語(yǔ)法與詞匯備考策.ppt

1、語(yǔ)法與詞匯備考策略,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn),接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法 mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事) forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事) forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事) go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來(lái)去做另一件事 go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來(lái)的事) stop doing停止正在做的事 r

2、egret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔,不定式的習(xí)慣用法,句型： cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do 上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。,動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法,be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. Its

3、no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.,there be 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法,(1)做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如： The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before th

4、e final exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)),(2)做目的狀語(yǔ)或程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用for there to be，做其他狀語(yǔ)用there being。如： For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的狀語(yǔ)) It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can le

5、ave Jims car out quite safely. (for there to be在句中做程度狀語(yǔ)) There being no further questions, well stop here today. (there being做原因狀語(yǔ)),(3)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today. (4)做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用there being。如： He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contr

6、adiction in his inner thought.,(4)做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用there being。如： He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.,.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。 (1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如： A safety analysis would have

7、identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.,(2)介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如： But for the English examination I would have gone

8、to the concert last Sunday.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann 或was/were +不定式完成式 或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished +不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.,(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.,常用虛擬形式的句型

9、,(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬的句型： would rather would as soon as though suppose had rather would sooner as if supposing If only It is (high) time that(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過(guò)去式) 如：His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter any more. Id rather you went by train, because I cant bear the idea of your being in an

10、 airplane in such bad weather. If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.,(2)If it were not for (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) If it had not been for (與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如： If it had not been for hi

11、s help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.,(3)If only謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如?If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.,(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語(yǔ)用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himse

12、lf.,(5)whetheror有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.,幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨

13、，最好”，與had better相近。如： Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.,(2)cannot/canttoo “越越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover。如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.,(3)usednt或

14、didnt use to為used to (do)的否定式。,(4)should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如： I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.,有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型,(1)not so muchas與其說(shuō)不如說(shuō) The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medic

15、al care.,(2)no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.,(3)no /not any lessthan兩者一樣都 She is no less beaut

16、iful than her sister.,(4)just asso.正如，也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)) Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.,倒裝,下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝 never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by

17、 no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less,以only修飾狀語(yǔ)開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝 Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.,以下列副詞或短語(yǔ)開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝 often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to s

18、uch extremes, to such a point，many a time。如： So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.,以下列副詞開頭的句子，句子的主謂要全部倒裝 (1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in, up, away, on。如： Down jumped the burglar from the t

19、enth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. (2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如： Now is your turn. There goes the bell.,讓步從句的倒裝,(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如： Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.,(2)出現(xiàn)在句型

20、be+主語(yǔ)+其他, come what may中。如： Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledgebe it scientific or artistic. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, Ill be on your side.,比較從句的倒裝,as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。

21、注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.,as 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別,(1)as與the same, such, so, as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.,(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句

22、首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)。如： As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes. As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.,常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：,as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is kno

23、wn to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。,but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于whonot, thatnot 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如： There are few teachers but know how to use a computer. T

24、here is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.,復(fù)合句名詞性從句,1.what/whatever的用法 what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如： They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. (what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做主語(yǔ)) Water will continue to be what it is todaynext in import

25、ance to oxygen. (what既引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做表語(yǔ)),2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別 whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyone who，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。如： They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在從句中做主語(yǔ)),有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問題,引導(dǎo)詞通常為that, 但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why, when, where, how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義，其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如： The p

26、roblem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.,whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別,(1)主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)； (2)whether一般多用于賓語(yǔ)從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式； (3)whether or not可以連在一起用，而if or not則不能，or not只能放在句末；,(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，if則不能； (5)賓語(yǔ)從句提至謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)； (6)在question, ask后面一

27、般只用whether，question的同位語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo)； (7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn),(1)as 引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如： Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.,(2)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如: Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while oth

28、ers insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat under any circumstances.,(3)復(fù)合連接詞for all that和分詞granting/granted (that)引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如: Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited. For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldnt be seen as s

29、ubstitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn),(1)before表示漢語(yǔ)的 “只有/必須才能”。如: New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.,(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。如： I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.,(3

30、)when it comes to 是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到時(shí)”。如： Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.,(4)名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起連詞作用。如: I hope her health will have improved greatly by th

31、e time we come back next year. My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?” Mercurys velocity is so much greater than the Earths that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time i

32、t takes the Earth to complete one.,(5)副詞directly, immediately, instantly, now引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as。如: The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.,原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn),(1)in that引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí),有時(shí)翻譯成“是因?yàn)椤?、“就在于”。? Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser

33、 pays for the message to be delivered. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.,(2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鑒于”、“考慮到”。如: Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once. He did poorly in the exam

34、inations, considering how hard he had tried for them. Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I dont think you can stop her.,其他引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞語(yǔ)還有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。,while, whereas 引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句,如: While the teenage p

35、opulation in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.,sothat, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 如: Over

36、 the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them. He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.,in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬

37、語(yǔ)氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句 如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help. Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.,where作為連接副詞的一種用法, 翻譯為“在地方” 如: In Japan, a persons capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and inte

38、lligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.,與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：,(1)by/between/up to/till +過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial bei

39、ngs were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況),(2)by+將來(lái)時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.,(3)by now、since +過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/duri

40、ng/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如： The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. It i

41、s four years since John left school.,動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞,object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to,be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to

42、, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to,下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義： deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, rece

43、ntly come,可以接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞,mean to do想要(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) forget to do忘記(要做某事) forget doing忘記(已做的某事) go on to do繼而(做另一件事) go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來(lái)的事),propose to do打算(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事) remember to do記得(要做某事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事) stop to do停下來(lái)去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔,動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法,be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time