中國轉(zhuǎn)型時期城市農(nóng)民工社會保障制度研究

1、 華中科技大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文中國轉(zhuǎn)型時期城市農(nóng)民工社會保障制度研究姓名：李平申請學(xué)位級別：博士專業(yè)：西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師：張建華20071031 嬕姻墣去尐媏実儣堈宕寗奨儦仁実傠奯倍媽劂僢孓娒孬堈困準(zhǔn)劯嫞婸儏倣偃壕兔圜孳偃壕併倪倕俁亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀嚕圎夓寡凳嗓婥天唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗併吮劵妚嬄密威唍嚈?quán)鲊齽E宕宕俗僒僃宜兺嫀婉娫凳亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)夒宕俗併僢剉協(xié)刟佹墩堅劙奫古噖咻売場侉偃壕圾夅偃壕古亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀嚕圎併夓寡凳困準(zhǔn)孀嚕圎垾佋卯併傅咻婥天墊寲堈宕傏傺兔亼夤專厘併垎侾実儣唺伸厈侾縣但儏哖尌仫夤伸劙嚖亼圷丹娫唺哆働併奩圤億夓仫卯婾媏宕俗絲嗵併吮劵娗印唺哆働嫭亼圷併勌娌兔圃凓嫵媫佮娒売叩併嗖場媠啖仗

2、尛堼仫併勌圮亼圷困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗擊兼埀咜啖仲嫭塣唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀併嚕圎傏絲兔婥天古佢嗽厈侾縣吐侾兔嗵娝併儦仁圠墱儣併倍媽劬分劂僢億夓傠奯埻孨倫亙嗉卯匑丑噦準(zhǔn)俁劬分嬉亙兔困準(zhǔn)兔奎云圃乒厶婥天嗓伡埠培古亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗併吮劵妚嬄密威唍嚈兔圜圐凟宕寗奨團(tuán)嗉唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗圮娒宥儦俘奯宕俗啖乒堭媏夓媅亼夤困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗作墊寲寗奨併填亾尛室威嚅嚖亼夤娒堈冔併困準(zhǔn)孀堈売孽実嫭哲嗽併困準(zhǔn)劬分堘剁壿儦俘奯併唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗宊唏宧侔塇奫困準(zhǔn)夒宕俗困準(zhǔn)勇分宕俗匭娫嫰冟剉去困準(zhǔn)偮厶宕俗嬅嫰乒匙吾凷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗宊唏堩儦媅夛倏嬪宧侔堼仫宿喬鹵嬪併倪圤剉去嫭唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗併圜圐実孯偹嬃噹併噢去兔吻奫嗟寲宐儁宧威併尤婸嫬子俁亼

3、圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗僒僃宜兺併孀婉垝劙奫古偃壕実儣夓奫併倍媽困準(zhǔn)劬分堈宕凳嗓嫭宕俗絲嗵実併吮劵娗印圮宕俗剉去併僄奯堈宕孀堭團(tuán)孯偹九孯僑匵唏縣媅夛媠孯偹嬃噹哖冄嗢娌剪傾娹嫋媠剪傾唏縣佾壿佹娉俁宕俗剉去僢亾孀吆塣唺哆働噥堈併丘嫈奯侉墚傪俗吐侾奯娫凳噥堈併偃冔埻孨圠埀咜墽倕媅奐侉並佂嗓困準(zhǔn)孀厶娽垤噀倫倇姌冟古宕俗僒僃尛兺俁嚒兕僢剉亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗劙奫古埠培密威埠培古唺哆働姱I 厊夒宕俗娔叟夒宕俗兔圎娌夒宕俗併僢剉協(xié)刟墱儣乒堭併亼圷兔侉噅嫭唺哆働姱厊夒宕俗囘僒僃乒喬兩嫭剪傾凞坤剪傾丁呁佐媫丣審佹凞威垝囪刉囘亅丩兣但孓嫿亾侉噅孽刧嗢娌孽刧娫凳唺哆働孽刧併乒僔喬倇嘟娉墽倕圱婛唺哆働傪俗吐侾奯埻侔僁噶你奯

4、嬼冊媠佐媫僑孬嬼冊夝劂兗併儦俘奯唺哆働姱厊夒宕俗協(xié)刟刋匙吾古佢嗽宕俗併匭買尤奯娉利僴古兔墓卯亼圷勒哆姱厊夒宕俗併夋剴墩堅嫭唺哆働娔叟夒倪咻堩儦俁丁偃壕囘優(yōu)亾俋動囷嵺孓垉僁勞媅位並奯亼圷併唺哆働娔叟夒宕俗匭娫倏夓夓奫宕俗併囪刉噿噦伹嫭嚕多唺哆働娔叟夒宕俗囪刉嫭嬻冊囪刉剪傾凞坤孶傁兔劂垨倪圤囘威婉侉宕娢仙偃匙吾佢侉併劬分倏嬪坳喬娔叟寷嫇埻侔兔唺哆働妃噀唺哆働圎娌夒宕俗卣古僔僛厈侾奩圤併尛佾圃伹孀堈宕兔勌娌孀伾圐嗓実勌娌孀圮密堈唍嚈唺哆働勌娌孀尛媅奐併伾圐圮孿娌啱妮堩儦僢剉乀幾哖奨匭娫倏夓唺哆働勌娌併倴孮儏勌娌乖咚実嗢娌兔僁噶俋嫭寤噀封囶奐婸尛但冔併嗽堄壿妚嬄乒堷寷媏孿娌啱妮作孓宥妚嬄尛室噟準(zhǔn)佭宑倍

5、子兔孬僁困準(zhǔn)厶娽俋坃垵併噁堾盧勁孓宥寡埏墉孯偹劊嚖堄僒古凧厳兔廚婾佢嗽唺哆働孿娌啱妮密威婛娗匜孯偹縣變伇奝啱妮併効孿凧厳凟宕兔堷嚖凟宕嘸墣嫭夓媅姉劾併凞仴囘密威嫭娫壿倪咻媅垾伇奝娒圮堄仫寗奨團(tuán)嗉唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗圮娒宥儦俘奯宕俗啖乒堭媏夓媅亼夤困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗作墊寲寗奨併填亾尛室威嚅嚖亼夤娒堈冔併困準(zhǔn)孀堈売孽実倍圮嫭唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗唍嚈囘堄仫困準(zhǔn)夒宕俗圮宧侔困準(zhǔn)勇分宕俗匭娫嫰冟匙吾困準(zhǔn)偮厶宕俗匭娫嫰乒匙吾丹堄仫古姱厊夒娔叟夒宕俗併傏劙剉婀娫凳圎娌夒宕俗併僢剉囪夨嚨圮堄仫唺哆働圎娌夒宕俗協(xié)刟卣僔僛厈侾奩圤併尛佾圃伹孀堈宕兔勌娌孀伾圐嗓実勌娌孀圮唺哆働圎娌夒宕俗併密堈唍嚈垉圮堩儦僢剉乀幾哖奨倫廚嘸囘嘸孳古

6、唺哆働孿娌啱妮圷亖併圷亖圎吂墉佢嗽孯偹劊嚖堄僒古廚嘸娗勜儁劌伝亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗倍媽劂僢吮劵妚嬄孀宕俗僢剉II AbstractBased on the social background of rigid dual structure during institutiontransformation, through normative and empirical analyses, the dissertation systematicallyexpounds such problems as the choice of system path, system positioning,

7、system buildingbarriers, and the framing work of the farmer workers social insurance system.At the beginning, the lack of the farmer-turned workers social security and its effectsare discussed here. With the institutional reform and the followed weakening barriersbetween the countryside and the city

8、, Chinese farmers have poured into cities on largescales forming the huge body of “farmer-turned workers” in the cities. Owing to thelimiting dependence on the route in the institutional transformation, the dual city-ruralsocial institution has not been completely broken up. Therefore farmer workers

9、 haveconfronted a series of discriminations in the cities, among which the exclusion of themfrom social security system stands out most. The fact that the farmer workers have been“out of the countryside” but not yet “settled down in the cities” slows down the flow of thelabour, which in the long run

10、 will bring about ergative consequence to economicdevelopment farmer-turned workers social security system is of realistic and strategicimportance.Secondary, the choice of system path, system content and mechanism design offarmer workers are explored. The study on the choice of system path of farmer

11、-turnedworkers social security system shows that the farmer wokers social security is one of thetransitional institutions during the transformation period. This institution should be acomparatively independent model according to the social security system of city residents,but it should be finally m

12、ingled into the urban-rural untied social security system.Considering the migrant rural workers social security demands and the payment abilitiesof the enterprises and government, the migrant rural workers social security system canonly be built by limited development, focus orientation and gradual

13、popularization. Thesocial insurance system is the key point to promote of the farmer workers social securityIII system. Social relief system can be delayed to a later time, and social welfare system canbe neglected for the present moment. The establishment of governments responsibility isthe key poi

14、nt of the implement of the farmer workers social security system.After the study on the choice of system path and system content, the major barriers ofsystem building are analysed. According to the study on the barriers of building the socialsecurity system, we find that the rural-urban segmentation

15、 of Chinas social system and itspath dependence are the institutional hinder. Meanwhile, the governments financerevenue and expenditure structure, the payment finance revenue and expenditure structure,the payment ability of enterprises also form the fund barrier. In addition, the farmerworkers are n

16、ot efficient in expressing their minds, and being in the marginal position ofcity, are seldom heard. The high mobility and diversification of the farmer workers posehigher demands on the operation of the social security system.Finally, how to build a social security system for migrant rurar workers

17、is analyed.The progress of social pension insurance system in different cities vary, displaying bigdifferences in terms of minimal payment, payment rate and benefit level. This leads tounfair treatment among different areas, enterprises and individuals. Moreover, it can notbe keep pace with the high

18、 mobility situation of farmer workers. The transitional socialpension insurance system, “individual flexible account integrated with paymentadjustment account”, takes int account the feasibility of policies and its transition to thefuture of social pension insurance of city residents. According to t

19、he analysis of the farmerworkers medical insurance including Shanghai, Chengdu, Beijing and Shenzhen, we findthat the present system have not yet won the support of the farmer workers. We proposethat the farmer workers medical insurance system innovation can be adopted as a feasiblemeasure, convenie

20、nt to transfer, and considering the level of the local economicdevelopment.The farmer-turned workers unemployment insurance system consists“public labour” and employment security, among which the employment security is themain part and the developing direction. The system of “public labour” can prov

21、ide thebasic needs for the migrant workers when they are in temporary unemployment, and canreduce the pressure of the social pension insurance fund. The farmer workers vocationalIV training is the most positive factor of the employment security. Vocational training canimprove farmer workers employme

22、nt skills and enhance their social security payingability. Being the basic point for the farmers to change their identities and to survive in thecities, vocation training should be promoted as the first step. Studies reveal the followingreasons for the present dead lack of the farmer workers vocatio

23、nal training: the privateemployers hiring farmer workers are not willing to invest on the training in order to savemoney; farmers are not willing to pay for the vocation training due to lack of stimulus ormoney .Both the employers and the farmers bent on getting the most of profits, unwillingto inve

24、st on the training are actually suffering great loss and this demands the efforts andencouragements of the government. At present the vocational training in China lies mainlyon the government in providing stimuli, investment and education.On the basis of the previous study, the dissertation puts for

25、ward some new ideas. Forexample, the author considers that the farmer wokers social security is one of thetransitional institutions during the transformation period, and this institution should be acomparatively independent model according to the social security system of city residents,but it shoul

26、d be finally mingled into the urban-rural untied social security system. Theauthor also thinks that the social insurance system is the key point and must be built atfirst, social relief system can be delayed to a later time, and social welfare system can beneglected for the present moment. In additi

27、on, the author considers that the farmer-turnedworkers unemployment insurance system consists “public labour” and employmentsecurity, among which the employment security is the main part and the developingdirection. Lastly, through building the game model, the dissertation proves that marketfailure

28、lies in the farmer workers vocational training market and suggests that thegovernment is obliged to intervene to solve the market failure.Key words: farmer-turned workerssocial security systemdual structurechoice of system pathsocial security system constructionV 俏伇奯圂哌噶圂哌垾億剜併妠墚嘸墣圮墱僁噶嫭佭圍宇佭壿劙奫併姉劾働尤凳噌佴

29、併姉劾亾儤加墱垾孹仲墣実娨劬丣哌婔婸併唍嚈塣嘸墣乒儳噹兕嗓埀僁噶凗凲堈娨劬倏並凗寘奏儦併姉劾亾儤俁墣併姉劾尣仫僚夔併僁噶兔凲堈勸娨嫭墣実娫哌噢倪圤丣哌噶填噖娹圝佮圂哌併倕呀劂儤?gòu)U噶僅佔妠墚嘸墣尤子嗶哐嚀嗉唝嫕嚀妠墚嘸墣噓圠婸坁噓坐妠墚嘸墣尤子填噖古劃妠夾媅儁名圠婸妠墚嘸墣併儏侷凷妠夾媅噓名丹夯儣刕媅儁乖咚凗凟僢壘剜嘸墣併償婖剁兔侘尀嫝媽嘸墣亀嫗兔劉嫗噶坁噓冏実匣鑿但妠匭娫剌妠墚嘸墣併噖乖凗乖偃唍嚈丙嚖媅儁坤勜匿劙奫刯垼匭娫習(xí)婸婥婖垺婖凗嚱咽佹償宕圽保伹兔凈丙妠墚嘸墣咱嫭_ _唝劃咱兺圱婸坁噓坐嘸墣壇媏乒咱嘸嫭娫囘倪協(xié)唍佅“”妠墚嘸墣尤子嗶哐嚀嗉唝嫕嚀宇佭剭圍嗶哐嚀嗉唝嫕嚀 1 佧呌1.1 墣埿

30、佯埾以封 20圧刐 80唝位兺嗉匇圣墊寲劬分堈宕傏傺併囷嚖兔唺伸厈侾圃云呁併堄傪但變併唺伸圊媕厈侾縣劙嚖姑優(yōu)侉噅兔亼圷嚀剆奩亾古実儣困準(zhǔn)寗奨團(tuán)嗉娒但奝奨噥堈唺哆働倫孿娌囘匑埀咜娨填噖塒廈凗凞塒廈仾場唺娌圃云嫭亼圷倫圩例倍例嚨云娌圮倴唺勌娌子倫囶偊囘匑埀咜併冊匷噿名嫭唺伸噿噦圮唺哆垾娫噶咜亻埀咜墉唺哆働堽 1-1夑圥倫 20圧刐 80唝位兺嗉娫卯乒俞嬉刖併劙亼壐働劬囕併唺哆働坤變佮 2005唝唺伸塣仫壐働併厈侾縣佂佮12000塳噶哲嗽墱儣咔 3僁云娌働噶実勌媅 2僁卯封唺伸112000100008000塳6000噶唺伸厈侾縣吐侾噶坤40002000019881992199620002002200

31、4唝堽 1-1唺伸厈侾縣吐侾坤勜(1988唝2005唝)寷叨卯嫇1988唝2003唝坤勜寗婔封廄咝実儣寗奨團(tuán)嗉唺哆働勌娌嗖場墩堅姉劾冏実匣鑿但妠乀圦嘸墣2005唝2004 2005唝坤勜婔封実儣唺哆働墩堅姉劾尉傱嗟乴尖実儣唺哆働墩堅姉劾尉傱傏傺2006唝例 5嗉尤墉娒僁埻坉噥堈唺哆働併仫夓丹妱垞尌夯但儏哖冔圮劬分倏嬪兔圷亖傏傺併劂儤圮実儣困準(zhǔn)婾仾場唺娌困準(zhǔn)夯夓位働娌困準(zhǔn)寗絲併丑噦剸保俁媏儣哆劬分兔孬僁困準(zhǔn)倏嬪媅寲凮墉宧威併尤婸噦倇婾媏宕俗傏傺併吮劵娗印兔亼夤1実儣唺哆働墩堅姉劾尉傱嗟乴尖実儣唺哆働墩堅姉劾尉傱傏傺2006唝例 5嗉例 6娊1 倍媽困準(zhǔn)堈宕併伹嫭孓娒坤變勝但併唺哆働噥堈噟填噖啖仗

32、嫭哲嗽併亼圷困準(zhǔn)孀堈宕孽塣嫭圃凓堘剁勌娌娔叟尀唿剭媲佹寬俯倪咻俋仹媏娒宥墊團(tuán)坃佮塿奍併寡埏亼圷困準(zhǔn)孀堈宕唺哆働啖仲嫭塣唺伸併困準(zhǔn)孀堈売圜芻娉墽倕孀唺哆働勷但乖偃侉噅併唺伸噿娫塂侉孀兔刕堦封墱孀墉密倇唺哆働勌嗓孬堈倇姍嗓密威圃凓圼嚖卯嫇娨婾唺娌圃云寗夯密威娗印媏倴唺娌併壐働劬囕凓侾堊噦埀咜実娒乖偃噶冞名寲僅僆侉作宥侉宊圮它奫寲尛佾圃凓孀像唏倇嘟墊寲奝圃位唺哆働20圧刐 80唝位凳娫兺仫圃併唺哆働亾墉唺哆働併密堈塂侉併尛佾圃凓孀像唏娉乒俞頭嚠2垾娫唺哆働噥堈圜芻圮啖仲嫭孬僁困準(zhǔn)孀塹孽塣併墊寲困準(zhǔn)併倏嬪兔劙喬娫凳唺哆働孓娒埻坉噥堈併縣變併乒俞倏嬪墉唺哆働堄僒圱俗併困準(zhǔn)孀孮亾墉孯乶勵乶子乒匭冽丕併娒僁

33、墩堅儣壐嫍儁媏劃勵唺哆働墩堅併嚟傔娹刾2006唝 1嫕 31嚀哌噢嘌僑威凢凮墧塘侉劃勵唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅唺哆働併困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅圜芻囘圮嫭唺伸圊媕厈侾縣夯亼圷寗娝儦仁実嚒兕圜夓倫仾場併塂侉孀夯夓位困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗寗娝併墩堅孓僁墩堅劃勵佴兊準(zhǔn)媅縣侉伬劙唺伸厈侾縣夯亼季併寗娝刖卉亼圷冔働娌冔併劙仁塇侾実儣困準(zhǔn)倫亼夤偃傹尌夯亼夤娒堈冔尛室圜夓噖咻夼匒困準(zhǔn)併哲丣婉傘姉劾亼圷唺哆働併困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅嫭佢嗽勞媅夓圜娹娼倫亙嫉匑媋勞媅嬮呋娹娼專兗娨媅併姉劾亾儤兔娒奄侉噅唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀圜刼併劬姢七子噺墉嫭佢嗽困準(zhǔn)劬分堘剁壿威剰兊劃勵亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅丑妝乥孆亼圷勒哆困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗墉唺哆働剉去偨兗嗓勌娌埻侔併困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗寗奨嗉亼圷唺哆働

34、孀宕俗婛傎圮娒宥儦俘奯併宕俗啖嗓墓卯哲丣圮嚅嚖亼夤娒堈冔併困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗孽実亼夤困準(zhǔn)孀娒堈冔兔倍媽劬分併尛室夸圎圮娒僁呵亙併儦仁婉傘儦俘奯併亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗嫭実儣劬分寗奨團(tuán)嗉娉剌亙嗉伹嫭哺咉儦俘奯併亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗媅圙咉埻侔匭娫劃勵哷奄堼仫併墩堅媋匭唏準(zhǔn)媅哷奄娜名墩堅孓奄墩堅嫭佢嗽俋圮宄佴囷嚖姉劾兔埠垼併夫姉劾宋嫭冽佃娫壿擊僁凞墩堅娒圮媅咐媅丑威墉亼圷唺哆働剉去困準(zhǔn)2埀咜実併但俯坤嫀卯勌丹墓妠準(zhǔn)倫圩唺娌厈侾併鑿唏倫倇嫭圩圜囘填噖圎噐古俁塂侉併娗印2 孀宕俗倍圮唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗嫭宕俗唍嚈媠圜圐凟宕囘媅兕埻侔埁媠夓奫亼圷困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗唺伸困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗孽刧媅兕參売媠噅丩嚨圮亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗哲嗽僒僃

35、宜兺併密威嫀婉圮圙咉垉圮嚒兕僢剉亼圷唺哆働困準(zhǔn)夒宕俗併密威協(xié)刟1.2 夗僻墝夎専塊墣圮凞媏厈侾縣吐侾廚嘸併凞仴囘埠培実儣嫭亼夤專厘垎侾兺吐嚖亼圷併唺伸厈侾縣困準(zhǔn)孀併盧勁兔仫吮夝儁併墣夔但堈偃墉取但厛卣儁媏夤亼厈侾縣嗵娝兔吐侾併姉劾娫凳哲嗽儁媏墱儣唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅併姉劾1.2.1壐値廠侸厹嗯娗哐奢姃劸倫仾場唺娌困準(zhǔn)夯夓位働娌困準(zhǔn)寗絲儦仁実唺伸厈侾縣但儏哖寗娝唺娌厈侾縣嬭困準(zhǔn)尉厈侾縣偊俽但偦俗壿剖圮圧劈僂儣僛媅併夓夰夤亼噶匷嗵娝兔厈侾縣夤亼吐侾併墩堅娒宀墉劬分妠刕垾儁寏17圧刐僮侕劬分妠併夅噊塿叇啵例娨劬寏娹佮但乖偃噶匷倫圩宕嫿娌兔囕娌併児卷併噶勸儣哆圼嚖威丁佢團(tuán)啈宭但吳嗓埁儣刕傪佴俯埀宇仫孓宥云

36、娌刧伹嫭併圼嚖亅剌準(zhǔn)塇侾厈侾縣夯僇傪圼嚖乖偃寗娝William Petty1981/169020圧刐匣可匨卨匨倫孓宥夓夰仫倏尉劂仫古嚨伡云娌劂僢姖劙併儏呀墊寲噶勸儣哆圼嚖併堄傪厈侾縣圾夅婾例娒云娌夯例倍云娌寗娝倇兺劙娒喬婾例倍云娌夯例嚨云娌寗娝Colin Clark1940例倍伡圧劈但嬮孽兺墉劃勵倏嬪実儣刕併劬分倏嬪墩堅娫后娮坾墉位並併嫺嗉倏嬪劬分妠刕咜堏乜侉倏夓宊威唏僤媅奐侉厶婸嘄倏佂儣刕併但變圊媕厈侾縣勌尐娫劃勵埁咜併寷凢厖兔働娌冔墩堅婾傘奩亾古嫺嗉併倍媽劬分倏嬪嘸嗓実尛勞位並奯併圮后娮坾哖奨兔卨唔坾傾劯允哖奨1954唝咕儣劬分妠刕后娮坾嫭厈侾縣墽夛僒僃堘剁壿併劬分倏嬪娒墣実堄仫古例娒僁媅

37、儁夤亼厈侾縣寗娝併劬分妠哖奨傎哖奨倏嬪実儣刕併劬分偃墉取但乖偃娒僁圮娫仾場圃云倪倕劙奫圃云厈侾圃云呁兣佾媅寲但變圊媕厈侾3 縣併唺伸仾場乖咚吆塣娒僁圮娫夓位冔倪倕劙奫圃云厈侾圃云呁兔働寷坳喬亡儦仾場乖咚併亼圷働娌乖咚婾媏取但乖咚乒堭併厈侾丘芻圼娽婔嗟古嫇嫇乒俞併厈侾縣倫唺娌乖咚吐夯亼圷働娌乖咚倇亼圷働娌乖咚嬅倫吐嚖厈侾縣併傪圃云呁兔佾働寷孶傁実凖佴亡俽厶嚞乒俞鹵但働娌乖咚壛圼唺娌乖咚併圊媕厈侾縣宀佮唺娌乖咚兔働娌乖咚併厈侾圃云呁夝佢厈侾縣吐侾乜佂佮勸兩寡埏倍媽劬分劂僢娉寗絲墉娒媽劬分劂僢后娮坾1954后娮坾哖奨墉乒倏佂儣刕併倍媽劬分倏嬪堄僒古孓姲娒堘佱吮堩儦亼圷夓位働娌乖咚併寷凢厖壛圼仾場唺娌

38、乖咚併圊媕厈侾縣倫倇圜夓孬僁劬分併働娌冔后娮坾哖奨併匇伇奯嫭媏乒圮堤名嫭俁倍媽劬分劂僢併咽壩乺咻倇圮婾孓宥嗆兺寡埏塇嘸仫娒宥倏嬪哖圤乒儦孓娒哖奨娉孁宑古娒奄喋喯嗓実尛墉噶咜垾峺丸併圮后娮坾俁厈侾縣墽夛僒僃併刜侷娫凳哖奨実俁唺娌乖咚倏嬪宧威奯併獸場墉傘娒奄妠子俁后娮坾哖奨劙奫古她孮剌唺娌乖咚併倏嬪娉哼嚖偃壕併倣仠孓宥她孮凲実堈夓嫭 20圧刐 60唝位儀卨唔坾兔傾劯允垾堄仫併卨傾哖奨実卨傾哖奨GRanis JFei1964嫭后娮坾哖奨併凞仴囘堄仫古倍媽劬分倏嬪併嚨剸保哖奨傎哖奨剳圥古倍媽劬分倏嬪実厈侾縣啵宒併噖儦仁埀咜剌唺娌圊媕厈侾縣夯働娌乖咚併寗娝偃墉嚨僁剸保丁剰堹亮侉偃壕古唺娌乖咚圮嚒兕勵侷兔

39、婥天寲働娌乖咚併鹵嬶兔厈侾縣寗娝併哌噢宇仫唺娌乖咚倏嬪併宧威奯嘌僑働娌媠唺娌取僁乖咚併喬兩嬉亙倇嘟孓娒哖奨冞堼喵古鑿壢劙喬実奯併刜囪匙吾古鑿壢劙喬併威垝俁丘芻厈侾圃云縣併婥天噺墉倏嬪実儣刕寷夝俁壞嚕厈侾縣夝俁傆尐婛習(xí)噌厈侾咱凲奨併鑿壢劙喬嘔僄圃嫭 1961唝 1967唝偃丩倏並古倍媽劬分併倏嬪兔圊媕厈侾縣媠倍媽劬分倏嬪取喙嘸墣俁倍媽劂僢哖奨媋尣古劙娒喬併她孮兔樂仙嘔僄嚶哖奨偞侷唺娌乖咚伹嫭丘芻圃云呁墉叼併圊媕厈侾縣偞侷唺娌媠働娌乖咚併働寷坳喬圮僵侷乒絲併刜囪倫唺娌倏嬪媠噶匷嬉亙併剨俗卯姉劾噶匷吐侾傎哖奨併密威劂嘸圮嘌僑堩儦剖佾唺伸噶匷嬉亙呁媠伬劙唺娌鑿壢劙喬圜夓唺娌圊媕併介妓嬉亙唺娌圊媕嫐但嬅

40、働娌乖咚倏嬪嫐卉唺娌実併厈侾縣寗娝娉勌嫐坸厶嫭后娮坾哖奨卨唔坾傾劯允哖奨兔嘔僄嚶哖奨実厈侾縣倫唺伸吐夯亼圷4 併勵乶噺墉圮墇娒侉噌勵媏亼夤圜芻圼嚖併亅婃孓娒侔媠孓厛哖奨実働娌乖咚勞媅仙偃勌娌併刜侷圮偃乒匇併作圮夓圜圮 20圧刐 60唝位嚌 70唝位儀媽俯倏嬪実儣刕噟仫夓嫐卯嫐姈宧併亼圷圎娌墩堅但喋厈侾縣嫭亼圷実孃乒佮働尤倇堭團(tuán)媋媅嫐卯嫐俯併唺哆孮圻堽廈匇唺伸倇劙嚖亼圷俁傘仾場併倍媽劬分劂僢哖奨墽倕僃仫嘌媅縣併劃圴堽 1-2娝哆勵乶併偃壕圥娹堽寷叨卯嫇佳厒匨丁婭厶倴宭併夤亼噶匷吐侾廚嘸孯乶凳嗓姉劾娹娼儣芻噶匷吐侾喯嘸例 3嗉1974唝侻刁兌例 553娊寗婔封嬶啱傠嬶剉冏密丙倏嬪劬分妠剭仁動動匣妠

41、仫困20021969唝咕儣劬分妠刕塑佂嘔M.P.Todaro嫭咕儣劬分喯嘸囘倏並古劬侕奯嘸墣嘄倏佂儣刕併厈侾縣嗵娝哖圤兔亼圷圎娌墩堅互壩埀併噶匷吐侾哖奨5 塑佂嘔哖奨併娒僁凞垁夨圮噺墉亼圷実儌倧伹嫭寲圎娌噶匷嗵娝儦仁圮噶咜俁亼夤媷嗉圼嚖亅婃?zhèn){乒圮圜芻圼嚖亅婃尣仫併倡婛媷嗓圼嚖佹媏圜芻圼嚖什囘勌娌傐呁塑佂嘔婔嚖勌娌傐呁圮俁娫塺噶匷吐侾哖奨併宧但她孮娉圠封函併偃壕媅古僇判嘌併夓圜凞仴俁媏塑佂嘔哖奨併孓娒垁夨丁婭厶D. Byerlee1974娫倪協(xié)堽併奩圤剌孽壵冔刾囘堽 1-2堩儦俁傎堽併億亃墱咜匭娫倏夓唺冊併嗵娝勵乶奫墉圜芻囘圮娒僁償嫦併厶娽噢侷兔丁剰儦仁塑佂嘔俁仾場噶匷吐侾哖奨併吆娒僚夔冞嫭媏埀

42、婔嚖古倴孮儏乖咚勌娌孓娒傐唡亼圷実併倴孮儏勌娌乖咚堩亙墉哺奄倫唺伸嗵堾佮亼圷圻堽嫭亼圷実併孮儏乖咚哤佴娒偊働尤倇墓儤併噶堄僒働尤儻墚倴孮儏乖咚勌娌倡婨古倏嬪実儣刕僇字圜併噶匷吐侾凷噶咜嫭婾唺伸劙嚖亼圷併儦仁実塺塺唄娫劙嚖孮儏乖咚勌娌倇圮僇俯併夅倴孮儏乖咚壛哼嘸墣併唺伸厈侾縣吐侾併偃壕勌圮剉去嫭她孮併塑佂嘔哖奨凞仴孽囘併1.2.2宙儝夞亶廠侸厹吊侸佯圖孭姃劸儒哼嗟卯嗨劒墉守儁媏実儣唺伸圊媕厈侾縣吐夯亼季亾墉唺哆働併姉劾匭娫冓偃墉取僁剸保凷尉堈咽壩剸保兔寕堅囷嚖剸保尉堈咽壩剸保密威埠培唺伸厈侾縣嗵娝兔吐侾併嫀婉娹娼咽壩吐侾厈侾縣凷唺哆働併埻孨僩刉厈侾縣吐侾兔唺哆働併儏哖佹寕堅囷嚖剸保密威姉劾厈侾縣

43、吐侾兔唺哆働媠亼圷厈侾縣併冊樂兔仚堼亼夤厈侾縣圷亖偃傹唺哆働併勌娌嗖場困準(zhǔn)孀佹嫭儒哼実儣傏傺娫卯亼夤厈侾縣吐侾娫凳唺哆働奩亾併嫀婉團(tuán)但俯坤妠子噌佴古娒宑匑倕凷孓圮仾場倏嬪嬮呋堈宕兔亼夤劬分傏傺併劂儤宧働娌婺夅倏嬪嬮呋娫凳夝婛併堈宕剖佾古働娌冔儦仁俁厈侾縣併壛哼唏縣堭團(tuán)亼夤傿廈併冊凱宕俗兔夯亼圷嘰奌併勌娌宕俗娉尕古唺娌厈侾縣傏絲勒寎侉兔絲僇孿娌婉傘墊寲唺娌厈侾圃云呁併堄傪噶勸僆侉併券團(tuán)倇妃威寗娝佮倴唺云娌併厈侾縣墓唏佴佮寗娝垾娫娒佚嫭孯乶囘媅垾垎侾亙嗉凢侞壿卯併唺伸圊媕厈侾縣東但儏哖寗娝嗟卯奩亾 20圧刐 80唝位兺嗉垾墜併哆働亦乣繱2000垓蘭嫉2001大壵匙亃古儣刕俁唺伸圊媕厈侾縣吐侾宕俗姖

44、劙併厵仁傐卣仫 1979唝6 兺嗵娝孯乶姖劙併壄僁剸保例娒剸保1979唝-1983唝匵宕吐侾傏傺匇倲嗽実儣圜奫併圮亼夤偃傹併冊凱宕俗兔勌娌宕俗唺伸厈侾縣吐侾坃佮姈傼併夛宕孓宥夛宕宀佮傏傺匇倲儀嗉丹咐媅僄傏絲1980唝併噖儣厈侾勌娌働尤準(zhǔn)婀凳嗓兺壿倏併墣剁娒倪咻劃匇古俁亼季孿働吐侾併劜擼吆娒倪咻媋刖嘌古俁唺伸厈侾縣吐侾併夛宕例倍剸保1984唝 1988唝嫝媽吐侾倫 1984唝匇圣儣刕審媽唺哆封令寷劑封廚匷發(fā)劙嚖亼季壐働劬囕埁並哌圜奫古 30唝併夛宕亼夤噶匷吐侾併勌娌儅廚宕俗匇圣垎侾孽兺孯偹媋劙娒喬仫埋古娒奄孯乶兔伾圐嫝媽兔僭厳唺伸厈侾縣併侉噅剜吐亼夤剜吐兔喥盧侉噅併厈壐坋仫圠唺伸厈侾縣併寗娝兔吐

45、侾劙嚖古娒僁剰卉嬉亙併團(tuán)嗉例嚨剸保1989唝1991唝匵宕呹哲吐侾孓娒團(tuán)嗉孯偹俁嗽娒僁團(tuán)嗉圜奫併唺伸厈侾縣吐侾孯乶劙奫古動乖併僑孬刖嘌古俁呹哲吐侾併儅廚孓娒倪咻圮婾媏嗽娒僁團(tuán)嗉圜奫併嫝媽媠僭厳孯乶婔倏古但儏哖併唺伸厈侾縣卄侉噅吐侾嗓傅咻奐婛堩儦剜堩嫞坋困準(zhǔn)寶厈侾縣圷亖儅廚佹倪咻併乒圱婛墩堅堼夑仫卯吆娒倪咻婾媏寶廚劬分農(nóng)勁孬儼劬分宗妍嫿亾古亼圷媠夤季嗢娌奝嬉勌娌凟準(zhǔn)併券團(tuán)圠佴唺伸厈侾縣併寗娝兔吐侾併匲刧垺夼例垉剸保1992唝2000唝儏倣吐侾封 1992唝娫卯唺伸厈侾縣吐侾併孯乶宿剆倏圃絲冔倫匵宕呹哲吐侾佮僭厳婔佭兔圜奫共億僑匵壿併媅妍吐侾匇圣圜圐娫勌娌孳包儅廚墉実奟併唺伸厈侾縣卄侉噅吐侾併勌娌

46、宕俗丹俁夼亼季併冊凱儅廚宕俗劙奫古傏傺宄佴寏娹併圮1998唝娫兺婾媏亼圷壿儻孿働併嬉刖圜圐嫬勌娌働仁娨亾墉僂凹孯偹併宧威噹壐嫭孓宥劯壿堊噦儣刕噿刏妓嘌僑威僄勜亼圷凳倏佂侉噅併妃威兗廚婔佭唺伸厈侾縣劙亼壐働作乖偃圈圷噟仫埋古僂宥夛宕唺伸厈侾縣劙亼凳塣卯厈侾縣壐働併儏侷兔孯乶例壄剸保2000唝娫兺僔喬吐侾倫 2000 唝壿唝匇圣儣刕儁媏唺伸厈侾縣吐侾勌娌併孯乶倏圃古娒奄凢凮併絲冔孓奄絲冔媅娫壿取僁堼仫埻侔娒圮僨媝亼夤場令勌娌娫奝併勞堈併儳娼凷噌夸俁唺伸厈侾縣劙亼勌娌併僂宥乒兗廚夛宕宿喬圜夓亼夤厈侾縣圷亖娒堈冔倍圮凢凮塇劙勌娌孀冊凱剭媲寎倬夼亼季剉囪佹寬俯倪咻併?；鶄谫眼蛱m嫉宇仫孯偹孯乶圮婥天厈侾縣

47、塣仫兔冽吐併宧威婉垝冊凱宕俗勌娌宕俗困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗娫凳剭媲啱妮併嗖場圠亼夤孽刧併厈侾縣7 仹媏圩圜囘併乒喬佹効孿侉墚厈侾縣吐侾併孯乶絲傺宊圮墉唺伸厈侾縣吐侾堄僒古匭唏凗乖偃侉嚱仲古吐侾併孀勞堈佮吐侾併勵乶兔奫墉嬅坃俯宥婉垝併專兗婥天廄嘌 2003偃壕古婥天墱儣亼夤吐侾噶匷併塇侾兔卨縣媠儣芻囘併塇卨廚嘸哖奨夝丁婾媏冊凱宕俗併婥天墱儣併塇卨哖奨実併塇兔卨俋倏圃古絲奩嫭実儣亖劯壿亼圷俁塣卯働刋媅卨縣娉媅塇縣丁嚒俁塣卯働併嗖場兔夛宕孯乶媠傘堭團(tuán)唺伸俁媏唺哆働併壛婔縣噟圕偃嚠夼嫭塇縣兔卨縣併尤婸孽壿唺伸厈侾縣乒俞吐侾佮亼圷劙嚖亼圷併唺伸厈侾縣娒丹乒唏劙嚖孮儏勌娌乖咚亼圷厪併唺哆働嬭勜併働尤儻墚但俯圮娫塹樂儻

48、墚匲嚕併倪圤劙奫併唺哆働媠亼圷壿儻孿働孽刧但俯圮冊樂儁売倇倴堉位儁売廄圜2000嫭孓倪咻佴仫侷變併劂嘸取但噥堈併勌娌堉位呁墉 0.1唺哆働嫭亼圷厈侾縣圷亖実坃佮嗖場奯俁佐嫭働寷圼嚖寎倬尀唿剭媲困準(zhǔn)孀佹倪咻併佐媫嫉嫉佾媏亼圷勒哆亾墉亼圷併嚠圭噥堈墽倕嚅嚖亼圷困準(zhǔn)孓媋丑噦媋準(zhǔn)倡儦卯婥天厈侾縣嗵娝兔倍媽劬分劂僢寗冠乣繱2001宇仫嚒儤実儣併厈侾縣嗵娝匑尤圮劬分倏嬪兔云娌劂僢絲冔併娒僁丑劬儦仁併冕媠嗓埀倏嬪実儣刕孮嫭倏圃併娫凳倏佂儣刕嫺嗉倏圃併厈侾縣嗵娝娒姲孓僁嗵娝儳古取僁儦仁例娒僁儦仁圮厈侾縣倫嗵仫侉寗娝仫噐例倍僁儦仁圮孓奄嗵娝子嫭嗵嚖侉勒寎壿卯儣芻囘嗓埀儣刕仲古儣芻倴倕併厈侾縣吐侾塣但俯坤嗵娝俋娹

49、墕寲堭團(tuán)填亾孓取僁儦仁噦倇実儣併嗵娝子咻史併圜芻嗮嗮圮埀咜嗵娝仫噐兺丹乒媷嗉唏僤嫭嗵嚖侉亙嗉勒寎壿噐墓填亾併傏傺凳堈宕囘乒俞仫夓併倡償圠嗵娝併例倍僁儦仁墽倕填亾媽俯姉劾噺墉嫿亾俁唺哆働嗖場兔嗵娝孀併尛宙奯宕俗圮冊凱宕俗作哲嗽墱儣娨媅娒奄亼圷劙奫古冊凱宕俗傏傺噌夸古唺伸兔亼圷冊匷作孓俁媏唺哆働嚅嚖亼圷俁媏厈侾縣圷亖場娒垾嗟併奐儤丹乒哌夑孓姲唺哆働媠亼圷勒哆亅婃尛但併困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗匇圣劙嚖噶咜併姉劾場嬌儙圧妤2003塶儣冹哵冘実併姉劾噺墉哲嗽哆働冩圮唺哆働嫭佢嗽亼圷喚夯孯乶乒唏僃埀咜佋卯厶娽嬉劙倇媋墽縣伬圠孯偹傏絲孯乶併嘶卓壿併娒宥夸凮併塌仫孓伡塌仫準(zhǔn)傏絲亼夤倍媽困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗併勸兩婉傘匭唏丣宍寲娒僁奝併

50、宕俗絲傺併史劈侔併佮卯8 1.2.3僻媉唴哀僇囪凈嬺墣埿佯姃劸堩儦孬廚偃壕唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅姉劾併夓媅墣夔倏夓俁媏孓娒墩堅併姉劾囙仹嫭嗟喬剸保堊噦 2004唝娫兺嘸墣坤變媅古嬉刖噺圝匇圣婾傛奯尌夯廚奯尌夯囷嚖作尉堈卯坺劙奫囷嚖姉劾併寕娌奯嘸墣冞圕偃壞團(tuán)哲嗽儁媏唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀墩堅姉劾併唍嚈儒哼墉娫壿垉僁倪咻1唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀併夓寡凳嗓宜兺併嫀婉儒哼夓媅姉劾嗄丟噺墉哲嗽墱儣唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀併夓寡億夓取但凞埻孨,孓娉凲実夑夓古唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀宕俗剉去併劕噴奯咬嘹亾2005取但埻孨並夓墉例娒宕俗僒僃宜兺唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀仁俗佾夝婛併困準(zhǔn)孀凟宕兔堈売倏媲宜兺唺哆働噥堈勸兼媃廈媏夓媅困準(zhǔn)孀堈売孽塣啾嬝墣2006宇仫哲嗽亼圷併倴

51、剪傾奯困準(zhǔn)勇寉困準(zhǔn)偮厶夫哲俋噿噦凞媏冊凱宕俗剉去兔嫞奫亼圷塣卯噶匷婾媏咐媅亼季冊匷倇墽倕凖佴亼季併困準(zhǔn)勇寉兔困準(zhǔn)偮厶垾娫唺哆働嫭亼季倴剪傾奯併困準(zhǔn)勇寉困準(zhǔn)偮厶擊兼圮嚕圎併俁媏剪傾奯併困準(zhǔn)夒夫哲唺哆働併困準(zhǔn)夒倕儏孯乶剉囪嚕倓勞媅匭買尤奯併噖儣奯併去倕宊媅團(tuán)坤亼圷宕侷古侉倪奯兔孯乶奯併儏侷哲嗽僂侉倪宕侷圜圐併唺哆働困準(zhǔn)夒夫哲媅取宥倪圤宀剴鹵咻併困準(zhǔn)夒夫哲兔剉去夝俁俏去併困準(zhǔn)夒夫哲並 1-1儒哼古取宥倪圤併勞堈嘶卓例倍倫夓媅孯乶它奫兔圜圐奐儤匑唺哆働困準(zhǔn)孀孯乶它奫奐儤丹乒廚夨娒倪咻唺哆働併乥呁圕偃佾壿勜唺娌乖厈侾兔困準(zhǔn)孀乖 2005唝僑亀並哌哲嗽唺哆働併働囔夒?yún)蛙?12.9%3唺哆働咻史勝但厈侾噖偔夒媽俯唺哆働倏圃働囔圩僳佴乒佮凳團(tuán)併寶叟兔劬分啳亞塐寲囔乧併囶堈冽佮嫀凱亾墉唺伸奝併喥盧冊唺哆働娔叟夒併乥呁墉 10%尠媇姱厊夒併乥呁墉 15%尠媇4唺哆働堊噦委壿仉嘭伍倦姱厊