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1、1,漢英語法對(duì)比,第一節(jié) 基本語法特征對(duì)比,2,一、什么是特征,(一)“特征”的特征 1.特征是比較出來的 2.特征是個(gè)相對(duì)的概念 3.特征必須從本質(zhì)上著眼,3,(二)不是“特征”的特征,1、從英語看漢語 (1)助詞不是漢語“所獨(dú)” (2)詞序和虛詞不是漢語的特點(diǎn) (3)詞、短語、句子采取相同的結(jié)構(gòu)方式不是漢語的特點(diǎn),4,主謂:earthquake, daybreak,watchdog, 動(dòng)賓:haircut, dress-design, sightseeing, stockholder; scarecrow 狀動(dòng):diving board (dive from a board); sewin

2、g machine (sewing with a machine); sun-bathing (bath in the sun); daydream (dream during the day),5,(4)主語經(jīng)常不用不是漢語的特點(diǎn) Veni,Vidi,Vici(I came, I saw, I conquered ) Wish you good luck!Good luck! This is a good film, I love it very much. “情動(dòng)于中而形于言,言之不足故嗟嘆之,嗟嘆之不足故永歌之,永歌之不足,不知手之舞之足之蹈之也。” (5)人文性不是漢語的特點(diǎn),6,2、

3、從漢語看英語,(1)詞序和虛詞的使用不是英語的特點(diǎn) (2)分析性不是英語的特點(diǎn) (3)男性化和女性化問題 葉斯柏森英語的發(fā)展與結(jié)構(gòu) masculine:childish/feminine 林語堂,My Country and My People There is no difference but difference of degree between difference degree of difference and difference.,7,(三)漢語和英語的特征,1、怎樣尋找特征 2、漢語和英語的語法特征 (1)漢語語法是隱性的,英語語法是顯性的 (2)漢語語法是柔性的,英語語法

4、是剛性的 (3)由漢語特點(diǎn)得出的漢語觀 1)漢語是語義型語言,英語是形態(tài)型語言 2)漢語是音足型語言,英語是形足型語言,8,二、隱性與顯性,(一)“隱性”和“顯性”差異的表現(xiàn) 1、詞類的標(biāo)記:詞綴 2、語法中的形態(tài)標(biāo)志 (1)綜合式形態(tài) 附加/異根/內(nèi)部屈折/零形式 (2)分析式形態(tài),9,10,3、語言中的形式詞,11,(二)“隱性”和“顯性”差異的特點(diǎn),1、漢語偏重語義和英語偏重形式 英語:“結(jié)構(gòu)語義” 漢語:“語義結(jié)構(gòu)”,12,13,14,2、漢語語法單位的模糊性與英語語法單位的清晰性,15,3、詞法與句法的對(duì)勘性 4、語序與虛詞的問題,16,三、柔性與剛性,(一)英語語法的剛性 1、英語

5、語詞形式固定,缺乏伸縮性。 2、英語剛性的語法規(guī)則 3、英語虛詞使用的必要性 (二)漢語語法的柔性 1、漢語語詞的彈性特征 2、漢語語法的彈性特征,17,第二節(jié) 語言單位對(duì)比,一、什么是“本位” 三層意思 二、漢英語尋找“本位”的歷史 (一)英語尋找“本位”的歷史 (二)漢語尋找“本位”的歷史,18,三、漢語的字本位和英語的詞本位,漢語詞的概念及其結(jié)構(gòu)和節(jié)奏 (一)“字”和“詞”分別是漢語和英語的天然語言單位 字與語素 非線性結(jié)構(gòu) 漢語的研究傳統(tǒng)主要是語義 現(xiàn)成、離散、心理現(xiàn)實(shí)性,19,(二)“字”和“詞”是不同編碼機(jī)制的產(chǎn)物,1、語義句法 Tomorrow the sleeping tabl

6、e married its jumping lake. 以語義為基礎(chǔ)的句法結(jié)構(gòu),最重要的特征是句法單位的組合順序。 2、語義句法和漢語,20,沈家煊英漢對(duì)比語法三題,外語教學(xué)與研究,1996(04),the dogs tail, worn clothes handle of the teapot, an attempt to cross the river,the man who came yesterday 基本假設(shè):人通過對(duì)外部世界的感知而形成的概念結(jié)構(gòu)跟語言結(jié)構(gòu)之間在很大程度上存在著一種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系 . 英漢偏正結(jié)構(gòu)語序的差異,21,(1)a.教堂附近的學(xué)校 the school near

7、the church b.學(xué)校附近的教堂 the church near the school (2)a.教堂附近的自行車 the bike near the church b.?自行車附近的教堂 ?the church near the bike,22,(3) a.茶壺上的把 the handle of the teapot b.?把上的茶壺 .the teapot of the handle “目標(biāo)”(figure):“背景”(ground),23,(4) a.亭子在湖中心。(由“目標(biāo)”到“背景”) b.湖中心有個(gè)亭子。(由“背景”到“目標(biāo)”) (5) a. The pavilion is

8、 at the centre of the lake. b. There is a pavilion at the centre of the lake. 英語不象漢語一樣具很強(qiáng)的由“背景”到“目標(biāo)”的感知傾向 。,24,3、漢英語的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),層序 層組織 結(jié)構(gòu)公式 1 (1個(gè)韻頭)1個(gè)韻腹(1個(gè)韻尾) (1)1(1)=1個(gè)韻母 2 1個(gè)聲母1個(gè)韻母=1個(gè)音段 11=1 3 1個(gè)音段1個(gè)聲調(diào)=1個(gè)音節(jié) 11=1 4 1個(gè)音節(jié)1個(gè)概念 11=1,25,4、語義句法的結(jié)構(gòu)框架,漢:“1個(gè)字1個(gè)音節(jié)1個(gè)概念” 英:“1個(gè)詞n個(gè)音節(jié)1個(gè)概念” 不同語言的音義關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)的差異扎根于語言社團(tuán)的語音感知單位、感

9、知方式的差異,并由此造成語言基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位的差異。,26,(三)“字”和“詞”分別是漢英語各個(gè)平面研究的交會(huì)點(diǎn) (四)“字”處于漢語言組織研究中承上啟下的樞紐位置,詞在英語語法上處于承上啟下的樞紐位置,是詞法與句法的交接點(diǎn)。,26,27,四、關(guān)于“字”本位的評(píng)價(jià)及在對(duì)外漢語教學(xué)方面的討論(一)字本位理論的主要觀點(diǎn)綜述 1.漢語與印歐語的編碼機(jī)制不同。 2.分析了漢語單字格局解體的原因,揭示了字組中字與字的組合規(guī)律。 3.創(chuàng)建了漢語語義語法,27,28,推薦閱讀:閔毅,“字本位”理論述評(píng),中華文化論壇2008.8 產(chǎn)生背景 理論的提出:音義關(guān)聯(lián)的基點(diǎn)生成問題(潘文國(guó)“音義互動(dòng)律”)形成過程 具體理

10、論內(nèi)容 缺漏與意義,28,29,(二)討論與評(píng)價(jià),駱錘煉 ,字本位研究質(zhì)疑寧夏大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版)2006(02) 王慶 ,評(píng)徐通鏘的“字本位理論”和學(xué)風(fēng),外國(guó)語言文學(xué),2009(04) 孫劍藝,論漢語字、詞、詞素的本位問題,山東大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2003(04) 彭澤潤(rùn),潘文國(guó),“詞本位”還是“字本位”有利于漢語語言學(xué)? 第一屆“漢語獨(dú)特性理論與教學(xué)國(guó)際研討會(huì)”學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)綜述 通化師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2010(09),29,30,潘文國(guó)的字本位觀點(diǎn)陳述 第一,主張字本位的兩個(gè)理由 第二,什么是字本位? 徐通鏘:基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位 潘文國(guó):基本單位 第三,為什么字本位的對(duì)立面是詞本位? 最后

11、,字本位和詞本位的根本分歧。,30,31,彭澤潤(rùn)的詞本位觀點(diǎn)陳述 陸儉明、江楓等學(xué)者的辯論 1.擺脫印歐語言的束縛是對(duì)的,但是方向要準(zhǔn)確 2.漢語的“字”不要證明,漢語的“詞”需要證明 3.書面語教學(xué)可以用“字”本位,口語教學(xué)要“詞”本位 4.“詞”是小孩從小就有的,“字”是在學(xué)校學(xué)的 5.漢語的“字”和英語的“word”有形式依據(jù),“語素”沒有 6.應(yīng)該區(qū)分文字學(xué)的“字”和語言學(xué)中的所謂“字”,31,32,推薦閱讀: 潘文國(guó),“字本位”理論的哲學(xué)思考,語言教學(xué)與研究,2006(03) 陸儉明,我關(guān)于“字本位”的基本觀點(diǎn),語言科學(xué),2011(03),32,33,陳俊羽,“字本位”理論在對(duì)外漢語

12、教學(xué)中的作用與認(rèn)識(shí),2008(03),云南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(對(duì)外漢語教學(xué)與研究版) 略論“字本位”理論及其教學(xué)路子,(埃及)瓦西德,漢字文化,2009(03) 賈穎,字本位與對(duì)外漢語詞匯教學(xué),漢語學(xué)習(xí),2001(04) 鸝青、王飛華,字本位與對(duì)外漢語教學(xué),西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社科版),2004(06) 劉婷婷,“字本位”與對(duì)外漢字教學(xué),魯東大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2009(04) 6、王駿,在對(duì)外漢語詞匯教學(xué)中實(shí)施“字本位”方法的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告,暨南大學(xué)華文學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2005(03),33,34,王若江,由法國(guó)“字本位”漢語教材引發(fā)的思考,世界漢語教學(xué)2000(03) 碩士論文: 基于字本位理論的

13、漢語詞匯教學(xué)韓國(guó)語“漢字詞”與針對(duì)韓國(guó)學(xué)生的漢語詞匯教學(xué) 試論白樂桑的“法式字本位”教學(xué)法,34,35,四、英漢實(shí)詞詞類對(duì)比,(一)英漢名詞詞對(duì)比 (二)英漢動(dòng)詞詞對(duì)比 (三)英漢形容詞詞對(duì)比 (一)英漢副詞詞對(duì)比,35,36,Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 他們沿著大街走去,經(jīng)過一家家店鋪,穿過一個(gè)寬闊的廣場(chǎng),然后走進(jìn)一幢大樓。,36,37,第三節(jié) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比 一、漢英簡(jiǎn)單句對(duì)比 (一)英語簡(jiǎn)單句 由一個(gè)小句構(gòu)成的句子,其中只包含一個(gè)

14、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 7個(gè)基本類型 (二)漢語簡(jiǎn)單句 主謂句與非主謂句,38,二、漢英復(fù)雜句對(duì)比 (一)英語復(fù)句 1、并列復(fù)合句 2、主從復(fù)雜句 (1)從關(guān)聯(lián)詞的角度看 (2)按從句在主句中的功用和種類 主語從句/表語從句/賓語從句同位語從句/狀語從句,39,(二)漢語復(fù)句 1、形合復(fù)句 (1)因果類 (2)轉(zhuǎn)折類 (3)并列類,40,2、緊縮句 (1)緊縮的形合復(fù)句 (2)緊縮的意合復(fù)句 緊縮形合復(fù)句與一般形合復(fù)句的區(qū)別: 第一,緊縮句無明顯的語音停頓,書面語中各分句間沒有逗號(hào); 第二,形式標(biāo)示也有簡(jiǎn)化。,41,3、公因話題句 音義 語塊 平面鋪陳的復(fù)句 。 (1)公因話題 (2)語序規(guī)律 (3)音義

15、語塊,42,1.小王下午去逛頤和園。 2.花貓逮住了一只耗子。 3.李曉明打開窗戶向遠(yuǎn)處眺望。 4.大夫囑咐他按時(shí)吃藥。,三、話題與主語,43,5.槽內(nèi)的水左沖右突,翻著花,滾著個(gè),激揚(yáng)飛濺,像爆炒著一槽玉珠,風(fēng)翻著一槽白雪,隆隆聲震蕩著山谷。(鄭伯倫:黑龍?zhí)队∠?,44,且說鴛鴦一夜沒睡,至次日, 他哥哥回賈母,接他家去逛逛,賈母允了,叫他家去。(紅樓夢(mèng)) That night Faithful was unable to sleep. Her brother came next morning to ask Grandmother Jia if he could take his sist

16、er back home for the day. His request was granted,and Grandmother Jia ordered Faithful to get ready.,45,1.他是個(gè)日本女人。 2.這場(chǎng)火幸虧消防隊(duì)來得早。,46,明顯區(qū)別表現(xiàn): 與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系 相應(yīng)的語義角色 延伸閱讀: 石毓智,漢語的主語與話題之辨, 載語言研究2001(02),47,(一)漢英主語差異 1、概述 (1)英語主語的主要功能特點(diǎn) 對(duì)全句有“全面密切的關(guān)系”, 一般處于句子的主位(theme) 有形式主語 與謂語動(dòng)詞關(guān)系極其密切,四、漢英主謂賓語的差異對(duì)比,英語主語的主要功能

17、特點(diǎn),48,漢語主語例1.ppt 不具 “不可或缺性” 漢語主語例2.ppt 模糊性 漢語主語例3.ppt 形式的多樣性,(2)漢語的主語,(2)漢語的主語,49,推論,1)對(duì)全句不“具有全面密切的關(guān)系” 2)主位詞的“周遍性” 3)話題 4)“零位” /“兩極化”,2、比較與分析,50,(1)英語的主謂提挈機(jī)制 (a) The policemen are carefully searching the room(SVO) (b) The girl is now a student at this college. (SVC) (c) The door was painted yesterda

18、y(SVCA) (d) It rained steadily all day. (SVA) (e) I had taken the medicine twice by 6P.M(SVOA) (f) They make him the chairman every year(SVOC),51,(a)我吃了一碗飯。I ate a bowl of rice (b)這碗飯我不吃了。Im not going to eat the bowl of rice (c)桌上擱著一碗飯。A bowl of rice is on the table (d)鍋里正在蒸飯。Rice is being steamed i

19、n the cooker (e)這點(diǎn)兒飯夠吃嗎?Is the rice enough? (f)今天早上吃的什么飯?What did you have for breakfast this morning?,52,詞類兼容性:名詞性 (a)名詞性:計(jì)算機(jī)很有用。 The computer is useful (b)動(dòng)詞性:計(jì)算是第一步。 The first step is to calculate (c)形容詞性:冷靜才能計(jì)算得準(zhǔn)確。 Exact calculation depends on a calm mind,(2)漢英主語的特征比較,53,(3)漢英主語的類型比較,英語 (a)施事主語A

20、ctor Subject We caught a young tiger . (b)受事主語Receptor Subject The sick should be taken good of. (c)形式主語Expletive Subject It rained steadily all day. It is never too late to learn. (d)話題主語Topic Subject, The brain is a wonderful organ.,54,漢語主語分布模式,1)我們蓋了一棟房子。We built a house. 2) 房子蓋在西院。 The house was

21、 built in the western compound 3) 房子我們已經(jīng)蓋了一大半了。 We have finished a good part of the house. 4) 住戶家具都搬進(jìn)屋了。 The lodgers have moved in their furniture.,55,5) 去年又蓋了一棟房子。 Another house was built last year. 6) 西院蓋了一棟房子。 The house was built in the western compound. 7) 這些材料只夠蓋一棟房子。 These materials were enoug

22、h for building only one house. 8) 這些材料我們只夠蓋一棟房子。 We could build only one house with these materials.,56,我們幾戶人家在西院蓋了一棟房子。 Some of our families built a house in the western compound.,57,1)動(dòng)作主語 跑跑跳跳助消化。 Jumping and running help your digestion. 2)修飾語主語 干干凈凈逗人愛。Everybody loves clean things. 很誠(chéng)實(shí)是一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 Hon

23、esty is a merit 3)數(shù)詞主語 “15”是個(gè)奇數(shù)。“15”is an odd number 4)方式主語 這么快就蓋好了一棟房子。 The house was built at admirable speed,58,5)復(fù)合主語,要有計(jì)劃地辦事。 A good plan is necessary for doing business. 我一個(gè)人干就可以了。 Let me do it, its enough. 互相學(xué)習(xí)已蔚然成風(fēng)。 To Learn from each other has become the order of the day 計(jì)算得快是個(gè)好條件。 The abil

24、ity to do quick calculation is of course an advantage,59,6)“的”字詞組主語 學(xué)得最好的有獎(jiǎng)。 The best learner will be given a reward 7)零位主語 早走了。He was gone long ago.,60,“與事主語”(dative subject,即DaS) 也就是句首關(guān)系語,具某種參與關(guān)系。,61,(a)他的事你不必著急。 As for his business, you neednt worry too much (b)這件事你暫且保密。 You had better keep quiet

25、 about it for the time being (c)十壺水、二十壺水你也灌不出耗子來。 You cant even drive the rats out with ten or twenty pots of water. (d)婚姻大事兒女們自己做主。 As for marriage, grown-up sons and daughters have minds of their own.,62,(4)漢語主語的形態(tài)弱勢(shì) (a)他們將她數(shù)落了一頓,可她卻連頂他們一句的勇氣都沒有。 They scoffed at her but she even did not have the p

26、luck to talk back (b)人不可以無恥,無恥之恥,無恥矣。 A man must not be shameless;being shameless is a shame in itself. (c)家事、國(guó)事、天下事、事事關(guān)心。 We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world,63,英語主語決定謂動(dòng)形態(tài), S+V SV提挈機(jī)制 主語例4.ppt 1)SV是必有核心、基本框架; 2)SV是句子結(jié)構(gòu)起點(diǎn); 3)S與V間有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)男问竭B

27、接規(guī)范, V又有各種變化形式,形成SV提挈機(jī)制下的SV派生句型。 漢語:意念主軸,(5)漢英主語的語法功能比較,64,The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.,與人同樂才是真樂,65,1.英語謂語的基本特征: 英語形式程式的核心 必須以動(dòng)詞為基礎(chǔ)和核心 必須主謂一致,(二)漢英謂語差異,66,(1)語法原則(Grammatical Principle),(a) Trousers often bag at the knees 褲子常在膝蓋處松垂得像個(gè)袋子。 (b) They each have got one

28、他們每人都得到了一件(個(gè))。,67,(2)邏輯原則(Logical Principle),(c) Half the boys are here 半數(shù)男孩子都來了。 (d) Half the car has been damaged 汽車給毀了一半。,68,(3)靠近原則(Principle of Proximity),(e) Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan (f) Either my children or I am going,69,(4)慣用法原則(Principle of Idiomaticness),(

29、g) There is more than option in this case (h) Five times eight is forty (i) Only one out of five were present,70,2.漢語謂語的獨(dú)立性、自足性較強(qiáng),形式機(jī)制弱,71,72,(a)誠(chéng)招天下客。 Honesty wins over wider patronage (b)這種行為很不道德。 This conduct is immoral (c)你們廠里情況怎么樣? What do you think of your factory? (d)七月二十二日她生日。 July 22 is her

30、 birthday (e)老秤一斤十六兩。 Sixteen “l(fā)iang” makes one “jin” by the old system of weights.,73,(f)那神探足智多謀。 The marvelously infallible detective is so very resourceful (g)這個(gè)問題工會(huì)要解決。 The problem remains to be solved by the labor union (h)河畔草青青。 The grass is green by the riverside (i)你把我嚇壞了。 You scared me our

31、of my senses。 (j)他有氣無力地說著。 He said listlessly,74,3、漢語謂語構(gòu)成成分復(fù)雜多樣,75,4.漢語謂語形式比較復(fù)雜,(1)連動(dòng)式謂語SV1(X) V2(X) A并列式: V1(X)+V2(X) (a)會(huì)客赴宴:V1(O)+V2(O) receive visitors and attend dinner parties (b)脫了鞋進(jìn)屋: V1(O)+V2(O) take off shoes and enter the room (c)敲鑼打鼓: V1(O)+V2(O) beat drums and strike gongs,76,B從屬式:V1(X)

32、V2(X),(1)條件關(guān)系 干完就走 go as soon as (until) the job is done 能干多少就干多少 do as much as possible,77,(2)對(duì)象關(guān)系 替誰干活 do the job for whom 找你算賬 get even with you,78,(3)方式關(guān)系 屈膝求饒: go down on ones knees to beg for mercy 站著講課: stand giving a lecture 用拍子打蒼蠅: kill a fly with a swatter,79,(4)時(shí)間、處所關(guān)系 到上海就失蹤了: disappear

33、upon ones arrival in Shanghai 等天亮再走: leave after daybreak 立地成佛: achieve salvation as soon as one gives up domineering,80,(5)目的關(guān)系 烤火取暖: warm oneself by the fire 臨渴掘井: dig a well when one is thirsty 開門捉賊: throw the door open for the thief 打點(diǎn)水洗洗腳: fetch some water to wash ones feet 打開窗戶換換空氣: open the w

34、indow to let in some fresh air,81,C鏈?zhǔn)剑篠+V1(X) V2(X) V3(X) (a)請(qǐng)假坐飛機(jī)回家探親: ask for leave to go home by air to see ones relatives (b)持槍劫車殺人越貨: hijack a truck and loot the goods by killing the driver with a gun (c)打電話約個(gè)時(shí)間見面敘談: fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat,82,(2)兼語式謂語,83,(a)我們派他做代表

35、。 We delegated him to be representative. (b)他請(qǐng)你幫忙。 He asked you to help (c)老師叫你去。 The teacher wanted you to go (d)多謝姐姐提醒(我)。 Thank you for you reminder,dear sister.,84,(e)告訴他我不知道這件事。 Tell him I dont know this matter (f)我找一張報(bào)紙看看。 I want to read a newspaper. (g)我記得他來過這里。 I remembered that he had come

36、here (b)買了張桌子(有)三條腿。 I have bought a table which has three legs. (0r: I have bought a three-legged table.),85,(3)緊縮式謂語,(a)吃點(diǎn)藥?kù)詈藷?take some medicine to shake off cold and fever (b)愛去不去。 I dont mind whether you go or not.,86,(c)你許下的諾言非信守不可。 Its a promise you madeYou ought to keep it (d)對(duì)這種人以文明有禮為好。 T

37、o this kind of people,try to be civil and polite,87,英語補(bǔ)語基本結(jié)構(gòu)式:S(V)C及OC。 (a) SC:SVC中的組成部分: Hes getting angry (b) OC:是SVOC中的組成部分: He got his shoes and socks wet.,5、漢英補(bǔ)語對(duì)比,88,第一類:各式主語補(bǔ)語,(a) He is, of course, a good teacher. (b) Your point sounds reasonable,anyhow (c) Trees turned green again (d) You ar

38、e regarded by everyone in the community as indispensable.,89,第二類:各式賓語補(bǔ)語,(a) The news makes him happy (b) He paints the tree blue (c) They named the street Addin (d) Somebody has left the light switched on,90,述補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),(1)表示行為態(tài)勢(shì)或動(dòng)向 肯定式:上、下;來、去;開、開來;起來;過(了);完、成VC 否定式:不(置于補(bǔ)語前);未、沒、沒有(置于動(dòng)詞前)V不C 走出來walk out 走

39、不出來cant walk out/be unable to walk out 打開open out (up), unfold, untie, undo 打不開cant not be open,91,(2)表示可能,肯定式:得V得C 否定式:不V不C 聽得清 can hear/be able to hear 聽不清 can not hear clearly/be unable to hear clearly,92,(3)表示結(jié)果,VC:不,未,沒沒有V不C 染紅dye in red 染不紅;未染紅;沒/沒有染紅 cant dye in red/be unable to dye in red 拿走

40、take away 拿不走cant be taken away/remain in the place 沒有(未)拿走do not take away/have not taken away,93,(4)表示狀態(tài),V+得+C:V+得+不(很)C 看得很清楚see very clearly 看得不很清楚see not very clearly 擦得油光錚亮polish (sth.) till it glitters 擦得不很亮not well polished 洗得干干凈凈wash sth. till it is perfectly clean 洗得不很干凈not very cleanly wa

41、shed 寫得催人淚下write in an irresistibly moving style 寫得不很感人not very successfully written,94,(a)急得我直冒汗。 I was so agitated (b)氣得他全身打哆嗦。 He was all of a tremble with anger. (c) “V得到好成+V不到好成”:見得到見不到: whether (one) can see it or not,95,(5)表示程度,(a)這種作風(fēng)我實(shí)在是討厭。(一般強(qiáng)度) I just hate this style of work (b)這種作風(fēng)我真是討厭透

42、了。(高強(qiáng)度) I hate this style of work intensely (c)要煮爛,才好吃。 It must be boiled very soft to make it tasty 煮爛了,才好吃。 It really tasty when its boiled soft.,96,(a)她節(jié)省,每天只吃兩頓飯。 By practicing thrifty,she managed to get along on two meals every day 她節(jié)省到每天只吃兩頓飯。 She is so thrifty that she manages to get along on

43、 two meals every day (b)片子短,二十分鐘就看完了。 Its a short film, over in 20 minutes. 片子短得二十分鐘就看完了。 The film is so short that it last only 20 minutes.,97,6、漢英謂語比較結(jié)語 漢:以意念機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ),有較大獨(dú)立性,有多樣的述補(bǔ)關(guān)系 英:有動(dòng)詞的穩(wěn)定性形態(tài)變化體系,形式機(jī)制較強(qiáng),98,(三)漢英賓語差異,直接賓語 (a) Terry baked a cake. (b) Terry baked a potato. (c) Terry saw the cake. (d)

44、 Terry liked the cake. (e) Terry bought the cake.,99,間接賓語,(a) Terry gave me the cake. (b) Terry baked me the cake. The cake was given (to) me. I was given the cake.,100,(a)山坡上下來兩個(gè)游客。 Two travelers came down from the mountain slope.) (b) 我們要學(xué)好用好祖國(guó)的語言。 We must try our best to learn and use our mother

45、tongue (c)他終于露出了笑容。 At last he began to smile,1、漢語動(dòng)語材料的多樣化,101,(a) dream away (V) ones time (O): 韶光虛度 (b) fire off questions :激烈提問 (c) drink down ones heartache:借酒澆愁 (d) knock for admittance:登門求見,102,knock for admittance (a) knock for advice 登門求教 (b) knock for a job 登門求職 (c) knock for apology 登門求饒,1

46、03,思考與討論 2.漢語賓語的構(gòu)成材料比較復(fù)雜 3.漢語動(dòng)詞與賓語之間的語義關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,104,(1)表示方向、趨勢(shì) 向心tend towards centralization 回家go home 走親家call on in-laws 回歸自然go back to nature 走遍天下trand all over the world,105,(2)表示位置、處所 朝南face or look to the south 落戶settle (down) 歸檔place on file 坐困一隅be impoverished in one corner 關(guān)禁閉be placed in conf

47、inement,106,(3)表示方式、工具 動(dòng)粗hit out; raise a hand to strike 哭窮complain of being hard up 改口correct oneself; take back ones previous remark 走后門go through indecent channels; go through backdoor 吃老本line off ones past gains; rest on past achievements,107,(4)表示原因、目的(或動(dòng)機(jī)) 討好play up to (sb.); fawn on 擺闊flaunt

48、ones riches; show off 考駕照apply for a driving licence 買保險(xiǎn)buy (take out) insurance 討個(gè)公道ask for(want) justice,108,(5)表示存在(或不存在)、狀況 告吹fizzle out 現(xiàn)形show oneself (be exposed) 走調(diào)be out of tune 落空come to nothing 落榜flunk out (in entrance exam) 吃閉門羹be denied entrance; turn a cold shoulder on (sb.),109,(6)表示身份

49、、類別 從政enter politics 做主be in a position to 當(dāng)家manage household affairs 做東(做客)play the host (be a guest) 主婚preside over a wedding ceremony 當(dāng)老師be a teacher 跑龍?zhí)譸lay trifle roles,110,(7)其他與事關(guān)系 放風(fēng)let prisoners out for fresh air and relaxation; let in fresh air 放生free captive animals 出風(fēng)頭show off; seek the

50、limelight 上年紀(jì)reach ones old age,111,延伸閱讀: 1、劉宓慶,新編漢英對(duì)比與翻譯,中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2006. 2、張?jiān)魄锏?,語法結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則 從漢語受事標(biāo)記的過度使用起,外語研究2004(06).,112,第四節(jié) 語序?qū)Ρ?一、漢語的邏輯律和音韻律 (一)漢語的邏輯律 1、時(shí)間上的先后律 2、空間上的大小律 3事理上的因果律 4、心理上的重輕律,113,(二)漢語的音韻律,1、語序規(guī)律 聲調(diào)對(duì)語序排列會(huì)有影響。 可以解釋一些用邏輯律無法解釋的現(xiàn)象 調(diào)序在一定程度上會(huì)影響邏輯順序 2、音節(jié)奇偶規(guī)律,114,二、英語的形態(tài)律與貼近律,(一)英語的形態(tài)律 (

51、二)英語的貼近律,115,a modern, powerful socialist country 社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó) total sales of consumer goods in the first three months of this year 今年頭三個(gè)月商品銷售總額 the underlying and accepted principles and objectives of the United Nations Charter 聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章中公認(rèn)的基本原則和目標(biāo),116,英語的順序一般是“動(dòng)詞+方式+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間”漢語的順序一般是“時(shí)間+地點(diǎn)+方式+動(dòng)詞”,We sat tog

52、ether at a low stone table outside the cave in which Chairman Mao lived. The interview took place on an afternoon in August 1946. 我們一起坐在毛主席所居住窯洞外的一張矮石桌旁。會(huì)面的時(shí)間是1946年8月的某天下午。 He is often seen to work tensely in his laboratory from morning to night. 經(jīng)??匆娝麖脑绲酵碓趯?shí)驗(yàn)室緊張地工作。,117,推薦一: 林同濟(jì)從漢語詞序看長(zhǎng)句翻譯,載比較鑒別應(yīng)用英漢對(duì)

53、比應(yīng)用研究,上海外語教育出版社2009 1、在漢語中從動(dòng)詞看詞序是抓住問題的重點(diǎn), 2、時(shí)間順序(實(shí)際的和邏輯的)決定動(dòng)詞的安排。 3、漢英語基本造句手法的不同與在長(zhǎng)句翻譯中處理詞序的方法。,118,邵志洪 英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的“重量趨勢(shì)”對(duì)比研究 載結(jié)構(gòu)語義關(guān)系英漢微觀對(duì)比研究,上海外語教育出版社2009,119,定語的前置與后置,究竟多長(zhǎng)的定語結(jié)構(gòu)適合于前置? 有哪些因素影響到定語的前置與后置? 簡(jiǎn)單指示代詞/數(shù)詞形容詞屬格詞組關(guān)系從句 第一、第二人稱代詞第三人稱代詞專有名詞有關(guān)人的普通名詞非人的有生性普通名詞非有生性普通名詞,120,a modern, powerful socialist

54、country 社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó) total sales of consumer goods in the first three months of this year 今年頭三個(gè)月商品銷售總額 the underlying and accepted principles and objectives of the United Nations Charter 聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章中公認(rèn)的基本原則和目標(biāo),121,一、并列結(jié)構(gòu),鐵路、民航 體制改革取得新進(jìn)展。 a. Further progress was made in the railway and civil aviation system r

55、eform. b. (官方譯文)Further progress was made in the reform of the railway and civil aviation systems. ba,122,二、多層結(jié)構(gòu) 1.多個(gè)后置介詞結(jié)構(gòu)例:在全國(guó)農(nóng)村普遍實(shí)施免除學(xué)雜費(fèi)的義務(wù)教育,這是我國(guó)教育發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)重要里程碑。 cab, acb ?,a.(官方譯文)Elimination of tuition and miscellaneous fees for compulsory education in all rural areas is an important milestone

56、in the history of the development of education in China. b. Elimination of tuition and miscellaneous fees for compulsory education in all rural areas is an important milestone in Chinas educational development history. c. Elimination of tuition and miscellaneous fees for compulsory education in all

57、rural areas is an important milestone in the history of Chinas educational development.,123,“我國(guó)農(nóng)村中小學(xué)的教育發(fā)展史” a. Chinas rural primary and secondary education development history b. the history of the development of rural primary and secondary education in China c. the history of the development of the education in prima

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