新編簡明英語語言學(xué) Chapter 9 Language and culture

1、精選文庫Chapter 9 Language and culture語言與文化知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1. *Definition: culture; cultural diffusion2. The relationship between language and culture3. # Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4. *Linguistic evidence of cultural differences5. Cultural overlap and diffusion考核目標(biāo)：識(shí)記：Definition: culture; cultural diffusion領(lǐng)會(huì)：Cultural

2、overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic evidence of cultural differences簡單應(yīng)用：The relationship between language and culture一、 定義1.Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由

3、信仰，風(fēng)俗，目標(biāo)，機(jī)構(gòu)，技術(shù)和語言構(gòu)成，具有人類社區(qū)生活的特征。2.Cultural diffusion文化擴(kuò)散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通過交際，A文化中的某些成分進(jìn)入了B文化，并成為了B文化的一部分。二、 知識(shí)點(diǎn)9.2 what is culture?Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques,

4、and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，風(fēng)俗，目標(biāo)，機(jī)構(gòu)，技術(shù)和語言構(gòu)成，具有人類社區(qū)生活的特征。Two types of culture: 1. material culture物質(zhì)文化： is concrete, substantial and observable.具體的，實(shí)質(zhì)的，可觀察到的（e.g.意識(shí)文化、信念、價(jià)值觀，時(shí)空概念）2. spiritual culture精神文化：is abstract, implicit, and hidden. 抽象的，多義的，不可見的。9.3 the

5、relationship between language and culture語言與文化的關(guān)系1. language is a part of culture 2. language is the primary means for cultural transmission 文化傳播3. some linguistic differences are due to cultural differences4. Various cultures will have different responses反映 to the same word.The one hand, language i

6、s an integral part of human being permeates his thinking and way of viewing world. On the other, language, as a system of spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other, reflects and affects a cultures way of thinking and helps perpetuate and change the c

7、ulture and its influence, which also facilitates the developments of this language at the same time.一方面，語言作為人類密不可分的一部分，滲入了他的思想和世界觀，既表達(dá)了文化現(xiàn)實(shí)，也體現(xiàn)了文化現(xiàn)實(shí)。在另一方面，語言作為文化的產(chǎn)物，也有助于文化的恒定，而且，語言運(yùn)用中的變體也反過來反映了文化的變化。9.4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis薩丕爾-沃夫假說1.linguistic relativity語言相對論：Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, procl

8、aimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave, i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity. 愛德華薩丕爾和本杰明沃爾夫,聲稱，人們習(xí)慣性地運(yùn)用的語言結(jié)構(gòu)

9、影響的他們的思考和行為方式,即不同的語言給人們提供不同的方式表達(dá)他們周圍的世界,他們以不同的方式思考和說話,這也被稱為語言相對論。2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）薩皮爾沃爾夫假說：Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters peoples perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）.

10、薩丕爾和沃爾夫認(rèn)為,語言滲入了人們的感知和他們對經(jīng)驗(yàn)的方式分類之中。語言和思想的這種相互依賴性是現(xiàn)在被稱為薩皮爾沃爾夫假說。對這種假說的理解分為2種方式：Strong version & weak version 1）Strong version強(qiáng)版 (Linguistic determinism) believes that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior; (語言決定論)認(rèn)為,語言模式?jīng)Q定人們的思想和行為2）Weak version弱版 (Linguistic relativity) holds t

11、hat the former influence the latter. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around. (語言相對論)認(rèn)為,前者影響后者(即人們的思想行為決定語言模式)。不同語言的人們提供不同的方式表達(dá)周圍的世界。（更多支持弱版）P329例子-The study of the linguistic relativity or SWH has shed two important insights語言相對論或SWH的研究讓我們獲得了兩個(gè)重要的領(lǐng)悟:There is n

12、owadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.現(xiàn)在。人們承認(rèn)語言作為代碼,反映了文化先質(zhì)和語言限制了人們的思考方式。 More than in Whorfs days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language. 不過，與沃爾夫那個(gè)時(shí)代不同,我們認(rèn)識(shí)到語境

13、在補(bǔ)足編碼與語言中的意義方面是多么重要。9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences文化差異的言語證據(jù)1. greeting and terms of address問候語和稱呼語2. gratitude and compliments感激與稱贊3. color words顏色詞4. privacy and taboos隱私與禁忌5. roundinf off nunbers數(shù)字處理6. words and cultural-specific connotations詞及文化特有的暗涵7. cultural-related idioms, pr

14、overbs and metaphors與文化相關(guān)的習(xí)語、諺語和隱喻9.6 Culture contact, cultural overlap and diffusion文化接觸，文化重疊與擴(kuò)散1. three forms of Culture contact文化接觸的三種形式： 1）acculturation 文化適應(yīng)、移入 2）assimilation 同化 3）amalgamation 聯(lián)合2.cultural overlap文化重疊: despite the the cultural difference, there exist a greater or lesser degree

15、of cultural overlap between to societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human being.盡管存在這些文化差異，由于在自然環(huán)境和人的心理上的某些相似之處，在兩個(gè)社會(huì)之間存在著程度上或大或小的文化重疊。3.Cultural diffusion文化擴(kuò)散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B.

16、 通過交際，A文化中的某些成分進(jìn)入了B文化，并成為了B文化的一部分。（典型例子：外來詞loan words的出現(xiàn)）Loan words in Chinese and English.肥皂劇、卡通、布丁、蘋果派、雀巢、巴士、排擋、耐克、因特網(wǎng)、KTV、EMAILTyphoon, gongfu, etc.1）所有的語言都在某種程度上因某些原因而借用2）對于一個(gè)語言社區(qū)而言，跨越其邊界從當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言中借用一個(gè)顯存的詞比重新創(chuàng)造一個(gè)容易得多。*（1.借詞通常反映了文化輸入的路徑。2.雖然通過文化擴(kuò)散，世界上許多語言都被借用，但這些外來詞保留了他們自身的語法結(jié)構(gòu)）Just look: Recently wi

17、th the increasing cultural diffusion a tendency of cultural imperialism, owing to linguistic imperialismmprlz()m.由于文化擴(kuò)散不斷增強(qiáng)，人們意識(shí)到由語言帝國主義而產(chǎn)生的文化帝國主義的趨勢。9.7 The significance of cultural teching and learning文化教學(xué)與學(xué)習(xí)的意義（語言是文化的基石）學(xué)習(xí)語言無法與齊文化分離，我們需要學(xué)習(xí)足夠的關(guān)于這門語言的文化，這樣我們才可以以恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭\(yùn)用目的語進(jìn)行交際。9.8 Intercultural comm

18、unication 跨文化交際Intercultural or cross-cultural communication跨文化和跨文化交流： is communication between people from different cultures (their cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.)是來自不同文化背景的人之間的溝通(他們的文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的不同足以改變交際事件。)暗含了文化之間的一個(gè)比較In cross-cultural communication, we need to pay special attention to the significant differences regarding social relations and concept o