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1、詞類,英語(yǔ)中的單詞可以分為十大詞類: 1 名詞 n. teacher, book等。 2 代詞 pron. we ,me, he 等。 3 數(shù)詞 num. two,fifth 等。 4 動(dòng)詞 v. work, study, live 等。 5 形容詞 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。 6 副詞 adv . fast, quickly等。 7 冠詞 art. a, an, the等。 8 介詞 prep. in, on,by,with等。 9 連詞 conj. and, but等。 10 感嘆詞 interj. Oh,ah等。,名詞,名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。 專
2、有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱。 如Beijing,China等。 專有名詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě),且都是不可數(shù)名詞。,普通名詞,1)個(gè)體名詞:表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:gun。 2)集體名詞:表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family。 3)物質(zhì)名詞:表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air。 4)抽象名詞:表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞,名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化,1)child-children foot-feet man-men tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwome
3、n 2) 單復(fù)同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,means, works. 3)有些總稱意義的名詞,形式是單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù)。例如:people,police,cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)。 4) 以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:maths,politics,physics學(xué)科名詞, news等,名詞的格,英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下: 1) 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s,如the boys bag 男孩的書(shū)包,復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s,也要加s,如mens room
4、 男廁所。 2) 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ,只加 ,如:the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。 3) 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有s,則表示分別有;只有一個(gè)s,則表示共有。例如: Johns and Marys rooms(兩間) John and Marys room(一間),冠詞,不使用冠詞,定冠詞,不定冠詞,a an,the,零冠詞,冠詞的 分類,在下列字母前加a/an a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z,an,a,a,a,an,an,a,an,an,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,
5、a,a,a,an,a,a,不定冠詞的用法,a用在以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前 an用在以元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g. _book _ egg _ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本用法:指人或事物的某一種類,e.g. She is a girl. 她是女孩 This is a desk. 這是一張書(shū)桌,泛指某人或者某物,但又不具體說(shuō)明何人何物,e.g. I can see a kite. 我能看見(jiàn)一只風(fēng)箏 A boy is in Grade 1. 一個(gè)男孩在一年級(jí),表示“數(shù)量”,“有一”“每一”的意思,e.g. We ha
6、ve six classes a day. 我們一天上六節(jié)課,定冠詞的用法,基本用法:“特指”特指某(些)人或者某(些)事物,以便與其他的人或物有所區(qū)別,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g.The book on the desk is Jims. 書(shū)桌上的那本書(shū)是吉姆的 The chairs are there. 椅子在那里,指談話雙方都知道的人或事物,e.g. Where is the kite? 風(fēng)箏在哪兒?(雙方都知道指的是哪只風(fēng)箏) Open the door, please.請(qǐng)把門(mén)打開(kāi)(雙方都知道要打開(kāi)哪扇門(mén)),在敘述中,上文提到過(guò)的人或者事物,再次出現(xiàn)時(shí),e.g. :I can se
7、e a kite. 我看見(jiàn)一只風(fēng)箏 :where is the kite?這個(gè)風(fēng)箏在那里?,用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示“一家人”,e.g. the Blacks 布來(lái)克一家,定冠詞的用法,用在宇宙間獨(dú)一無(wú)二的天體名詞之前,5. 6. 7. 8.,e.g.the sun the sky the moon the earth,用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí),及形容詞only, very, same 前,e.g. I live on the second floor.我住在二樓 Skating is the best sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的運(yùn)動(dòng),與單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如t
8、he dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍,或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the living 生者。,用在表示樂(lè)器的名詞之前,e.g. the violin the piano,定冠詞的用法,用在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中,9.,e.g.in the day in the morning / aftrnoon/ evening in the dark in the distance in the middle (of) in the end/beginning at the end/beginning of by the way go to the theatre (cinema),零冠詞的用
9、法,名詞前有了物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞和“”所有格時(shí)。,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g. Our books those apples Jims pen,附復(fù)數(shù)名詞在表示一類人或者事物時(shí)。,e.g. They are teachers. 他們是老師。,在專有名詞前,e.g. China England,在星期、月份、節(jié)日前,e.g. on Sunday in August on Childrens Day,不使用冠詞的情況,零冠詞的用法,在球類運(yùn)動(dòng)前及三餐名詞前。,5. 6.,e.g. play football/ basketball have supper,在一些固定搭配中,e.g.
10、at night go to school at table by bike at work go to bed at school at home watch TV,不使用冠詞的情況,下列詞組中,有無(wú)冠詞意義不同。,go to school _ go to the school _,上學(xué),去學(xué)校,take place _ take the place of _,發(fā)生,代替,in front of _ in the front of _,在的前面,在的前部,數(shù) 詞,(1)基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量的多少one,two,ten (2)序數(shù)詞表示數(shù)的順序 first,second, twelfth 其前要加上
11、冠詞the或代詞。序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式如first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st等。,(1)年、月、日、時(shí)刻表達(dá)法 2005年4月10日-April 10,2005,6時(shí)-6:00, 5月1日-May 1,12時(shí)-12 oclock, 5:30-half past five, 8:45-a quarter to nine, (2)分?jǐn)?shù)小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)方法 o.15-zero point one five 40% forty percent 56% fifty-six percen (3)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí),分子的序數(shù)詞用
12、單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: 1/3 one-third;3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,代詞 一.概念: 代詞是代替名詞的詞, 按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等。 二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講 1.人稱代詞1)人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格,如下表所示。,2)人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語(yǔ),賓格作賓語(yǔ)。如: I like table tennis. (作主語(yǔ)) Do you know him?(作賓語(yǔ)) 3)人稱代詞還可作表語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格。如:-Who is knocking at th
13、e door? -Its me. 4)人稱代詞在than之后與其他人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用主格和賓格都可以。如: He is older than me. He is older than I am.,2. 物主代詞1)表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性 物主代詞,如下表所示。,2)形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,可在句中作定語(yǔ)。例如: Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3)名詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。 Our school is here, and
14、 theirs is there.(作主語(yǔ))- Is this English-book yours? (作表語(yǔ)) - No. Mine is in my bag. Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作賓語(yǔ)),3. 指示代詞指示代詞包括:this,that,these,those。 1) this和these一般用來(lái)指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物或人,that和those 則指時(shí)間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物或人,例如: This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy thes
15、e days In those days the workers had a hard time,2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過(guò)的事物,this 和these則是指下面將要講 到的事物,例如:I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English,4. 反身代詞 英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我們自己,你們自己 等意義的代詞稱為反身代詞,也有人稱之為自身代名詞,其形式如表所示。,enjoy one
16、self, make oneself at home, make oneself understoodheardfor oneself為自己, of oneself自然地,自動(dòng)地 by oneself獨(dú)自地,,反身代詞,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his himself,she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their th
17、eirs themselves,5不定代詞: some與any:some一般用于肯定句中,但在表示請(qǐng)求并希望對(duì)方能給予肯定回答時(shí),可用于疑問(wèn)句中;any一般用于否定和疑問(wèn)句中,但當(dāng)any強(qiáng)調(diào)“任何”時(shí),也可用于肯定句中。 同理,something,somebody,someone的用法同some;anything,anybody,anyone的用法同any。,one,both,all,one指人或物,“一個(gè)”,其復(fù)數(shù)為ones, This is not the one I want.(表語(yǔ)) both指人或指物,“兩者都” This maths problem can be worked ou
18、t in both ways.(定語(yǔ)) 注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定時(shí),用neither。 Both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我們倆都不是教師。 All “全部的”、“整個(gè)的”,可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的錢(qián)給了我。,All the schools are flooded.所有的學(xué)校都被淹了。 注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:
19、Not all the ants go out for food. All the ants dont go out for food. 并不是所有的螞蟻都出去尋找食物。 None of the money is mine. 這錢(qián)一分也不是我的。,few, little; a few, a little,few和little表示沒(méi)有多少,含否定意義;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義。另外,few、a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞;little、a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。它們?cè)诰渲谐S米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。,Other, others ,the other, the o
20、thers 和 another,the other表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”; other意思是“其他的”,不能單獨(dú)使用,后面必須接名詞,表泛指;others可指其他的人或東西,相當(dāng)于other+名詞復(fù)數(shù); the others特指或定指其他某些人或物(有范圍的時(shí)候),相當(dāng)于the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 another修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,意為“(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的)另一個(gè)”,不能指兩者中的另一個(gè),在句中可作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。,He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, th
21、e others(the other pens)are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other students)are dancing. Please give me another book.,6相互代詞:each other用于兩者或兩者以上;one another用于三者或三者以上,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中它們可通用。 7疑問(wèn)代詞:what指事或物,不強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍;who(whom,whose)指人;which既可指人也可指物,但強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍。 8關(guān)系代詞:what,who,whom,whose,which,that,as,,The Use of
22、“it”,代詞 it,引導(dǎo)詞 it,It句型的歸納 Sentences With “it”,表示時(shí)間、天氣、距離 季節(jié)、 環(huán)境、情況等,Its time for lunch.,When spring comes, it gets warmer and warmer.,Its about two hours from here to the zoo.,Its winter now.,It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.,代詞 - it,1 作形式主語(yǔ),代替由不定式(或不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正主語(yǔ)。,It is exciting to f
23、ind an ancient tomb. (代替不定式) It was wrong for you not to help her. (代替不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)) It is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.(代替主語(yǔ)從句),引導(dǎo)詞,2作形式賓語(yǔ),代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語(yǔ)。,He feels it his duty to help others.,We thought it no use doing that.,I find it difficult to solve the probl
24、em.,引導(dǎo)詞,3用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分(通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),常用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) “It is (was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+ that (或who) ”,I saw Li Ping in the street yesterday.,引導(dǎo)詞,It was I that / who saw Li Ping in the street this morning.,It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning.,It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morni
25、ng.,It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping in the street.,it - 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),5. It is + no use + 動(dòng)名詞,It is no use regretting your past mistakes. It is no use crying over split milk. It is no good learning English without speaking English.,能以動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的這類句子并不多,主要在以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, 等詞作表語(yǔ)的句子中用。,6.
26、 It + be + adj. /n. + that-clause,It is very clear that hes tall like a tree.,It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.,Adj:obvious, necessary,right,strange, natural, true N:a fact, a shame, an honor, no wonder,介詞,早、午、晚要用in,例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day
27、 在白天,at黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分,例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候 at noon 在中午 at dusk 在黃昏 at night 在夜間 at midnight 在午夜 at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10點(diǎn)30分,年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周, 陽(yáng)光、燈、影、衣、冒雨 in,,在“某年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某 日則用on),在四季,在第幾周等都要用in。 即在陽(yáng)光下,在燈下,在樹(shù)陰下,穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。,將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)in.以后,They will come back in 10
28、 days. 他們將10天以后回來(lái)。 Come and see me in two days time. 兩天后來(lái)看我。(從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始) after. (從過(guò)去開(kāi)始),日子、日期、年月日,星期,年月日加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。,on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午 on the morning of 18th 18日早晨,工具、同、和、隨with,具有,獨(dú)立、就、原因,With the development of science and technology,more and more people
29、 can use computer to communicate with others. China is a very large country with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有) What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就,關(guān)于) With the help of my classmate,海、陸、空、車(chē)、偶、被by,單數(shù)人類known to man,例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陸路(航空,水陸,水路,乘公共汽車(chē)) by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然 It
30、 is known (to man/us) that., as we all know, .=as is known to us,. 眾所周知. 這里用to man而不用by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無(wú)冠詞的man和known搭配時(shí),表示人類不用by。,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周,介詞省略已習(xí)慣,over, under正上下above, below則不然 低高below與above,The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過(guò)城市上空。(高于城市并非正上方) A lamp was hanging
31、over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方) The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30. 室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可),beyond超出、無(wú)、不能 , against 靠著,對(duì)與反,Its quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。 beyond my control She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著),ing型由于、鑒,除了,除外與包含。 之后,關(guān)于,
32、在方面,有關(guān)介詞須記全。,considering 由于; respecting鑒于: excepting 除了: including包含: regarding 關(guān)于:相當(dāng)于about concerning 有關(guān):,Conjunction,連詞,連詞概說(shuō) 作用:用來(lái)連接連接詞、詞組、句子或從句的詞。,連詞的分類,并列連詞 從屬連詞,一、并列連詞 1.表示平行或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的并列連詞: and, as well as, “和” ; bothand “和兩個(gè)都”; not onlybut also “不但而且” neithernor “既不也不” 等。,They work and live in She
33、nzhen. He is a scientist as well as a poet. A man should have both courage and perseverance. He can neither read nor write. He is not only clever but also diligent. She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.,not only but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí),如果是not only在句首,第一個(gè)句子必須倒裝。 他不但喜歡讀小說(shuō),還會(huì)寫(xiě)一些。 Not only does
34、he like reading novels, but also he can write some.,2. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞: but “但是”; however “然而”; while “而”; yet “然而”; nevertheless “然而” 等。 He worked hard, but he failed at last. Id like to go with you. However, my hands are full. She failed many times.Nevertheless, she went on with experiment. This is a
35、glorious yet difficult task. Some people like coffee, while other like tea.,3. 表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞: or “或者”; eitheror “要么要么” whether.or等。 We will die without air or water. 不是你對(duì),就是我對(duì)。 Either you or I am right. Whether he will come or not is still unknown.,Summary: (主謂一致) 1.and, bothand, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。 2.
36、not onlybut also, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般以靠近謂語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)為準(zhǔn)就近一致原則。用到就近一直原則的連詞還有:or, nor, eitheror, neithernor等 3.as well as, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般和第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致就遠(yuǎn)一致原則。用到這個(gè)原則的連詞還有:with, together with, along with等。,二.從屬連詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)連接主句和從句的連詞。 分為引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞和引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ) 從句的連詞。,1. 引導(dǎo)名詞性的從句,(1). that,(2). 連接代詞 who, whom, which, what,(3). 連接副詞 when
37、, where,how,why,whether,2. 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞,(1). 時(shí)間: when, while, as 當(dāng)時(shí) when+瞬間,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 while+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 as+瞬間,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 “隨著” till/until, once, as soon as(一就),(2). 原因:,because, for, as, since, therefore, so, etc. because 語(yǔ)氣最重,引導(dǎo)的原因一般回答why提出的問(wèn)題,它是句子重心所在。 For是并列連詞,所說(shuō)明的原因只是一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,它引導(dǎo)的分句一般不能放在句首。 as引導(dǎo)的從句表示明顯為人所知的理由或不如句子其
38、余部分重要,它一般放于句首,也可放在主句之后,常用語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中,語(yǔ)氣較because, since弱。 since與as意思相近,語(yǔ)氣較as強(qiáng),也較正式些,一般放在句末,也可放在句首。,Mary was absent, because she was ill. It must have been rained last night, for the ground is wet. Since youre ill, you dont have to go to school today. As all the seats were full, she had to stand there for 2
39、hours. Mother is busy so I often help her. It rained.Therefore, the football match was postponed.,(3). 讓步: though/ although不與but連用. as(盡管), even if/ though (即使),盡管天氣冷,可他仍繼續(xù)工作.,Though it was cold, he went on working.,= Cold as it is , he went on working.,形容詞,定義 :adjective 簡(jiǎn)稱adj.形容詞用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞, 表示人或事物的性
40、質(zhì), 狀態(tài),和特征。,用法 :形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ), 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。,(1)放在名詞前做定語(yǔ)。 She is a good student Mary is an honest, hardworking girl. (2)放在系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)。 This film is very interesting. She looks younger than her age. (3)放在賓語(yǔ)后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 We painted the wall white. His coming made us happy.,主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對(duì)比相同。,這個(gè)盒子和我的一樣大。
41、 This box is as big as mine. 這件衣服同那件衣服一樣便宜。 This coat is as cheap as that one.,用形容詞表示類別和整體,他經(jīng)常幫助窮人。 He always helps the poor. 我喜歡同年輕人談話。 I like to have a talk with the young.,以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞,大部分形容詞詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 有些以-ly 結(jié)尾的詞既為形容詞,也為副詞。daily,w
42、eekly,monthly,yearly,early,morethan有時(shí)表示“與其說(shuō), 倒不如說(shuō)”,與其說(shuō)他聰明,不如說(shuō)他勤奮 He is more diligent than wise. 與其說(shuō)他是一位老師,不如說(shuō)更像一位朋友 He is more a friend than a teacher.,有時(shí)用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)的意思, 如:,She cant be more beautiful. He works harder than the other students in his class. He works harder than any other student in his c
43、lass.,副詞,副詞adverbs縮寫(xiě) adv.,是用來(lái)修飾或說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞類。說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。如:often經(jīng)常,there那里,very很,slowly慢慢地,(一)定義,(二)副詞的分類,副詞分類,例詞,時(shí)間副詞,地點(diǎn)副詞,方式副詞,程度副詞,now, then, often, early, never,still,rather,much, hardly,well,slowly,hard,badly,there,here,below,above,關(guān)系副詞,疑問(wèn)副詞,連接副詞,其他副詞,also,not,only,too,when,where,why,
44、whether,how,when,where,why,when,where,why,(三)副詞在句中的作用,1、做狀語(yǔ) 1)修飾動(dòng)詞,如: Its raining heavily. 雨下得很大 2)修飾形容詞,如: Its rather a difficult job. 這是一項(xiàng)相當(dāng)難的工作。,3)修飾其他副詞,如: Dont ride too fast. 不要騎得太快。 4)修飾介詞短語(yǔ) Where is the broom? 掃帚在哪里?,5) 修飾從句 This exactly what he said. 這正是他所說(shuō)的. 6) 修飾名詞,代詞及數(shù)詞,如: Life here is fu
45、ll of joy.,動(dòng)詞,根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動(dòng)詞可分為四類,,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb) make, 系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb) 助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb),系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。,1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài),只有be一詞, 2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有keep, remain, stay, 3)表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示看起來(lái)像這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 4)感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有
46、feel, smell, sound, taste 5)變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣,主要有become, get,助動(dòng)詞,協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)。最常用的助動(dòng)詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等,動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語(yǔ),可分為兩類,分別是:及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞,英語(yǔ)縮寫(xiě)形式分別為vt. 和vi.。 說(shuō)明:同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如: She can dance and sing. (sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。) She can sing many E
47、nglish songs. (sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。),語(yǔ)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)(voice)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,用以表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。 語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如 ManypeoplespeakEnglish. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,如 Englishisspokenbymanypeople.,The door was opened.,Be 動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去分詞,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),要求:掌握動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài),能選擇正確的時(shí)態(tài)寫(xiě)作。,教學(xué)大綱要求的常用的8種時(shí)態(tài):,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) yet; by this time; just; ever; never
48、; so far ; till now ; before; now that等。,They have already finished reading the text .,He has seen the film before.,2)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去。常與since 引導(dǎo)的從句或短語(yǔ),或for (有時(shí)省去)+時(shí)間積累數(shù)連用。,I have lived in the small village since last year.,14,1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:yesterday, last week, an hour
49、ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.,一般過(guò)去時(shí),1)shall用于第一人稱,will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,。 Which paragraph shall I read first. 2)be going to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃,安排
50、要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 3) be +不定式表將來(lái),按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。,一般將來(lái)時(shí),1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to have done sth. 2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成
51、:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。 b. 動(dòng)作完成:表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.,將來(lái)完成時(shí),句子成分,英語(yǔ)的句子成分一般包括 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 同位語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)(Subject) 主語(yǔ)是句子的主體,是句子所要說(shuō)明的人或事物。 書(shū)本是知識(shí)的源泉。 Book is the resource of knowledge. 主語(yǔ)
52、通常是一些代表事物性或?qū)嶓w性的名詞。 除了名詞可擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)外,還有 代詞、數(shù)詞、 動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、 從句均可作主語(yǔ). What he has said is true.,謂語(yǔ)(Predicate) 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”, 由動(dòng)詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)任. I like apple .我喜歡蘋(píng)果 They are student. 他們是學(xué)生。 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb)+ 系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)+,賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)(Object) 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,是主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作的承 受者,有賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞稱為及物動(dòng)詞,賓語(yǔ) 一般在及物動(dòng)詞之后, 作賓語(yǔ)的詞有名詞,代詞, 數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不
53、定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等,如: I like English very much . We must find out who signed the contract.,Predicative ( 表語(yǔ)) 表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份,特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如 be, become ,get, look, turn, seem 等)之后. He is an astronaut(宇航員). His job is to teach English. What I want to know is when we will have the sports meeting. 表語(yǔ)一般由名詞,代詞,形容詞,
54、 數(shù)詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,過(guò)去分詞, 以及表語(yǔ)從句表示.,定語(yǔ) (Attribute) 定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的,如: I like red apple .我喜歡紅蘋(píng)果 一般為形容詞。除形容詞之外,數(shù)詞、名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等,都可作定語(yǔ)。 They made paper flowers. 他們生產(chǎn)紙花。 I have something to tell you. 我有事要告訴你。,狀語(yǔ) (Adverbial) 狀語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的,時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,結(jié)果,目的,方式,伴隨,條件,程度,讓步,頻率等. I waited to see you. He often went
55、 to school by bus. Please call me if it is necessary. This book is very interesting. He always comes late to school. 作狀語(yǔ)的詞有副詞或相當(dāng)于副詞的短語(yǔ)、從句。,補(bǔ)語(yǔ) (Complement) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞雖然有了賓語(yǔ),但句子的意思仍不完整,還需要在賓語(yǔ)之后增加一個(gè)成分以補(bǔ)足其意義,這種成分叫賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。 I found the book interesting. He made himself known to them. 能作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞、動(dòng)詞
56、不定式、分詞。,同位語(yǔ)(Appositive) 同位語(yǔ)用來(lái)對(duì)一個(gè)詞或詞的內(nèi)容加以補(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明。它通常位于其說(shuō)明的詞或詞組之后。 We Chinese are hard-working. You two are very lazy. The truth that he has never been abroad makes me suprised.,I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主語(yǔ), 謂 語(yǔ), 定語(yǔ), 賓 語(yǔ), 同位語(yǔ), 狀 語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握
57、各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。 英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下: 一: (主謂) 二: (主謂賓) 三: (主謂/系表) 四: (主謂間賓直賓) 五: (主謂賓賓補(bǔ)),1.S(主) + Vi(不及物動(dòng)詞)(謂) Time flies. 1) S + Vi + adverbial(狀語(yǔ)) Birds sing beautifully. 2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase(介詞短語(yǔ)) He went on holiday. 3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式) We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分詞) Ill go
58、swimming.,2. S (主)+ Vt (及物動(dòng)詞)(謂)+ O(賓)We like English.1) S + VT + N/PronI like music.2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式)I want to help him.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, propose, purpose, refuse, want, 等。3) S + VT + Wh-Word + InfinitiveI dont kno
59、w what to do.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。,4) S + VT + GerundI enjoy living here.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss,
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