虛擬語氣111.ppt

1、虛 擬 語 氣,Subjunctive Mood,在英語中，根據(jù)說話人對說話內(nèi)容的看法和態(tài)度的不同，動詞使用不同的形式，這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為語氣。,語氣 mood,語氣 mood,陳述語氣 indicative mood,祈使語氣 imperative mood,虛擬語氣 Subjunctive Mood,陳述語氣 indicative mood,用來表示說話人認為他所表述的是事實，這種預(yù)期可用于陳述句，疑問句和感嘆句，可以是肯定的或否定的。,She is very clever.,I dont know where I can find Henry. Have you been abroad b

2、efore? What a good heart you have!,祈使語氣 imperative mood,Close the door, please!,用來表示命令、請求、建議等，一般用于祈使句。,Let him be here by ten oclock. Dont be late for the meeting.,虛擬語氣 Subjunctive Mood,在生活中用途很廣泛,生活中的例子,后悔的事,想得到而得不到的東西,想做而不能做的事情,If I had studied harder, I could have enrolled in a better university.,

3、How I wish I could have a beautiful house!,If I could / were to visit some foreign countries, I would be very happy.,虛 擬 語 氣,表示說話人的主觀愿望和假設(shè)、猜測、建議、可能或空想等。,If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.（事實上重力客觀存在） I wish I knew French. (事實上“我”不懂法語) He suggested that we (should) come another d

4、ay. (建議),虛擬語氣 Subjunctive Mood,虛擬語氣在條件句中的運用,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,If 引導的句子,主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句 狀語從句 定語從句,If I have time , I will help you with this work.,If I had time , I would help you with this work.,Tell the difference,如果我有時間會幫助你做此工作的。,可惜我沒有時間。,表示允諾，應(yīng)該會有時間,表示遺憾，肯定沒有時間,條件句,條件句,真實條件句 （Sentences of Real C

5、ondition）,非真實條件句 （Sentences of Unreal Condition）,凡是假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生性可能很大，就是真實條件句。真實條件句用陳述語氣。,當假設(shè)是不大可能實現(xiàn)時，就是非真實條件句，也叫虛擬條件句，即采用虛擬語氣 。,5）As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.,2）If time permits, well go fishing together.,3）If I were you, I would have attended the meeting.,4）If he had come here

6、yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.,1）If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.,虛擬語氣在非真實條件句中的運用,判斷假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。 通常有三種情況： 與過去事實相反。 與現(xiàn)在事實相反。 與將來事實可能相反。,虛擬語氣在非真實條件句中的運用,should/ would/ could/ might + 動詞原形,1. 一般過去時 2. should+ 動 詞原形 3.were+ 不定式,與將來相反,Should/ would have 過去分詞,had don

7、e 過去完成時,與過去相反,Should/ would/ could/ might 動詞原形,一般過去時（動詞是be用were）,與現(xiàn)在相反,主句,從句,虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況，時態(tài)的基本特點是時態(tài)往后推移。,“后退一步法”,后退一步法是指在準確地判斷了該句與哪一事實相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。即：在非真實條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞按正常情況“后退一步”。也就是：與過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。與現(xiàn)在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。與將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。 主句中則用情態(tài)動詞would, should, c

8、ould 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。例： If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.,“后退一步法”,（1）與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè),If I have time , I will help you with this work.,If I had time , I would help you with this work

9、.,如果他們在這兒，會幫助你的。,If they were here, they would help you.,如果他活著，我們就可以一起幸福地生活。,If he were alive, we could live together happily.,（2）與過去事實相反的假設(shè),He didnt come yesterday, so we didnt see him.,If he had come yesterday, we would have seen him.,如果他昨天來的話，我會把這件事告訴他的。,If he had come yesterday, I should / would

10、 have told him about it.,如果昨天下雨了，我們就不可能去公園了。,If it had rained yesterday, we could not have been to the park.,（3）表示對將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情的假想,If you succeeded, everything would be all right.,如果你將來成功了，一切都會好的。,If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.,If you should succeed, everything would be all ri

11、ght.,If she found a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,如果她找到工作的話，她就不可能和她的朋友經(jīng)常見面了。,If she were to find a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,If she should find a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.,如果昨晚下過雨，今天就會很冷了。 I

12、f it had rained last night（過去）, it would be very cold today （現(xiàn)在）.,混合條件句,有時，主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間，主句從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這種條件句叫做混合條件句。,如果你昨天問過他，今天就知道做什么了。,（從句與過去事實相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。）,If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.,activity,Tell your seatmate in Chinese: 一件你最后悔的事； 你對未來的一個假想。 The

13、n the listener will describe what you have heard in English using subjunctive mood.,pairwork,如果，,if條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語序。 在現(xiàn)代英語中if條件狀與從句中的謂語動詞如果是be其過去形式一般用were。,注意事項,虛擬條件句的倒裝,虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were, should, 或had時,條件,If they were here now, they could help us.,方法,省略if，再把were, should或had 移到從

14、句的句首，實行倒裝,they here now, they could help us.,were,If,If you had come earlier, you would have met him.,Had you come earlier, you would have met him.,If it should rain, the crops would be saved.,Should it rain, the crops would be saved.,_ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6) a. Would she l

15、eave b. If she leaves c. Were she to leave d. If she had left,_ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96.6) a. Would she leave b. If she leaves c. Were she to leave d. If she had left,_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1) a. Had they arrived

16、b. Would they arrive c. Were they arriving d. Were they to arrive,_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97.1) a. Had they arrived b. Would they arrive c. Were they arriving d. Were they to arrive,Exercise 1. If I _ (attend) the meeting last week, I _ (t

17、ell) you what to do now. 2. What_ (happen) if you _ (tell) her the bad news? 3. If I _ (be) you, I _ (invite) him to the party. 4. If I _ (not warn) you, you _ (be) in danger now. 5.If the child _ (not catch) in the rain yesterday, he _(not be) seriously ill today.,Had attended; should tell Would ha

18、ppen; told/ would tell Were; would invite Hadnt warned; would be Hadnt been caught; would not be,Identify the errors in each sentence and then correct them: The carpenter was shocked. If he had only known he was building his own house, he would do it all so differently. Loneliness is all around me.

19、I wish I can pass through this wall that Ive made.,3. It seems as if a mans weak points might develop from his strong points. If his strong points were exaggerated, or found expression at a wrong time or in a wrong place, they may become weak points. 4. In many ways children live, as it was, in a di

20、fferent world from adults.,Would do-would have done Can pass-could pass May become-might become As it was-as it were,含蓄條件句 條件暗含在短語中 常見的有otherwise, or (否則), without, but for 等 Eg: But for the difficulties we would not know great mens toughness. (現(xiàn)在） Without challenges, Theodore Roosevelt would never

21、have been President of the United States. (過去） 條件暗含在上下文 I would not have done it. He would have made more progress in his study.,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,1 在主語從句中的應(yīng)用,主語從句,It is that ,虛擬語氣用來表示驚奇、惋惜、建議、理應(yīng)如此等,句型1： It is necessary/important/natural/strange/odd/ vital/surprising/amazing, etc. + that 句型2： It is a pi

22、ty/a shame, etc. + that 句型3： It is suggested/requested/proposed/desired, etc. + that,從句中的謂語動詞為：（should）+動詞原形，should可省略,虛擬語氣形式,It was natural that she (should) think so. It is surprising that they (should) choose this method to solve the problem.,很遺憾他是這么的粗心大意。 It is a great pity that he (should) be s

23、o careless. 他們需要我們在今晚之前把一切準備好。 It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.,It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. (96.1) a. were not played b. not be played c. not to play d. did not play,It is politely requested by the hotel mana

24、gement that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. (96.1) a. were not played b. not be played c. not to play d. did not play,It is important that enough money _ to fund the project. (97.1) a. be collected b. must be collected c. is collected d. can be collected,It is important that enough money _ to fun

25、d the project. (97.1) a. be collected b. must be collected c. is collected d. can be collected,It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00.1) a. must be sent b. will be sent c. are sent d. be sent,It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possi

26、ble. (00.1) a. must be sent b. will be sent c. are sent d. be sent,It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01.1) a. has made sure b. made sure c. must make sure d. make sure,It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctl

27、y. (01.1) a. has made sure b. made sure c. must make sure d. make sure,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,2 在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用,在表示命令、建議、要求、意圖、決定、推薦等一類動詞后面的賓語從句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。,I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (sho

28、uld) be sent there. He requested that the matter (should) be kept secret.,As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense. (99.6) a. had been taken b. would be taken c. be taken d. to be taken,As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed t

29、hat all measures _ for our defense. (99.6) a. had been taken b. would be taken c. be taken d. to be taken,Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00.1) a. staying not b. not stay c. that he would not stay d. that he not stay,Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00.1) a. staying not b. not stay c. tha

30、t he would not stay d. that he not stay,You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.,attention,錯,對,當suggest 不表示“建議“，而表示”暗示、表明”； insist 不表示“堅持要某人做某事”，而表示堅持認為時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。,2 在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用,虛擬語氣用于wish后的賓語從句中,用于wish后的賓語從句中，表示與事實相反的情況，或表示未實現(xiàn)、將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。漢語可譯為：“可惜”，“就

31、好了”，“悔不該”，“但愿”等。,其賓語從句的動詞形式為：,我希望和你一樣高。 I wish I were as tall as you. 我要是知道她的地址就好了。 I wish I knew her address. 這里經(jīng)常下雨，我希望不經(jīng)常下雨就好了。 It rains a lot here. I wish it didnt rain so often.,（1）與現(xiàn)實相反的愿望,他希望他沒講過那樣的話。 He wished he hadnt said that. 我昨晚看那場足球賽就好了。 I wish I had watched the football match last nig

32、ht. 她現(xiàn)在后悔當初應(yīng)該上大學。 Now she wishes she had gone to the university.,（2）與過去事實相反的愿望,我希望明天下雨就好了。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望那些男孩能安靜下來。 I wish the boys would be quiet. 他希望你能去拜訪他。（你不太可能會去） He wishes you would go and visit him.,（3）與將來事實可能相反的愿望,Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different p

33、lace. (00.1) a. be living b. were living c. would live d. would have lived,Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place. (00.1) a. be living b. were living c. would live d. would have lived,Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6) a. had s

34、tudied b. study c. studied d. had been studying,Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01.6) a. had studied b. study c. studied d. had been studying,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,3 在表語從句、同位語從句中的應(yīng)用,suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）

35、+動詞原形。表示間接的命令、要求、請求、建議、決定等。,Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable. The orders are that we stay here.,他們得到命令，馬上開工。 They received orders that the work _ (do) at once. 你們覺得下周英語晚會上我們上演一個話劇這個提議怎么樣？ What do you think of the proposal that we _ (put on) a play at the English evening?,(shoul

36、d) be done,(should) put on,We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98.6) a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off,We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98.6) a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off,The suggestion that the may

37、or _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00.6) a. would present b. present c. presents d. ought to present,The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00.6) a. would present b. present c. presents d. ought to present,Summary,It is suggested by the hotel management that ra

38、dios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at night.,I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.,The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,4 在狀語從句中的應(yīng)用,注意引導詞,as if as though,lest for fear that,Even if in case,if,whatever, so long as,Sh

39、e looked after the orphan as if he _ (is) her own child. I dont like Mary. She talks as if she _ (know) everything. They are talking as if they _ (are) friends for many years.,（1）用于as if/as though引導的狀語從句中，表示虛擬比較或方式。,其謂語形式與wish后的賓語從句相同。,were,knew,had been,He hurried on, lest she _ (meet) him again. W

40、e spoke in whispers for fear (that) we _ (wake) the baby. We all seemed afraid to say what was in our minds, for fear (that) it _ (start) trouble.,（2）用于lest, for fear (that) 引導的目的狀語從句中。,其謂語形式主要是（should）+ 動詞原形。,(should) meet,(might) wake,(might) start,lest: 免得，以免,Even if I _ (is) there, I shouldnt be

41、 able to solve the problem by myself. Nothing could have saved the wounded man even if he _ (treat) without delay.,（3）用于讓步狀語從句中，表示虛擬讓步由even if 引導的讓步狀語從句,其謂語可用虛擬語氣，形式與if虛擬條件句相同。,were,had been treated,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98.1) a. injure b. had injured c. inj

42、ured d. would injure,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98.1) a. injure b. had injured c. injured d. would injure,He was punished _ he should make the same mistake again. (01.6) a. unless b. lest c. if d. provided,He was punished _ he should make the same mistake again.

43、(01.6) a. unless b. lest c. if d. provided,5 在定語從句中的應(yīng)用,虛擬語氣在各種從句中的應(yīng)用,用在It is (about/high) time (that)句型中，其中that-從句屬于定語從句范疇。,It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子們該睡覺了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed.,其謂語動詞形式是：動詞的過去式或should + 動詞原形。后一形式中的should不可以省去。,Its already 5 oclock now

44、. Dont you think its about time _? (96.6) a. we are going home b. we go home c. we went home d. we can go home,Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96.6) a. we are going home b. we go home c. we went home d. we can go home,“You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you ar

45、e not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99.1) a. realized b. have realized c. realize d. realizing,“You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99.1) a. realized b. have r

46、ealized c. realize d. realizing,I would rather (that) you/ he/ they I would sooner (that) you/ he/ they寧可, 寧愿 I would rather/ would sooner my son _(become) a teacher, but he wanted to serve his country in the army, so he joined up after graduating. I would rather/ would sooner you_ (have) more health than wealth. I would rather/ would s