區(qū)，占地58公頃的77處酸性污水池和上百個(gè)井工開(kāi)采的煤礦。然而在采空區(qū)上方的一些呈酸性的河流的流動(dòng)也會(huì)造成一些關(guān)于地表恢復(fù)的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@些酸性河流會(huì)阻礙地表植被的形成甚至?xí)?dǎo)致已經(jīng)形成的植被的消失。不同滲透性的腐蝕性水體之間的接觸會(huì)導(dǎo)致與正常水體相聯(lián)系的表層河流水頻繁的外流。地表土壤的恢復(fù)工作包括使用正確的措施，比如噴灑植物燃燒留下的灰燼，使用有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)肥料，在某些特殊情況下還可以重新鋪蓋一層表土。由于不同的污染物會(huì)排放出來(lái)，因此在污染物污染的地表，上述方法會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的物理、生物化學(xué)變化。現(xiàn)在的環(huán)境問(wèn)題是在過(guò)去120中的采礦活動(dòng)和其他污染源共同導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。在1980年，圣卡塔琳娜礦區(qū)被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)“亟待需要控制污染保護(hù)環(huán)境的地區(qū)”。因?yàn)檫@樣嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)，在1993年聯(lián)邦檢察部門(mén)起訴各州的政府和煤炭企業(yè)以期達(dá)到恢復(fù)被煤炭開(kāi)采污染的環(huán)境，并且終止被仍在進(jìn)行的煤炭開(kāi)采活動(dòng)造成的環(huán)境惡化。2000年圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)Criciu’ma的法官下令政府開(kāi)辦的企業(yè)要在六個(gè)月內(nèi)開(kāi)始一項(xiàng)環(huán)境恢復(fù)工程，這項(xiàng)工程為期不少于三年，工程的任務(wù)要圍繞并解決在州南部地區(qū)所有的煤田造成的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題。表1.圣卡塔琳娜地地區(qū)煤田位置方法和分析步驟水資源在這項(xiàng)研究中，我們?cè)敿?xì)描述了在已選擇的酸性污水產(chǎn)生地產(chǎn)生的酸性污水的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的測(cè)試工作在2005年（1月，3月，5月，7月，9月，11月）和2006年（2月，4月，10月，12月）的不同季節(jié)與氣候條件下進(jìn)行，包含了對(duì)該地區(qū)廣泛而細(xì)致的探索。49種水質(zhì)樣本是在不同的被GPS定位的恢復(fù)地區(qū)收集的，被分為4種礦井種類(lèi)（表2）：LauroMuller,Criciu′ma,TrevisoandUrussangacities。這些精確的位置被本研究所采用是因?yàn)椋海?）這些地區(qū)比周邊地區(qū)更傾向于不反對(duì)本研究（2）附近的濕地有證據(jù)表明被酸性礦井污水污染（3）這些地區(qū)交通方便且有現(xiàn)成的監(jiān)測(cè)礦井（4）周?chē)臐B透層可以用來(lái)驗(yàn)證監(jiān)測(cè)地區(qū)的水力梯度變化。取出的水樣被裝在編號(hào)為1-L的聚四氟乙烯瓶中然后被裝入漂洗過(guò)的聚乙烯瓶中，所有的保護(hù)措施都是按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法完成的。水質(zhì)多種不同的微量元素，例如砷，鈷，銅，鉛，鈮，鍶，鈾和鋅都會(huì)濃縮在煤中并且對(duì)水生生物健康造成危害。表1圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)微量元素的平均值CCR(ppm)