煤礦工作面的安全性分析(外文資料及中文翻譯)

1、外文資料與中文翻譯外文資料：Safety Analysis on Fully Mechanized Mining FaceLiyun WUYuzhong YANGSchool of Energy Science & Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo,Henan,ChinaAbstract：The safety of fully mechanized mining face was analyzed with man-machine-environment system engineering theory and methodol

2、ogyThe causes and countermeasures of human errors are put forwardThe relationship between casualty accident and workersstuff and fatigue is analyzedCasualty accident is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using ETA and FTA methodsGrey correlative analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis are used to

3、 analyze environment factorsFinally, the safety of fully mechanized mining face in Xinzhuang coal mine is evaluated with grey entropy synthetic evaluation modelThe problems existing in fully mechanized mining face are pointed outKeywords：safety analysis; man-machine-environment system engineering; f

4、ully mechanized mining face1IntroductionMan-Machine-Environment System Engineering is a new and developing comprehensive frontier science which came into being at the beginning of 1980sIt analyzes and researches man, machine, environment of the system, which are the three main factors in the system,

5、 and their relationship between them so that the whole system is in the condition of safety and high efficiency in the light of systemFully mechanized mining has been the mainstream technology in coal mining for the sake of its safety and high efficiency with the advancement of science and technolog

6、yAt the same time, it is also the approach for coal mines to enhance its output and economic benefitHowever, the underground working face accidents happen frequently1,which has heavily affected and restricted the safety and the production of coal minesAs a result, it is significant to deeply researc

7、h and analyze the safety of man-machine-environment system in fully mechanization mining face2Analysis of human factorMan is the main body, the key to create wealth and to attain the aim in the man-machine-environment systemOn the other hand, man is also the main factor to induce accidentsThe combin

8、ation of mans unsafe behavior and unsafe machinery that is usually formed by man induces accident to happen21Causes of human errors and control of them211causes of human errorsThe author considers that a human error means the man didnt finish the prescriptive function or didnt finish the prescriptiv

9、e function in time under the prescriptive conditionsAs a result, man, machine or environment of the system suffers loss to some extentThe following causes inducing human errors are analyzed through investigating some coal mines(1)Safety awareness is so dim that workers usually act against rules(2)Ch

10、aracter of workers is giddy-brained(3)Physiological factorSome weaknesses of human in physiology are the root of human errors(4)Mental obstacle(5)Stuff of workers is low(6)FatigueUnusual state and other special conditions(7)Defects of machine(8)Environmental factors212Control of human errorsOn the b

11、asis of analyzing and grasping the causes of human errors, we can take some countermeasures to decrease human errorsFirstly, the safety management system, which takes man as the center, should be establishedSecondly, on the basis of management system, it is important to make man safetyThese counterm

12、easures mainly include safety law education, safety knowledge education, safety skill education, safety idea education, typical accident education, biorhythm and safety measuresThirdly, all works should be standardFourthly, working environment should be improved greatlyFifthly, it is important to de

13、sign good interface for decreasing human errorsSixthly, safety culture should be spark plugged in enterprises22 Analysis of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of Hinesburg and Maslow, the hierarchy figure of human fuzzy reliability is established as Figure1Fuzzy reliabilitySociality need

14、Self-fulfillment needRespect needSafety needPhysiology needSalaryWorking conditionSense of obiligationSense of successPolicy managementwelfarePromotion Fig1 the hierarchy figure of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of analytic hierarchy process2,we can calculate weight Wi of every index

15、And then we invite some experts to evaluate the real value Di of every index, thus we can calculate fuzzy reliability of some one or some colony with the following formula (1)The authors calculate the fuzzy reliability of workers in fully mechanized mining face of Xinzhuang coal mineFirstclassify al

16、l the 146 workers to 5 groups according to their ageSecondly, calculate the fuzzy reliability of every groupThe results are：0988,0994,0993,0995 and 099Finally, calculate the fuzzy reliability of the whole groupThe result is 09924Mental factors, physiological factors and environmental factors are con

17、sidered in the model of fuzzy reliabilityThis makes some progress in the aspect of human reliabilityThere are some defects in this model yet23Relationship between accidents and human factors231Relationship between mining accident and stuff of workersThe relationship between mining face death acciden

18、ts and flesh wound accidents from 1999 to 2004 taking place in Xinzhuang mine and workersage, length of service, cultural degree are explored with the method of figure analysisTaking the death accident as an example, Figure 2 to Figure 4 shows that death accidents in mining face decrease with the ri

19、se of agethe increase of length of service, the upgrade of cultural degree from the general tendencyFig2 Age distribution of death tollFig3 Length of service distribution of death tollFig4 Culture degree distribution of death toll232Relationship between mining accidents and fatigueFatigue will make

20、peoples feeling enginery weakened, it will also make peoples hearing and visual acuity declining, reaction time to complex stimulation is larger than usual, accuracy is lower than usualTherefore fatigue is very harmful to mining safetyThe causes of mining workers fatigue mainly focus on the followin

21、g(1)Working time is long and resting time is insufficient(2)Influence of environment factors such as illumination, yawp and task space etc(3)High task intensity(4)Unskilled workers(5)Tedious task(6)Some mental causesOn the basis of grasping the causes of underground workers fatigue, we can take some

22、 measures to prevent or relieve fatigueIn general, countermeasures are mainly as following(1)Innovate working schedule to arrange working time and resting time rationally(2)Pick out adaptable persons(3) Improve working environment(4)Eliminate mine workers mental fatigue(5) Enhance the level of mecha

23、nization and automation3Analysis of machine factorsMachine is an important factor in Man-machine-environment systemThe effect of machine is more and more important with the advancement of mechanizationAt the same time, accidents induced by machinery are more than ever31Event tree analysisEvent tree

24、analysis is an important method for system safety analysis3It can ascertain different states of system and their probability of occurrenceThe event tree chart for normal production in fully mechanized mining face is constructedAt the same time, system states and their probability of occurrence are c

25、alculatedOn the basis of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis for this event tree, the corresponding countermeasures to decrease system failures are put forward32Fault tree analysisFault tree analysis is an important method for system safety analysis4Its content mainly includes solving the

26、 minimum cut set, the minimum track set, probability of occurrence of top eventStructural significance, probability significance and critical significance of fault treeFault tree chart of scraper conveyor in fully mechanized mining face is established and the qualitative analysis and quantitative an

27、alysis of the fault tree are carried outAccording to analyzing results, some countermeasures to prevent accident from happening are put forward4Analysis of environment factorsIn man-machine-environment system, environment is a fundamental factor influencing system safetyIt is the soil where unsafe b

28、ehavior of workers and unsafe state of machinery are produced41Grey correlative analysis between, mining accidents and environmental-factorsOn the basis of analyzing qualitatively the influence of main environment factors to coal mining safety, the relationship between mining accidents and environme

29、nt factors such as temperature, humidity, illumination, yawp and gas is analyzed with the method of grey correlative analysis5First, make the original data standardizedSecondly, calculate the correlative coefficientFinally, work out grey correlative degreeThe calculation result indicates that grey c

30、orrelative degree between mining accidents and gas is the largestTherefore, gas is preponderant factor influencing mining accidents in Xinzhuang coal mine42Fuzzy clustering analysis of mining laces environmentClustering analysis is a method to classify objects according to some conditions or attribu

31、tes of the objectsIt is widely used in production and daily life Environmental factors in mining faces are complex and uncertainSo how to classify is fuzzyFirst, make the original data standardizedSecondly, establish fuzzy relationshipFinally, classify objects with the method of fuzzy clustering ana

32、lysis6All the mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mine are classified with this methodThe result indicates that the environment of fully mechanized mining face is the bestThe result also tells us how to improve the coal mining environment and where is the emphasis to strengthen managementThis helps to de

33、crease environmental influence to mining accidents and to improve mining safety43Countermeasures to improve underground environmentAfter analyzing qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of underground environmental factors to mining accidents, we can distinguish the primary from the secondar

34、yWe can take some measures such as strengthening ventilation, installing air conditioner, eliminating noisy devices etc to improve underground environment so as to improve mining safety and ensure workers safety and sustained efficient production5Grey entropy, synthetic evaluation on safety of minin

35、g faces51Grey entropySuppose a finite discrete sequence X=xi | i=1,2,n,grey entropy of sequence X is defined by (2)If xi=0,let xi ln xi=052Balanced degreeGrey entropy is the measure to balance degree of elements in discrete sequence X in terms of grey entropy increase theorem7The greater grey entrop

36、y is the more balanced the discrete sequence isFor a discrete sequence with n elements the maximum entropy is a constant ln n which is only relevant with the number, of elements in sequence when all elements are equalThus, balanced degree of sequence can be defined by B=H(X)/Hm (3)Where Hm is the ma

37、ximum grey entropy53Grey correlative degreeGrey correlative degree is the measure to adjacent degree between the reference sequence and relative sequenceIt can be calculated by correlative coefficients8The correlative coefficient can be calculated by the following equation (4)Where is distinguished

38、coefficient, it is in the range from 0 to 1Usually it is 05Grey correlative degree can be expressed as (5)Where is grey correlative degree between the reference sequence and the relative sequence54Model of multi-level grey entropy synthetic evaluationIf the evaluation indices lie in different levels

39、We should apply the model of multi-level grey entropy synthetic evaluationMulti-level evaluation model is similar to single level evaluation modelThe second-order evaluation results from the first-order evaluation matrixThe evaluation result matrix can be obtained by weight vector and the evaluation

40、 matrix in view of the significance difference of indices in the first levelIt can be expressed by W=A (6)where is the balanced adjacent degree matrix55Synthetic evaluation on mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mineTable 1 shows evaluation indices and original data of mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mine

41、At first, the second-order synthetic evaluations are carried out respectivelyThe process of evaluation is omittedThe evaluation results are shown in Table 2Table 1 Original data of mining facesmanmachineenvironmentEvaluation indexe1e2Average age/aLength of service/aAverage length of education/aAvera

42、ge professional trainingTime/d11115Perfect rate/%Rate for maintenance/%Failure rate/%97.92.09.4Temperature/Humidity /%Yawp/dB(A)Illumination/IxGas/%27.692901020.526.29595830.3Table 2 the second-order evaluation resultsEvaluation indexBalanced adjacent degreee1e2ManMach

43、ineEnvironment 0.580.290.550.530.280.64The second-order evaluation results form the first-order evaluation matrixThe weights of first-level indices call be calculated by AHPAccording to Eq.9,the synthetic evaluation results can be expressed as following (7)According to evaluation rules, el is better

44、 than e2We can draw some useful conclusions from the evaluation on mining facesDuring the second-order evaluation, we can find out some problems existing in man、machine and environment of mining faces6ConclusionThe article analyzes deeply man、machine and environment of fully mechanized mining face s

45、ystemSome useful conclusions are drawn outThe existing problems are pointed outThe corresponding countermeasures are put forwardThese conclusions have been applied in Xinzhuang coal mineFurthermore, safety of fully mechanized mining face has been improved greatlyReferences1State Administration of Co

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48、culation based on GIS and FTAJournal of Harbin Institute of Technology (New Series),2006,13(4)：398-4035Yeh Yi-Lung,Chen Ting-ChienApplication of grey correlation analysis for evaluating the artificial lake site in Pingtung Plain,TaiwanCanadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2004,31(1)：56-646Ziaii Mans

49、our,Pouyan Ali A,Ziaii MehdiGeochemical anomaly recognition using fuzzy C-means cluster analysisWSEAS Transactions on Systems,2006,5(10)：242424297YANG Yuzhong,Wu Liyun,ZHANG QiangThe multi-level grey entropy comprehensive evaluation on safety of fully mechanized mining faceJournal of China Coal Soci

50、ety,2005,30(5)：598-6028WU Liyun,YANG Yuzhong ,JING GuoxunGrey comprehensive judgment on colliery transportation systemProgress in Safety Science and Technology Volume 4：Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology,2004,2006-2010中文翻譯：綜采工作面的安全性分析吳麗云 楊宇中河南理工大學(xué)能源科學(xué)與工程

51、學(xué)院，焦作，河南，中國(guó)摘要：綜采工作面的安全性分析采用了人 - 機(jī) - 環(huán)境系統(tǒng)工程的理論和方法。提出了人為錯(cuò)誤的原因和對(duì)策。對(duì)傷亡事故和工人素質(zhì)與疲勞之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析。傷亡事故的定性和定量分析使用了預(yù)計(jì)到達(dá)時(shí)間和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的方法?；疑P(guān)聯(lián)分析和模糊聚類分析用于分析環(huán)境因素。最后，辛莊煤礦綜采工作面的安全評(píng)價(jià)采用灰熵綜合評(píng)價(jià)模型。指出了綜采工作面存在的問(wèn)題。關(guān)鍵詞：安全性分析，人 - 機(jī) - 環(huán)境系統(tǒng)工程，綜采工作面1 緒論人 - 機(jī) - 環(huán)境系統(tǒng)工程是在20世紀(jì)80年代初出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)新的發(fā)展全面的前沿科學(xué)。它分析和研究系統(tǒng)中的人，機(jī)，環(huán)境，這是系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)主要因素，它們之間的關(guān)系是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)在

52、系統(tǒng)的安全性和高效率的前提條件。綜采一直是煤炭開采中的主流技術(shù)，主要是因?yàn)樗陌踩院透咝实目萍歼M(jìn)步。同時(shí)，它也是煤礦提高其產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的方法。然而，井下工作面事故卻頻繁發(fā)生1，這已嚴(yán)重影響和制約了煤礦的安全和生產(chǎn)。結(jié)論是，重要的是要深入研究和分析完全機(jī)械化的綜采工作面的人 - 機(jī) - 環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的安全。2 人為因素的分析人是主體，在人 - 機(jī) - 環(huán)境系統(tǒng)中是創(chuàng)造財(cái)富和達(dá)到目的的關(guān)鍵。另一方面，人也是誘發(fā)事故的主要因素。人的不安全行為和機(jī)械的不安全狀態(tài)的組合，通常是由人導(dǎo)致事故發(fā)生。2.1 人為錯(cuò)誤的原因和控制2.1.1人為錯(cuò)誤的原因筆者認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人的錯(cuò)誤意味著人沒(méi)有完成指令性功能，或者沒(méi)

53、有在規(guī)定的時(shí)間和條件下完成指令性功能。結(jié)果使人，機(jī)器或系統(tǒng)環(huán)境在一定程度上蒙受損失。接下來(lái)通過(guò)調(diào)查一些煤礦對(duì)誘導(dǎo)人為錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生的原因進(jìn)行了分析。（1）安全意識(shí)過(guò)于淡薄，工人通常違反規(guī)則行事。（2）工人的性格輕率。（3）生理因素，人類在生理上的一些弱點(diǎn)是人為錯(cuò)誤的根源。（4）心理障礙。（5）工人素質(zhì)較低。（6）疲勞，不尋常的狀態(tài)和其他特殊情況。（7）機(jī)器的缺陷。（8）環(huán)境因素。2.1.2 人為錯(cuò)誤的控制在對(duì)人為錯(cuò)誤原因分析和把握的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以采取一些措施，以減少人為錯(cuò)誤。第一，應(yīng)建立以人為中心的安全管理制度。其次，在于管理制度的基礎(chǔ)上，它對(duì)人的安全是非常重要的。這些對(duì)策主要包括安全法制教育，安

54、全知識(shí)教育，安全技能教育，安全思想教育，典型事故教育，生物節(jié)律和安全措施。第三，所有的工作都應(yīng)該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。第四，應(yīng)大大改善工作環(huán)境。第五，重要的是設(shè)計(jì)良好的界面，減少人為錯(cuò)誤。第六，安全文化應(yīng)該是企業(yè)所倡導(dǎo)的。2.2 人的模糊可靠性分析根據(jù)Hinesburg和Maslow的理論，建立人的模糊可靠性的層次結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖1。模糊可靠性社交需要自我實(shí)現(xiàn)需要尊重需要安全需要生理需要薪水工作環(huán)境義務(wù)感成功感管理策略福利升遷圖1 人類模糊可靠性的層次結(jié)構(gòu)圖根據(jù)層次分析法2的理論，我們可以計(jì)算衡量Wi各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。然后我們邀請(qǐng)一些專家來(lái)評(píng)估實(shí)際值Di各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，因此，我們可以用下列公式計(jì)算某一個(gè)或某些群體的模糊可靠性。

55、 （1）作者充分計(jì)算了辛莊煤礦綜采工作面上工人的模糊可靠性。首先，根據(jù)年齡把所有的146名工人分成5組。然后，計(jì)算各組的模糊可靠性。結(jié)果是：0988，0994，0993，0995和099。最后，計(jì)算整個(gè)集團(tuán)的模糊可靠性。結(jié)果是09924。模糊可靠性模型被認(rèn)為是心理因素，生理因素和環(huán)境因素。這使得人在可靠性方面取得了一些進(jìn)展。在這個(gè)模型中也存在一些缺陷。2.3 事故和人為因素之間的關(guān)系2.3.1 煤礦事故與工人素質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系 從1999年至2004年在辛莊煤礦的采煤工作面死亡事故和輕傷事故之間的關(guān)系可以用關(guān)于工人年齡，工齡，文化程度的圖表分析方法中探索。以死亡事故為例，圖2到圖4顯示，隨著年齡的增加采煤工作面的死亡事故減少。隨著工齡的增加，總的趨勢(shì)是文化程度提高。 圖2 死亡人數(shù)的年齡分布 圖3 死亡人數(shù)的工齡分布 圖4 死亡人數(shù)的文化程度分布2.3.2 煤礦事故和疲勞之間的關(guān)系疲勞會(huì)使人的感覺(jué)機(jī)能減弱，它還會(huì)使人的聽力和視力下降，復(fù)雜的刺激的反應(yīng)時(shí)間是比平時(shí)大的，精度是比平時(shí)低的。因此，疲勞對(duì)于煤礦安全生產(chǎn)是十分有害的。采礦工人疲勞的原因主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面。（1）工作時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，休息時(shí)間不夠。（2）照明，噪聲和任務(wù)空間等環(huán)境因素的影響。（3）高工作強(qiáng)度。（4）非技術(shù)工人。（5）單調(diào)乏味的任務(wù)。（6）一些心理原因。在找出煤礦工作者疲勞原因的基礎(chǔ)上，我們