托福寫作語法

1、短語：和傳統(tǒng)語法中的短語定義并不相同，實(shí)際運(yùn)用中頻率很高，同位語和介詞短語，曾經(jīng)是心中永遠(yuǎn)的痛之一，可以理解為插入語，也可以是修飾成分 1.名詞短語：在寫作中，多用名詞短語而非單個名詞做主語或賓語。例如， The well-dressed young man named Shawn. 2.同位語短語 :跟在一個名詞或者代詞后面補(bǔ)充說明的成分。分為限定性和不限定性，這里的限定的定義也適合所謂的定語從句。非限定性同位語用 2個逗號將其和句子隔開，例如， Shawn, a well-known teacher, was unemployed. ，認(rèn)識我的人一看就知道，已經(jīng)非常具體了，因此后面的同位語

2、并不是起到限定和區(qū)別的作用，除非天下有千千萬萬個shawn. .限定性同位語不用逗號隔開，例如， A well-known teacher Shawn was unemployed.出名的老師多了去了，加上一個 shawn就限定這一個老師不是其他的著名的老師。檢驗(yàn)一個同位語是不是限定性可以將其去掉，看對前面的名詞是否有影響。 3.動詞短語系動詞表語：一個名詞短語，回指主語。 shawn becomes a well-known teacher.謂語形容詞：一個描述性形容詞，回指主語。 shawn is handsome.行為動詞零補(bǔ)語：一個不及物動詞。 shawn smiled.直接賓語：一個

3、名詞短語做賓語。 shawn loves the students.雙重賓語：一個間接賓語和一個直接賓語。 shawn brings the students a present.辨別間接和直接賓語：間接賓語往往可以在前面加上 “for或者 to”。例如， shawn brings a present for the students.賓語和賓補(bǔ)：兩個名詞短語，都指同一個人或事。例如， shawn considered edison the man.（edison=the man）雙重賓語與動詞有關(guān)，是動詞的內(nèi)容；賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)只涉及兩個名詞短語賓語和形容詞賓補(bǔ)：形容詞要回指賓語。例如， shawn

4、 believed edison capable. 4.介詞短語 1）用作形容詞的介詞短語： The students in the neworiental school admired shawn.名詞短語一般是這樣的順序，形容詞 +名詞 +介詞短語，例如， The brilliant students from shawns class are always happy.作為形容詞的介詞短語作為主語的一個問題就是主謂一致： A group of shawns students are good at Chinese as well.這是經(jīng)常性錯誤，這里的 be動詞應(yīng)該用 is 2）用作副詞

5、的介詞短語修飾動詞：如果介詞短語能夠像副詞一樣，轉(zhuǎn)移到句首，句子依舊正確，那么該介詞短語就是修飾動詞的介詞短語。例如： The students shake shawns hand after class.也作： After class, the students shake shawns hand.因此， after class是修飾動詞 shake，說明什么時候 shake修飾表語形容詞： Shawn is unhappy with the current situation.很明顯，不能是修飾名詞，也不可能修飾動詞，因?yàn)榻樵~短語的位置不能轉(zhuǎn)移。修飾副詞： The prince and p

6、rincess lived happily in the castle. in the castle修飾副詞 happily非謂語動詞1、動名詞短語注意： 1.動名詞短語永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù) 2.閱讀中遇見動名詞短語可以用 it代替，提高閱讀的效率。 3.寫作中運(yùn)用動名詞短語可以變換句型，使句子簡短。 4.如何區(qū)別表語和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時是可以變成其他時態(tài)的，而充當(dāng)表語的動名詞短語卻不行，動名詞短語可以用 it代替并且句子依舊成立。 His main activity is watching daytime TV. His main activity watched daytime TV. He i

7、s watching daytime TV. He watched daytime TV. 2、分詞短語注意： 1.現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動，一個 boring的老師讓學(xué)生煩，一個被學(xué)生煩惱的老師。 2.名詞不要單獨(dú)放，有三個選擇可以修飾：形容詞，形容性從句，分詞短語。不要濫用從句，分詞短語使句子簡潔。 3.用分詞短語修飾名詞然后做主語時，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞決定，不要因?yàn)樾揎棾煞侄浟恕?The reporters covering the news/The man wearing the silly shirt The houses located on the beach 4.用一用

8、經(jīng)常在閱讀中出現(xiàn)的非限定性分詞短語，顯出長短句結(jié)合以及變化。 Shawn,muttering under his breath,returned to work. Shawn,upset by Yu,vowed revenge. 5.閱讀中的指示題經(jīng)常會遇到，影響閱讀效率之一的問題：非限定性分詞短語可以從他修飾的名詞移開，懸垂分詞。 Muttering under his breath, Shawn returned to work. Upset by Yu, Shawn vowed revenge.當(dāng)分詞短語實(shí)際上沒有修飾主語時，產(chǎn)生懸垂分詞。 Wrapped in beatiful pap

9、er,Shawn gave Yu his Christmas surprise. 3、不定式短語 注意： 1.不定式做主語永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù)，用不定式做主語可以達(dá)到變換句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用。用作形容詞的不定式短語 The need to sleep was nearly overwhelming.We marked the items to be put on sale.Here is a list of drags for women to avoid during the pregnancy.注意：用作形容詞的不定式短語可用代詞替換來檢驗(yàn)。用作副詞的不定式短語 I stayed up all ni

10、ght to finish my book.They sold the bonds to invest in stock market.We finally moved into a hotel for the kids to get some sleep.注意： 1.用作副詞的不定式短語一般用來回答 why的問題，可在 to前面加上 in order來檢驗(yàn)。 2.和副詞一樣，用作副詞的不定式短語也可以移到句首，后面用逗號隔開，因此也要注意懸垂的問題。用于修飾表語形容詞的不定式短語 We are ready to go.I am anxious to start packing for our

11、 trip.They are ready for us to come in for dinner now.注意：與用作副詞修飾動詞的不定式短語的區(qū)別，可以用移位的方法。快速提高托福寫作水平的幾個捷徑： 1、主語的豐富化：不定式、名詞性從句、名詞 +形容詞性從句、名詞 +介詞短語、名詞 +插入語、動名詞短語、分詞短語、2、以副詞性從句開頭：時間： Before the movie even started, I had finished my popcorn. When the movie starts, the theater gets really quiet.地點(diǎn)： Where the

12、accident had occurred, we found broken glass. Everywhere she went, the lamb followed mary.原因： Because she has to lock up tonight, Sue needs the key. Since it was getting pretty one-sided, we left the game early.條件： If I were you, I wouldnt do that. Unless you want to go yourself, Fred will go to the

13、 meeting.讓步： Although he didnt want to, Fred went to the meeting. Even though none of us were very hungry, we went to dinner. 3、形容性從句修飾名詞：要注意關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)成分 I met with the real estate agent who sold us our house. She married a man whom she had met at work. I contacted the person whose car I bumped into

14、. I finally read the book that you told me about. I took the test which is regarded as the most difficult one. 4、名詞性從句：作為名詞用代詞 it檢驗(yàn) What he does for a living is a big mystery. I know that you are right. We were aware of what we needed to do. That is what we wanted. 5、復(fù)合復(fù)雜句：簡單句： Shawn is unhappy with NO