寫作教程第二版(鄒申)unit1-General(I)

1、Targeting,General (I) - Paragraph,Warm-up Activities,Advantages 1. convenient 2. in an emergency 3. save time 4. information age 5. grasp any chance to succeed 6. play games surf the net ,Disadvantages 1. expensive 2. harmful radiation 3. disturbing in public 4. dangerous in driving 5. ring in embar

2、rassing moment 6. calls from strangers calls from advertising ,having a mobile phone,Part II - Paragraph,How are my paragraphs going look to my readers ? How long should my paragraph be ?,outside,What is a paragraph supposed to do ? What should I keep in mind when I am writing one ?,inside,To create

3、 a piece of writing, we have to start with paragraph.,II.1 Topic Sentence,Definition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and contains a controlling idea is called T.S.,Topic,Controlling idea,1. Selecting a general topic 2. Reading and thinking 3. Narrowing down the scope of your topic

4、 to a facets which can be developed into a research paper 4. Formulating the final topic,Choosing a topic,subject,topic,Is my topic:,1. too limited? 2. too broad? 3. too technical? 4. yesterdays news? 5. too controversial? 6. likable enough?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to,

5、 subject or topic?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?,1. Alternative fuels. 2. Henry Fords development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. 3. Americas legal system. 4. America needs a flat tax. 5. Butterflies. 6. Is intelligence det

6、ermined by nature or by nurture?,subject,subject,subject,topic,topic,topic,Unsatisfactory Topics,1. The major poets, painters, and dramatists of the Renaissance: - too board and can not be completed within the time allocated,Unsatisfactory Topics,2. America should lower the drinking age. - boring or

7、 written about too often. 3. There are many different theories to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs. -too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated. 4. America needs stronger control laws. - boring or written about too often.,Unsatisfactory Topics,5. Nanoscale “trees” improve

8、 efficiency in low-cost plastic solar cells. - unfamiliar to you, so you can not write about it knowledgeably.,Good Topics,1. Media producers should prosecute people who download copyrighted music 2. Students should be placed in classes according to their academic ability, not their age 3. Why my fa

9、ther/ mother is my hero 4. How to solve a quadratic equation,Interesting, 2 sides (pro writers tell stories or compose poems about human experience; musical artists give melodic contours to the human spirit; historians and philosophers ponder the essential qualities of human civilization and nature.

10、 And in our own lives, in our own ways, we spend a great deal of our energy and attention on our fellow creatures, being in families and other kinds of relationships, observing people with curiosity and interest in the course of the day, thinking about and forming our own character- deciding what ki

11、nd of person we wish to be- as we grow. -Don Knefel,Sample 2 Find the T.S.,Shakespearian characters live. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people, with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are lea

12、rning something about our own selves. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and created his characters according to that knowledge. His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is one reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.,Exercise P4-5 Conclusion,The position of a topic se

13、ntence may vary according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, there are 3 basic positions to place the T.S. 1. beginning of a paragraph 2. at the end 3. in the middle If there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the co

14、ntrolling idea or draws an inference. A paragraph is not complete if it is not properly ended.,Unity,coherence,Transition,Length,Unity,Unity is the essential quality of a good paragraph. Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the

15、 topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. (middle / end) Examples - Sample 1 Sample 2 Exercises - P6 Sometimes, the topic sentence is implied.,Coherence,Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. Sentences should be arranged in a clear, logic

16、al order and the transitions should be smooth and natural.,Shakespearian characters live. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people, with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are learning something

17、about our own selves. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and created his characters according to that knowledge. His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is One reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.,Transition,Using transitional words and phrases helps papers read m

18、ore smoothly. They provide logical organization and understandability and improve the connections and transitions between thoughts A coherent paper allows the reader to flow from the first supporting point to the last. Transitions indicate relations whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper. Th

19、is list illustrates relationships between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can connect them.,Transitions can make sentences smoothly Using parallel structures; Repeating words or word groups; Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences; Being consistent in the person and number

20、of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs; Using transitional expressions.,Addition: also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly Consequence: accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, s

21、o then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually Exemplifying: chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as Illust

22、ration: for example, for instance, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case,Emphasis above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularly Similarity: comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover,

23、 together with Exception: aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently Contrast and Comparison: contrast, by the same token, c

24、onversely, instead, likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast,Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, l

25、ater on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, Summarizing: after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in sum

26、mary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally Diversion: by the way, incidentally Direction: here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance,First(ly) Second(ly) Third(ly) Forth(ly) Last(ly),From

27、 the beginning / to begin with Whats more / in addition / additionally Next / then / on the subject of In the interest of In conclusion / in the end / finally,Once, people were very much afraid of ghosts. Their fear led them to develop elaborate rituals to ward off encounters with the dead. For exam

28、ple, since primitive people believed that ghosts could capture their spirit at funerals, they carried wooden images of themselves in the hope that the ghosts would be fooled into carrying off the image. Images have been popular with people from primitive times until today. In the old times, people b

29、elieved that taking a picture of someone would rob the person of his or her soul. It is possible, too, that the tradition of sitting up with the dead comes from a belief that ghosts escape in the night. Certainly the ritual of laying tombstone is derived from a superstition about the dead. People on

30、ce believe that stones piled on top of a grave would keep the dead persons ghost from escaping and haunting the living. Eventually the number of stones diminished until only one stone, the tombstone, was left as a reminder of the ancient superstition.,The nobles of Persia, in the bosom of luxury and

31、 despotism, preserved a strong sense of personal gallantry and national honor. From the age of seven years they were taught to speak the truth, to shoot with the bow, and to ride; and it was universally agreed that in the last two of these arts they had achieved a more than common proficiency. The most disting