2.2 物稱與人稱.ppt

1、英漢語言對比,Contents,形合與意合（Hypotactic vs. Paratactic） 物稱與人稱（Impersonal vs. Personal） 被動與主動（Passive vs. Active） 靜態(tài)與動態(tài)（Static vs. Dynamic） 抽象與具體（Abstract vs. Concrete） 替換與重復(fù)（Substitutive vs. Repetitive）,2.1 Contrast,Westerners look at the world in an objective and rational perspective. Emphasis is placed o

2、n the influence the outside world has on man. Thats why impersonal subject is frequently used in English.,English:,As Chinese advocate the unity of man and nature and look at the world in a personal and subjective perspective, importance is attached to the influence that man exerts on things and him

3、self. So personal subject is largely preferred in Chinese.,2.1 Contrast,Chinese:,Eg: What has happened to you? 你怎么了？/你出什么事了？ Words fail me! (I cant describe or answer that, esp. because of surprise or shock) 我（嚇得/驚得）說不出話來！,2.1 Contrast,Eg: 他們欣喜若狂。 A great joy overcame them. 不同的人對食物持不同態(tài)度。 Attitudes t

4、oward food vary from person to person.,2.1 Contrast,An idea suddenly struck me. A strange peace came over her when she was alone. Not a sound reached our ears. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. The last two years witnessed his great success. 我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。 她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特殊的安寧。 我們沒有聽到任何聲音。 我興奮

5、得說不出話來。 過去兩年他取得了巨大成功。,Practice:,2.2 Cases in which impersonal subject is used,1). inanimate Sub. + animate Verb. Eg: Your letter reached me yesterday. 我昨天收到了你的來信。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 一看到那棵大樹，我便想起了童年的情景。,Eg： The truth dawned on us. 我們認(rèn)識了真理。 Investigation fathe

6、red the baby on him. 調(diào)查結(jié)果證明，他就是那嬰兒的生父。 Your name obstinately escapes me. 我怎么也想不起你的名字。,2). “It” structure a. unspecified “it” 代替的主語是難以言明的現(xiàn)象或情形，如用以表示自然現(xiàn)象、空間、時(shí)間以及用于慣用語之中： It often rains in summer. It is five kilometers from the office to my home. How is it with the sick man?,b. emphatic “it” 引到所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分

7、Eg： It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. (B. Shaw) 人總是在面臨考驗(yàn)的關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長。 It is a good horse that never stumbles. (proverb) 人有失誤，馬有失蹄。,c. preparatory “it” 代替真正的主語或賓語 (to represent a whole group of words which it would not be convenient to put in the place required by the o

8、rdinary rules of word order without causing ambiguity or obscurity) Eg: It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.,Eg: Suddenly, it didnt matter that Stevie was a musical genius or that he had conquered blindness and poverty. 突然，史蒂威是音樂天才也好，他戰(zhàn)勝了失明和貧窮也好，都變得不重要了。 However, it is generally accept

9、ed among psychologists that most of us fail to do justice to ourselves. 然而，心理學(xué)家普遍認(rèn)為， 我們大多數(shù)人并沒有充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力。,3). “there be” / “one” as subject There are three reasons for the failure. 失敗的原因有三。 There is a growing realization that pollution has done considerable harm to the environment in which we live. 人

10、們越來越意識到，污染給我們賴以生存的環(huán)境帶來了極大的破壞。 One must be a servant before one can be a master. (proverb) 要當(dāng)主人，先當(dāng)仆人。,4). passive sentences English passive impersonal Chinese active personal/ generic person/ omission 漢語若要表達(dá)類似英語被動式的客觀語氣，則常常采用無主句(subjectless sentence)、主語省略句(subject-omitted sentence)、祈使句或無形式標(biāo)志的被動句(pass

11、ive with no grammatical marks),Eg: A tree is known by its fruit, and a man by his deeds. 看樹看果實(shí)，看人看作為。 Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved. 必須調(diào)整高等院校的專業(yè)設(shè)置，改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。,Eg: Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤，一定要改正。 Whenever two object

12、s are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to the other. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)物體在一起摩擦?xí)r，電子便從一個(gè)物體轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)物體。,2.3 Ways to translate from English to Chinese,1). change impersonal subject to personal subject Anger choked his words. 他氣得說不出話來。 Her eyes tell me that something must have happened. 我從她的眼中看出一定

13、發(fā)生了什么事情。 2). to maintain the original subject,3). change to adverbial/ prep. phrase Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion. 經(jīng)過調(diào)查，我們得出上述結(jié)論。 The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 從1840 至1880年這四十年中，近一千萬移民移居美國。 My first day in London started with a morning v

14、isit to the British Museum. 抵達(dá)倫敦的第一天上午，我就去參觀大英博物館。,4). change to Chinese compound sentences Eg: The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. 由于天氣寒冷刺骨，人人都躲進(jìn)了室內(nèi)。 A second term would give the President more power than was safe for republican institution. 如果總統(tǒng)連任，就會使總統(tǒng)權(quán)力太大，足以威脅共和制度的安全。,5). change to C

15、hinese subjectless sentence/ generic person The mastery of a language requires painstaking effort. 要掌握一門語言，必須下苦功夫。 Dusk found the little girl crying in the street. 黃昏時(shí)分，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)小女孩在街上哭泣。 6). to use Separate Construction,7). use Chinese causative sentence （“把”; “讓” structures） His illness left him sens

16、itive. 疾病讓/使他變得很敏感。 The noise frightened all of us. 那個(gè)聲音把我們大家嚇壞了。 The book defies easy classification. 很難把這本書歸入哪個(gè)類型中。,8). translate the figurative meaning of the verb or to use personification Eg: Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot. 良好的教養(yǎng)能打開最佳學(xué)歷所打不開的門。 The minutes slipped by

17、 quickly. 時(shí)間一分鐘一分鐘飛快地溜過去了。,1. It is generally believed that Hong Kong will continue to keep its prosperity and stability after its return to China. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，香港回歸后會繼續(xù)保持繁榮和穩(wěn)定。 2. The porters can be identified by their red caps. 從他們戴的紅帽子就可辨認(rèn)出他們是搬運(yùn)工。,Practice:,3. It has just occurred to me that I still ow

18、e you for the concert tickets. 我突然想起還欠你音樂會的門票錢。 4. A careful inspection will show you the leaks in the roof. 只要仔細(xì)檢查一下，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)屋頂有漏洞。,5. The best shortcut would still take us five hours to get there. 即使抄最近的路，也要花5小時(shí)才能到那里。 6. Theres a tendency to think that great men are endowed with something supernormal. 人們傾向于認(rèn)為，偉人天生就具有超凡的能力。,7. His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲憊不堪，天氣也越來越熱。他決意一遇到個(gè)近便的陰涼處，就坐下休息。 8. His know