獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)ppt.

1、Grammar,獨(dú)立主格,【獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念】,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以理解為一個(gè)在句中做 的短語(yǔ)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。其位置靈活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗號(hào)將其與句子分開(kāi)。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要有兩部分構(gòu)成：邏輯主語(yǔ)和邏輯謂語(yǔ)。 作為邏輯主語(yǔ) ；現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)等作為邏輯謂語(yǔ)。,狀語(yǔ),名詞或代詞,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)具有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)： 1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú) 立存在。 2. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與句子分開(kāi)。,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有三種類(lèi)型： 1. 邏輯主語(yǔ)+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（不定式、現(xiàn)

2、在分詞、過(guò)去分詞） 2. 邏輯主語(yǔ)+(being)+表語(yǔ)(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短 語(yǔ)) 3. with/without + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) （不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去 分詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)）,(一)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),1. “名詞/代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),由不定式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示還未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 或狀態(tài)。,His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.,No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. They said good-bye

3、to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.,2. “名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”結(jié)構(gòu),該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)等。,(1) 作 狀語(yǔ)： Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class. (相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句: When everyone had sat down),(2) 作 狀語(yǔ)： The boy leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.

4、 (相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句: Because the boy led the way),時(shí)間,原因,(3) 作 狀語(yǔ)： My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句：If my health allows）,(4) 作 狀語(yǔ)： We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 卡。,條

5、件,方式或伴隨,3. “名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu),該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常作 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)等。,(1) 作 狀語(yǔ)： The test finished, well have our summer vocation.,(2) 作 狀語(yǔ)： Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.,時(shí)間,原因,(3) 作 狀語(yǔ)： When in trouble, Sam would sit alone, head bend.,(4) 作 狀語(yǔ)： More time given, we can finish the work.,方

6、式或伴隨,條件,【綜合比較三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)】,1. 名詞或代詞+不定式 其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。,2. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 其中的現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（或當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行）或一般情況的狀態(tài)、動(dòng)作。,Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶(hù)俯視著操場(chǎng)。,3. 名詞或代詞+過(guò)去分詞 其中的過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)意義或完成意義。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle.

7、 The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.,The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。 The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。,1. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 2. A new technique _, the production in

8、creased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked outB. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 3. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性). A. has B. had C. to have D. having,4. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permittin

9、g C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 5. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down,（二）無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),英語(yǔ)

10、中常用的還有一類(lèi)無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié) 構(gòu)往往看作是“名詞/代詞+being+表語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中省略了being,主要有如下幾種情況：,1. 邏輯主語(yǔ)+名詞 Many people come to visit the city, . 很多人來(lái)參觀(guān)這個(gè)城市，其中大多數(shù)是外國(guó)人。 I received many Christmas gifts, . 我收到了很多圣誕禮物，其中一些是書(shū)籍。,2.邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我。 （his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being） The little girl entered

11、 the room, with cold. 小女孩走進(jìn)了房間，她的臉凍紅了。,most of them foreigners,some of them books,her face red,3. 邏輯主語(yǔ)+副詞 School over, we all went home. 放學(xué)了，我們都回家了。 （school和over之間省去了being） , I cant focus my mind on the work. 音樂(lè)開(kāi)著，我不能專(zhuān)心工作。,4. 邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ) He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.

12、他站在黑板面前，背對(duì)著我們。 , it is going to rain soon. 天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,1. 在表示方式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，為了使句子簡(jiǎn)潔,往往將“邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”中的冠詞或代詞都省略。 The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand. 警衛(wèi)站在門(mén)旁，手里拿著槍。 She came in, (a) smile on (her) face. 她進(jìn)來(lái)了，臉上帶著笑。,NOTES,2. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略： 一

13、是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中； 二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的情況下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車(chē)，我們只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌眨修k公室都關(guān)門(mén)。,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _, we all went swimming in high spir

14、its. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 3. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 4. ; we had to put the meeting off. A. Because the manager was ill

15、 B. The manager being ill C. The manager was ill D. Being ill,（三）“with/ without”引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),“介詞with/without +賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中常作伴隨狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)，也可作定語(yǔ)。上面討論過(guò)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)，即：,with/without,+,名詞/代詞,+,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語(yǔ),不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞,過(guò)去分詞,1. with/ without +名詞/代詞+形容詞 ，the old man felt unhappy. 由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很

16、不快樂(lè)。,2. with/ without +名詞/代詞+副詞 ，she had to stay at home alone. 因?yàn)樗憬愠鋈チ?，她只能?dú)自待在家里。,3. with/ without +名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ) He stood at the door, . 他站在門(mén)旁邊，手里拿著一臺(tái)電腦。 The old man, with thick glasses on his nose, is a pianist. 這位帶深度眼鏡的老人是一位鋼琴家。,With his son so disappointing,With her sister out,with a computer in

17、his hand,此句中的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作什么成分？ 。,定語(yǔ),4. with/ without +名詞/代詞+不定式 , the boy looked upset. 沒(méi)有任何游戲可玩，小男孩看起來(lái)很沮喪。,5. with/ without +名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 ，I stole into the room. 沒(méi)有人注意，我偷偷地溜進(jìn)了屋子。,6. with/ without +名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。 The boy was crying . 玩具壞了，那男孩在哭。,W

18、ithout any game to play,Without anyone noticing,with his toy broken,注意：在with/without 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。,With his homework done, Peter went out to play.,Without any game to play, the boy looked upset.,His homework done, Peter went out to play.,1. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 2. With a lot of work _, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do