托福閱讀講義2

1、托福閱讀講義 2014托福閱讀第二課4. reference 指代題文章中指示詞所指的對象，既可以是單獨的名詞，也可以是句子、文章等。難度不大，所以一不要丟分，二要節(jié)約時間基本題型構(gòu)成：The word xxx in the passage refers to .The phrase xxx in the passage refers to .Case exampleRead the passage and answer the questions.Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and bacteria produce the su

2、stenance they need in order to live. This complex phenomenon involves the conversion of light energy derived from the sun into chemical energy. When light energy acts on the carbon dioxide and water that plants draw in from the atmosphere and soil, it causes a reaction that alters their chemical com

3、position. One product of this reaction is the creation of carbohydrates, including glucose and starch. Another is the release of oxygen. Animal life on the planet relies on both of these products for survival. Oxygen is essential for animal respiration, while the carbohydrates stored in plants provi

4、de the basis of the food chain upon which all animal organisms depend.l The word their in the passage refers toA. plants and bacteriaB. carbon dioxide and waterC. atmosphere and soilD. glucose and starchl The word Another in the passage refers to A. conversion of light energy B. chemical composition

5、C. creation of carbohydratesD. product of this reactionCliffs are large, vertical rock faces commonly found in mountain ranges, on coastlines and in river valleys. Many cliffs are formed either by the impact of waves or flowing rivers, or through a sudden landslide caused by geological activity. How

6、ever, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Earth, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.l The word which in the passage refers toA Earth B glacial ice C Mount Thor D Baffin Island例題分析：1. 指示代詞：最常見的題型；所有的指示代詞都會出現(xiàn)，特別是指代人的they, t

7、heir, them等和指代物的it, its出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)比較多。2. 不定代詞：another/some/any/all/both3. 關(guān)系代詞：此類題型中，先行詞就是指代對象，但在先行詞和關(guān)系代詞之間會插入一些詞句，注意不要將二者弄混。However, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Earth, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.Smart solution:

8、 閱讀中理解指示詞的意義是解決問題的關(guān)鍵仔細(xì)查看指示詞所在的句子或者其前面的句子1. 指代對象出現(xiàn)在指示詞句子內(nèi)部（概率很高）When light energy acts on the carbon dioxide and water that plants draw in from the atmosphere and soil, it causes a reaction that alters their chemical composition.However, glacial ice has created some of the largest cliff faces on Eart

9、h, including Mount Thor on Baffin Island, which features a vertical drop of over 1,250 meters.2. 指代對象出現(xiàn)在前面文章中：（兩個句子是并列關(guān)系）One product of this reaction is the creation of carbohydrates, including glucose and starch. Another is the release of oxygen.牢記多種指示詞的用法一般來說，指示代詞在指示詞題型中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，但是也有多種不定代詞和指示形容詞經(jīng)常構(gòu)成名詞

10、或者句子來使用。所以平時就要多熟記這些用法靈活的指示詞。1. 互為對立的不定代詞/不定形容詞Some/others; one/ another; the former/the latter2. 多樣的不定代詞All/some/neither/either/both/each3. 指示形容詞，定冠詞定冠詞the 前面的內(nèi)容一般都是已經(jīng)提到過的，所以和名詞一起構(gòu)成指示詞出現(xiàn)。This/these e.g. this influence, these influencesThat/those e.g. that problem, those problemsSuch/the e.g. such op

11、tions, the conclusion熟記具有代表性的錯誤題型1. 和指示詞距離較遠(yuǎn)的選項一般很可能有錯誤2. 把選項放入指示詞的位置，這樣可以降低錯誤概率（觀察句子是否流暢）5. simplification 句子簡化問題考察用更加簡潔的表達(dá)方式來進(jìn)行重述的能力每段短文一般有一個此類型題基本題型構(gòu)成：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the mean

12、ing in important ways or leave out essential information.Case exampleRead the passage and answer the questions.It is widely assumed that at any location, the sun is at its highest point in the sky at noon. But strictly speaking this is incorrect, as the practise “highest point” differs slightly for

13、each specific longitude. Instead, the world is divided up into 24 different longitudinal time zones, where the “standard time” in each differs from its neighbours by one hour. The reason daily life operates according to standard time zones is that it would be incredibly complicated and impractical f

14、or every place on Earth to keep its own specific time, and so localized times are only used by scientists for the purpose of observing particular astronomical phenomena.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices

15、 change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. It is a lot more practical and straightforward to use standard time zones for daily life rather than specific localized times.B. Localized times are generally only employed by astronomers, while everyone else uses standard t

16、ime zones to avoid confusion and complexity.C. Certain astronomical phenomenon are difficult for scientists in slightly different locations to track unless they use particular localized times.D. Except in the field of astronomy, everybody operates according to standard time zones rather than using p

17、articular times for each individual location.例題分析：30-50 15對比：while考察目的：1. 是否準(zhǔn)確理解文章的意思（復(fù)雜的句型或復(fù)雜句）2. 考查paraphrase的能力Smart solution: 句子簡化題不只是選擇和陰影文章內(nèi)容一致的選項。由于錯誤答案也包含了一部分文章內(nèi)容，所以一定要培養(yǎng)總結(jié)主要內(nèi)容的能力，同時也要訓(xùn)練用簡單的詞句概括文章內(nèi)容的能力。l 按順序訓(xùn)練1. 慢慢理解所給文章內(nèi)容，找出核心信息（省略關(guān)系從句、同位語從句、舉例等次要內(nèi)容）2. 利用排除法，找出最接近的信息3. 如果出現(xiàn)迷惑選項，仔細(xì)判斷包含了正確的核心

18、信息的選項（看哪個更接近）l 利用句型結(jié)構(gòu) 訓(xùn)練各種句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)換1. The problem is that .One potential problem is that employers may feel threatened by the introduction of a comprehensive performance evaluation system.Bringing in a new performance review system might make workers uncomfortable.2. whereasMany younger students prefe

19、r to acquire knowledge through kinesthetic learning, meaning that they physically carry out activities, whereas older people are often more accustomed to verbal learning.The young learn through physical activities but the old get knowledge through words.3. reasoning that .Many scientists initially b

20、elieved that the recent global warming trend was a natural phenomenon, reasoning that human activities could not possibly be substantial enough to impact on the atmospheric conditions of the entire planet.scientists thought global warming was natural because they assumed humans could not cause that

21、much damage.l 熟記具有代表性的錯誤類型1. 和所給文章內(nèi)容不符C. Certain astronomical phenomenon are difficult for scientists in slightly different locations to track unless they use particular localized times. unless 前面的內(nèi)容在原文中根本沒有2. 遺漏所給文章中的核心信息A. It is a lot more practical and straightforward to use standard time zones f

22、or daily life rather than specific localized times. 省略了當(dāng)?shù)貢r間在天文學(xué)中的價值D. Except in the field of astronomy, everybody operates according to standard time zones rather than using particular times for each individual location. 雖然已經(jīng)很接近答案，但是遺漏了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間的使用價值6. Summary 總結(jié)問題類似于simplification 句子簡化問題Summary就是找出整篇文章的

23、核心內(nèi)容，然后進(jìn)行縮寫題目中給出第一句，6道選項，選出3項符合文章大意的正確選項每篇文章最后一題問題形式：Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the su

24、mmary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Introductory SentenceCrop rotationTwo millennia ago, farmers had begun to realize that continuously cultivating the same crop on the same plot of land inevitably

25、 resulted in diminished soil fertility and dwindling yields eventually, this inefficiency meant that the land has to be left vacant to allow for soil regeneration. In order to overcome this problem, farmers in the Roman Empire established a system of seasonal crop rotation, which then spread through

26、out the known world. Under this system, different types of crops were grown on a revolving basis. Once farmers had established the best sequence and timing of these rotations, they were able to cultivate the land all-year-round, hugely improving overall productivity.Crop rotation was effective becau

27、se it helped keep soil balanced and healthy. Farming the same type of crop depleted the soil of particular nutrients, leaving it less fertile for future cycles. However, under the crop rotation system, different plants could help to replace certain nutrients that had been removed from the soil. This

28、 left it replenished and able to support future crop cycles. Moreover, farmers could control the spread of pathogens and pests in the soil by using crop rotation. This benefit occurred because pests and pathogens secialize in attacking certain plant species. Therefore, when new crops were planted, t

29、hey were unable to establish a significant long-term presence.Crop rotation remained the dominant farming method for several centruries, until the use of synthesized fertilizers became widespread in developed contries in the 20th century. Because fertilizers could artificially replenish soils, most

30、farmers stoppped rotating crops and began specializing in one high yield species. However, many now realize that monoculture farming can lead to catastrophic crop failures and environmental problems. Accordingly, there is a growing movement back towards traditional crop rotation.Directions: An intro

31、ductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or

32、 are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Around 2,000 years ago, farmers began rotating crop species, rather than repeatedly cultivating the same crop, in order to improve farming productivity.ll l A. The crop rotation system originated in the Roman Empire before spreading t

33、o many other parts of the globe.B. One of the main reasons the crop rotation system was effective was that it eliminated barren periods, allowing for continuous agricultural production.C. Crop rotation keeps the soil fertile by preventing both nutrient depletion and the spread of diseases and pests.

34、D. By rotating crops on a seasonal basis, farmers were able to grow crops that were better suited to the prevailing climatic conditions.E. With artificial fertilizers widely available, many farmers abandoned crop rotation so as to focus on one lucrative crop, but this approach is considered unsustai

35、nable.F. Owing to crop failures and other environmental problems, farmers began searching for alternatives to the crop rotation method in the twentieth century.例題分析1. 先不用在意選項的順序；仔細(xì)觀察所給題目要求，選擇和給出的“引導(dǎo)句”銜接自然的核心部分（the most important ideas）即為正確答案。 其他選項可能是文章中沒有的內(nèi)容（not presented in the passage）, 以及次要信息（min

36、or ideas）, 也就是錯誤答案。2. 文中講述的是農(nóng)業(yè)中的輪種(crop rotation)內(nèi)容， 因為文章主要涉及了輪種開始的背景、優(yōu)點、最近動向等， 所以B是輪種開始的理由；C 是輪種的優(yōu)點， E 是使用化學(xué)肥料而造成的輪種最近動向Smart solution:理解全文內(nèi)容才能解答； 分值高；相對難度大；解題時間長；問題總是在最后出現(xiàn)；時間緊迫活用引導(dǎo)句引導(dǎo)句就是main idea; 選項就是引導(dǎo)句內(nèi)容的擴(kuò)展supporting detailAround 2,000 years ago, farmers began rotating crop species, rather than repeate