英語段落寫作.ppt

1、English Paragraph Writing英語段落寫作,段落寫作,段落是文章內(nèi)容中具有一個(gè)完整意義的外部表現(xiàn)形 態(tài)，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本單位。段落通常由若干個(gè)對(duì) 一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)展開論述的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句子組成。但 段落并非是句子的隨意堆砌，句子內(nèi)容之間應(yīng)該具 有連貫和邏輯性。段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是單一的， 一個(gè)段落只能表達(dá)一個(gè)意思，而不能把意思上互不 相關(guān)的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落內(nèi)容的龐雜錯(cuò)亂 ；段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是完整的，一個(gè)意思應(yīng)當(dāng)盡 量集中在一個(gè)段落里陳述，最好不要分割成兩段或 幾段，而使段落內(nèi)容支離破碎。,English Paragraph Writing,1 Paragraph Str

2、ucture 2 Paragraph Unity 3 Paragraph Coherence,段落的整體性,段落的構(gòu)成,段落的連貫性,1. Paragraph Structure 段落的構(gòu)成,One English paragraph usually includes the following three parts: (1) Topic Sentence主題句 Supporting / Developing Sentence 輔助句 / 支撐句 / 發(fā)展句 (3) Concluding Sentence 結(jié)尾句,Topic sentence 主題句,在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做

3、主題句。一個(gè)好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度成為主題思想（controlling idea）。主題句限定了在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的段落中所允許討論的內(nèi)容。 例： 主題句Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.該句中g(shù)old是主題詞，two important characteristics 是表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞。,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Three essential points: 3個(gè)要點(diǎn) 主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，包括一個(gè)

4、主語，一 個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，常常還帶有其它修飾語。下面的例子中 雖然有的包括主題思想，但并不是完整的句子。 Fragments： Driving on freeways. How to register for college classes. The benefits of television to children.,Revised sentences: Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness機(jī)敏. Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for n

5、ew students. Television benefits young children in three major ways.,Fragments： Driving on freeways. How to register for college classes. The benefits of television to children.,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Three essential points: 2.主題句由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成 主題詞表明討論的對(duì)象。主題思想的表述部分 限制或控制這個(gè)主題在一個(gè)段落中能夠被論

6、述 的具體方面。它應(yīng)該是能夠展述主題思想的一 個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語，即關(guān)鍵詞。,Topic and controlling idea,The topic sentence gives a paragraph direction and purpose. It tells what the paragraph is about (the topic), and how the writer will develop that topic (the controlling idea). 試分析下列的主題句：,例1 The Womens Movement has had several effects o

7、n the English language. 在這個(gè)主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是several effects，它規(guī)定了談?wù)摰闹黝}和內(nèi)容。為了論證這個(gè)主題思想，作者應(yīng)提供具體細(xì)節(jié)或?qū)嵗齺砘卮疬@樣的問題：“What reasons did I have for saying several effects?” 有可能列出以下原因： 1）It has created Ms., a title for women comparable to Mr. for men. 2)The Movement has changed the ending of several compound words

8、from man to person. 3) The Movement is responsible for some new terms.,例2 Students on this campus recently voiced several complaints. 問題：該主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是什么？ 答案： several complaints 所以在主題句后，應(yīng)輔以細(xì)節(jié)來論證主題思想several complaints。有可能列出下列事實(shí)： 1）They voiced dissatisfaction with the campus lighting. 2) They expre

9、ssed their disgust with the cafeteria food. 3) They protested the grading politics of the instructors.,例3 Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit . 該主題句中，主題是the habit of smoking cigarettes, 主題思想是Smoking cigarettes can be expensive。 在此句中expensive是表示主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞，在展開 主題句的段落中，應(yīng)論證吸煙的確是開銷較大的一種習(xí) 慣。下面是一個(gè)說明

10、主題展開的段落提綱。 1）Cigarettes cost about seventy-five cents. 2）The average smoker smokes two packs a day. 3）The annual expense for this smoker is $547.50. 4）The smoker must also pay for extra cleaning of carpets, furniture, and clothes.,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,3.由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性 的陳述而不提供具

11、體的細(xì)節(jié)，它能被段落中其它句子 解釋、論證或分析。主題句應(yīng)該對(duì)該段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng) 概括和限制。主題句如果太過籠統(tǒng)，就不能包含具體的 思想和觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)段落如何展開缺乏指導(dǎo)和限定，使讀者 由于內(nèi)容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容； 主題句如果太具體，讀者就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)作者對(duì)這段內(nèi)容已無 發(fā)揮、充實(shí)的余地，而無法將主題句展開。,Which is a good topic sentence?,1. American food is terrible. 2. American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canne

12、d, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 3. American food is tasteless and greasy.,1. American food is terrible. 第一句作為主題句不合適，因?yàn)榫渥觾?nèi)容闡述過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象，段落擴(kuò)展的發(fā)揮點(diǎn)不明確。 2. American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged

13、foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. 第二句缺乏概括性的特點(diǎn)，局限于某個(gè)具體事務(wù)，而在文字和內(nèi)容上無法再進(jìn)一步展開。,3. American food is tasteless and greasy. 第三句具有概括性的觀點(diǎn)，可以通過列舉事實(shí)、說明理由，補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)材料，展開段落內(nèi)容。所以，這是一個(gè)比較好的主題句。 試分析下面的句子：是否能做主題句？ Hong Kong is famous for its developed economy, high standard of living, and intercultura

14、l atmosphere. 分析：這個(gè)句子包含了過多的信息，主體不明確，這會(huì)使段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性。句中所闡述的三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容是互不相關(guān)的，不能單獨(dú)放再單獨(dú)的一個(gè)段落內(nèi)敘述，而應(yīng)放在三個(gè)段落里寫。改寫為： Hong Kong is famous for its developed economy，就可以成為一個(gè)比較好的主題句了。,Activity,Identify which is the topic sentence: 1. Systolic pressure收縮壓between 140 and 160 indicates borderline hypertension. 2. In the us

15、ual blood pressure reading, the systolic measurement is given first and is the higher of the two. 3. Systolic pressure is taken when the heart is contracting to pump blood; diastolic pressure舒張壓 is taken when the heart is resting between beats. 心臟收縮泵血時(shí)測(cè)得收縮壓；心臟舒張時(shí)測(cè)得舒張壓,Activity,Identify which is the

16、topic sentence: 4. Blood pressure measurement has two components: systolic and diastolic. 5. Normal blood pressure is a systolic measurement of 140, and when the systolic pressure is 160 or higher, then hypertension exists.,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Position of Topic Sentence: 主題句的位置 主題句的位置

17、比較靈活，通常位于段首，其優(yōu) 點(diǎn)是開門見山，一目了然。用演繹法寫的段落也 稱 “擴(kuò)張法”，就是以概述主題開首，隨之輔以細(xì) 說，即用具體細(xì)節(jié)或事例來演繹展開主題句中的 主題思想。 主題句有時(shí)也位于段落的中間。這種寫作方法 常用來比較或?qū)Ρ炔煌膶?duì)象。段中主題句起承 上啟下，使上下文平衡的作用。,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Position of Topic Sentence: 主題句的位置 用歸納法寫段落也稱作“收攏法”，從細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)，最后歸納到段落的中心論點(diǎn)。用此種方法寫作時(shí)，主題句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依據(jù)上文的細(xì)節(jié)推論出的論點(diǎn)，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。

18、 在有的段落中，主題句甚至不直接寫出來，而是通過細(xì)節(jié)的陳述含蓄地表達(dá)出段落的主題思想。是，需有讀者意會(huì)。,盡管主題句可以出現(xiàn)在段落中的任何位置，但對(duì)于英語寫作的初學(xué)者來說，大多數(shù)情況下，采用段首主題句的方法進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)，便于擴(kuò)展和限制全段的寫作，是一種行之有效的方法。我們必須明確，主題句無論出現(xiàn)在段落的何處，都必須是段落內(nèi)容的焦點(diǎn)，即必須涵蓋段落其它句子所闡述的論點(diǎn)。,Practice,Read each of the following paragraphs. If you find a topic sentence, underline it.,Paragraph1 Changes in

19、the prices of goods can cause changes in production and consumption. Production increases when the prices are high. As the prices of goods go up, producers make more goods because they can make more money when they sell the goods. On the other hand, consumption incrassates when the prices are low. A

20、s the prices goods go down, consumers buy more goods because of the low prices.,Paragraph2 Albert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses, failed his university entrance examinations on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americans noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass

21、 his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.,How to Write Good Supporting Sentences,輔助句也

22、稱展開句或推展句。 輔助句是主題句的延伸 ，是段落中對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行具體論證的句子，即以具體 的和真實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)段落主題進(jìn)行闡述、說明、舉證或 引申，從而擴(kuò)展深化主題。 學(xué)生在英語寫作中存在的一個(gè)最大的問題常常是在文 章中缺乏組走的信息和具體細(xì)節(jié)來說明或支持段落主 題。要寫好輔助句，必須注意所有輔助句的闡述都要 與主題密切相關(guān)，要有充分的論證細(xì)節(jié)來說明主題思 想，保持句子的連貫性，所有的句子都應(yīng)按其邏輯順 序排列。,例 My roommate Paul possesses the characteristics of a good student. One of his characteristic

23、s is always being prepared for classes. For example, when his philosophy professor assigns a class discussion on the idea of Kant（康德）, he goes to the library and does extensive research on the subject. In addition, when his English instructor assigns an out-of-class essay, he brings to class the fin

24、al copy of an essay that he has revised several times. 在這個(gè)段落中，輔助句以簡(jiǎn)明和獨(dú)特的具體實(shí)例來論證和展開主題句，而且所有句子都統(tǒng)一于這個(gè)主題。,Activity,Try developing the topic sentences. Illustrate your personality with specific examples. I am a very sensitive person. I am a very independent person. I think I would be a good friend.,I am

25、a very sensitive person, and thats good to a point. I feel everyone should be able to feel or understand what others are going through. But when you hurt, cry, or are unhappy for people you dont know, or for a movie that is not real, then I think thats a little too sensitive. Thats the way I am.,I a

26、m a very independent person. I must do things for myself. I dont like people doing things for me, or helping me, or giving me things. Its not that I dont appreciate it, because I do. I just feel that when someone does something for you, you owe them, and if there is one thing I dont like to feel, it

27、s that I owe anyone anything.,I think I would be a good friend. I would do almost anything for someone I like, and would share or give anything I have. Im very caring and understanding. People trust me with their secrets, and theyre right for doing so because I never tell any secret that is told to

28、me. Im always there to help in any way that I can. All you have to do is ask.,How to Write a Good Concluding Sentence,使用表示段落結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞，如“in conclusion, in summary, finally, in brief, in sum, to conclude, all in all”等。 對(duì)段落要點(diǎn)加以總結(jié)。 對(duì)主題加以評(píng)論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。,Activity,Write a concluding sentence based on the giv

29、en outline. Topic Sentence: There are three things that would make me the happiest person in the world. Body Part: A happy family life A satisfying career Inner peace and security Concluding Sentence: In conclusion, if I could have a good home life, a challenging job, and inner strength, I would be

30、contented and satisfied with my life.,Practice,Finish writing the concluding sentences: Producers make more goods when prices are high, and consumers buy more goods when prices are low. As prices go up, producers make more goods because they can make more money for their goods. As prices go down, co

31、nsumers buy more goods because of the low prices. This shows us,how changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in production and consumption.,Practice,Try to appreciate the following paragraph, and identify： (1) Topic sentence (2) Supporting sentences (3) Concluding sentences,Of all the four s

32、easons, I have a stronger preference for spring. Spring is the season when nature wakes up from her long winter sleep, and everything starts to grow. You can always listen for birds singing, witness butterflies dancing and watch bees busy with flowers. Spring is a season associated with beautiful la

33、ndscape. The sky is crystal clear, so is the water with beautiful red flowers and lovely green grass surrounding,you. Spring is a soft song, sweet and melodious. When I am in a bad mood, I will occasionally search my memories for the notes of this song. When I meet with difficulties, I sing the song

34、 to find comfort, nourishment, strength and inspiration in its gentle tune. That is spring my favorite season, dynamic and colorful, which always fills me with joy and gives me peace of mind.,keys,Of all the four seasons, I have a stronger preference for spring. Spring is the season when nature wake

35、s up from her long winter sleep, and everything starts to grow. You can always listen for birds singing, witness butterflies dancing and watch bees busy with flowers. Spring is a season associated with beautiful landscape. The sky is crystal clear, so is the water with beautiful red flowers and love

36、ly green grass surrounding,主題句,you. Spring is a soft song, sweet and melodious. When I am in a bad mood, I will occasionally search my memories for the notes of this song. When I meet with difficulties, I sing the song to find comfort, nourishment, strength and inspiration in its gentle tune. That i

37、s spring my favorite season, dynamic and colorful, which always fills me with joy and gives me peace of mind.,keys,結(jié)尾句,2.2 Paragraph Unity,段落的一致性是指文章基于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的主題，段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致，每個(gè)段落只能闡述一個(gè)中心思想，每一個(gè)句子都應(yīng)與主題句密切相關(guān)，那些與主題無關(guān)和不能展開論證主題思想的句子應(yīng)刪去，從而形成一個(gè)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)亩温浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。 閱讀下面段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。,There are few places in the world today

38、 that have not been spoiled by industrial development and pollution. The air we breathe is more often than not polluted by the smoke from factory chimneys and the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers, lakes and seas. And by covering more and more of the earths surface with buildings and roads, we are erecting huge barriers of concrete between ourselves and nature. It would appear that we are purposely cutting ourselve