英語五大基本句型

1、英語五大基本句型陳述句（Declarative Sentence）陳述句是用來說明事實(shí)、看法，描述動作、狀態(tài)，闡明道理、原因，等等。這是日常生活中見得最多的一種句子。它在表達(dá)意思上有兩種形式，即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如：Chinese is one of the major languages in the world . It is not an easy job to learn English well .學(xué)好英語不是件易事。This is a beautiful garden .這是一座漂亮的花園。 Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味著幸福

2、。Being over-slept , he was late for class today .2) 疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）疑問句是用來提出問題的，按其所提出的不同問題可分為以下四種：A）一般疑問句（General Question）一般疑問句是就某件事或某種情況的是與否提問。因此，它的回答不是Yes就是No；回答時(shí)所用的句子可以是完整句，也可以是省略句。另一方面，凡是疑問句一般說來都應(yīng)該是倒裝語序。例如：-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ? -Yes, I do .

3、B) 特殊疑問句（Special Question）特殊疑問句是對某件事或某種情況的某一方面的具體內(nèi)容提問，因此，對哪一方面的具體內(nèi)容提問，就需要使用相應(yīng)的特殊疑問詞如：時(shí)間（When）、地點(diǎn)（Where）、原因（Why）、方式（How）、人物（Who）、名稱（What），等等。另外，回答的內(nèi)容也應(yīng)該是具體的。例如：-Who is in charge of English in your class ? -Zheng Zheng (is ).-誰是你們班的英語科代表？-（是）鄭征。 -Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today.-She is prepar

4、ing for going abroad .C) 選擇疑問句（Alternative Question）選擇疑問句可以對句子中的任何成分設(shè)置選擇問題，選擇部分由連詞or連接。它貌似一般疑問句，其實(shí)兩者有區(qū)別，因?yàn)榛卮疬@種文句時(shí)既不能用Yes也不能用No，而是需要回答人說出具體的選擇。另外，連詞or之前的部分讀升調(diào)，其后的部分讀降調(diào)。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad ? -My brother is .（選擇主語）-是你的妹妹還是弟弟要出國？-我弟弟。-Are you going to school or back home . -（Im）Go

5、ing home .（選擇謂語） -你是去學(xué)校還是回家。-我回家。D) 反意疑問句（DisjunctiveQuestion）當(dāng)說話人對某種情況不甚有把握，或需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)時(shí)，便可使用反意疑問句。反意疑問句的構(gòu)成分兩部分。第一部分是一個(gè)完整的陳述句；第二部分是一個(gè)簡單疑問句。第一部分若是肯定形式，第二部分則用否定形式；第一部分若是否定形式，第二部分則用肯定形式。還必須要保持前后兩部分在時(shí)態(tài)、情態(tài)動詞等方面的一致性。例如：She is a college student , isnt she ?她是學(xué)生，對不對？ He cannot speak French , can he ?他不會說法語是不是？

6、3) 祈使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用來表示說話人的請求、命令、要求、建議，等等。祈使句的主語常被省略，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)主語很明確地是聽話人you。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或表示某種感情，句子也會帶上主語。祈使句的謂語用動詞原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont + 動詞原形，或是Not to + 動詞原形。例如：Be quiet , please ! （大家）請安靜。 Stand up ! 起立！Dont smoke in the office . 請不要在辦公室吸煙。 Dont be standing in the rain . 別站在雨里。Not to be careless

7、 when youre driving a car . 開車時(shí)不要粗心大意。 4)感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence）感嘆句表示說話人的喜悅、氣憤、驚訝等強(qiáng)烈的情緒。這類句子用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞，How則強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞或動詞。這類句子的構(gòu)成只需將所強(qiáng)調(diào)或是說，所感嘆的對象放到句首；句子無需倒裝，句子要用正常語序。當(dāng)然，如果不用這種句型，而句子（無論是那種句子）本身又表示了上述的種種情緒，那么該句也就成了感嘆句。例如：What a fine day it is today ! 今天天氣多好?。?How fine it is today ! 今天天氣多好??！ What a lovely s

8、on you have ! 2. 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類如果按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類，英文句子可分為三個(gè)類別：簡單句（Simple Sentence），并列句（Compound Sentence）和復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）。這里所說的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要是指句子中主語和謂語之間所構(gòu)成的關(guān)系。1)簡單句（Simple Sentence）簡單句只有一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系。句子可能有兩個(gè)或更多的主語，也可能有兩個(gè)或更多的謂語，但是句子中的主謂關(guān)系只有一個(gè)。例如：China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .（兩個(gè)主語，一個(gè)謂

9、語）中國和中國人民在以非常的速度日益進(jìn)步。Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people . （兩個(gè)謂語，一個(gè)主語）計(jì)算機(jī)對人類社會意味著很多東西，并越來越受到人們的重視。2) 并列句（Comp并列句有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這些主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是并列的、對等的。從語法上講，所謂并列、對等是指任何一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都能獨(dú)立地表達(dá)意思，誰也不從屬于誰。盡管如此，這些主謂結(jié)構(gòu)在意思或邏輯上有一定程度的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。否則，它們就可能被分別寫成簡單句，而沒有必要寫在一起構(gòu)成并列句了。在并列句

10、中，要使兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（或者說，分句）連接在一起，就要用并列連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行對等（即互不從屬）的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面幾種：A. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思 : but , yet , however , nevertheless例：Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself .一切都是身外之物，只用健康屬于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English .

11、他才學(xué)一年英文，但已能用英文與人交往了。John has his shortcomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for the job . 約翰有缺點(diǎn)，但這不等于說他不勝任這份工作。B.表示因果關(guān)系: or , so , therefore , hence例：Youd better take an umbrella with you, for its going to rain.要下雨了，你最好帶把傘。Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去開個(gè)會，我得走

12、了。You are in the right , therefore we should support you .The town was built on the side of a hill, hence its named Hillside. 這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)建在山旁，所以叫山旁。C.表示并列關(guān)系and , or , eitheror , neither / nor , not onlybut (also), bothand, as well as例：She came to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers .昨晚她來我家了，我卻去她家

13、了。Do it this way or youll be in trouble . 你就這么辦，不然你會有麻煩的。Either you tell him the truth , or I do it . 不是你告訴他事實(shí)，就是我來告訴。He doesnt know your address, neither / nor do I. 3) 復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence復(fù)合句明顯地不同于簡單句，因?yàn)樗袃蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。從表面上看，它與并列句相似。其實(shí)不然，后者的幾個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是并列的、對等的；而復(fù)合句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系不是并列的、對等的，其中只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是主要

14、的，其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都從屬于那個(gè)主要的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。那個(gè)主要的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的從句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。復(fù)合句里的從句種類較多，引起不同的從句要用不同的從屬連詞。關(guān)于從屬連詞的具體使用將在從句的有關(guān)章節(jié)里再作介紹。另外，這里所說的從屬關(guān)系，是指從句只有和主句在一起才能有意義；從句若從主句那里獨(dú)立出來就無法表達(dá)意義了。請看下列句子：Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movie

15、sas well . （狀語從句）許多人在家里是邊看電視邊談話，所以他們認(rèn)為在電影院也可以如此。Whether he comes or not doesnt make any differenceto me .（主語從句）他來與不來對我都一樣。There is disagreement among economists about what money is and howmoney is measured. （賓語從句） China is not what it used to be . （表語從句）中國不是它過去的樣子了。Is there any proof that the food o

16、f plant differs from that of animals ? （同位語從句 Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government .（定語從句） 基本概念：與漢語相似，英語句子是由主語(subject), 謂語動詞(verb),賓語(object), 表語(predicative),狀語(adverbial),賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement)等成分組成，按照這些成分的組合方式英語句子可分為五種基本句型。句型一：主語+不及物動詞不及物動詞本身就可以表達(dá)完整的意念， 不需要賓語及補(bǔ)語，

17、但有時(shí)可有副詞， 介詞短語等狀語修飾語。e.g. The rain stopped . The old man walks in the park . 句型一的擴(kuò)展：1.主語+不及物動詞+狀語e.g. The machine works smoothly. (機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。)2.There +不及物動詞+主語e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus . 3. 主語+不及物動詞+ 動詞不定式e.g. They stopped to take a short rest . (他們停下來稍作休息)特別提醒動詞stop 可用

18、作不及物動詞，也可用作及物動詞。作不及物動詞時(shí), 通常后接動詞不定式,表示停下來的目的是做另一件事。作及物動詞時(shí)，通常后接動名詞,表示停止做這件事。e.g. They stopped taking a rest . 這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care,

19、agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )句型二 ：主語+系動詞+表語系動詞本身不能表達(dá)完整的意念，需要形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等來補(bǔ)充說明主語，也叫主語補(bǔ)語。e.g. My sister is a nurse . I feel quite hu

20、ngry . The ball is under the desk . 系動詞主要是be. 但還有一些動詞在有些時(shí)候也可作系動詞，有人稱之為半系動詞。常見的半系動詞有：（1）表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。系動詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語He is a student. ( )Your i

21、dea sounds great. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并寫出該句的系動詞。1) His advice proved right. ( )2) The shop stays open till 8 oclock. ( )3) The machine went wrong. ( )4) All these efforts seem in vain. ( )5) These words sound reasonable. ( )句型三：主語+及物動詞+賓語及物動詞本身需要一個(gè)動作的接受者（賓語），才可以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念。e.g. We are

22、learning English .Do you know him ?Your radio needs repairing .She hopes to see her uncle. 此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物動詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動名詞、動詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，She likes English. We planted a lot of trees on the farmyesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種1. My brother hasnt done his homework. ( )

23、2. People all over the world speak English. ()3. Jim cannot dress himself. ( )4. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. ( )5. He did not know what to say. ( )句型四：主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 有些及物動詞需要兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意念。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt. Give me the book, please.特別提醒A. 在此句型中， 通常是間接賓語（人）在前，直接

24、賓語（物）在后，有時(shí)直接賓語和間接賓語可以對調(diào)，這時(shí)間接賓語前應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。e.g. Her mother bought a skirt for her . Give the book to me , please . 直接賓語與間接賓語對調(diào)時(shí)，間接賓語前加介詞to的動詞有：give(給), tell(告訴) , lend(借給) , sell(賣), teach(教) , send(寄給), write(寫給), show(出示) , return(還給), bring(帶給), pass(遞給), leave(留給), offer(提供), hand(交給) 間接賓語前加介詞for的動

25、詞有：buy(買), choose(選擇), get (弄到), make(做), order(訂購), sing (唱歌), do (做), play(演奏) B. 如果直接賓語為人稱代詞那么必須把直接賓放在間接賓語前，且間接賓語前要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。e.g. I handed it to our teacher . 不能說：I handed our teacher it .C. 此句型變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，可分為兩種情況。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt .a. She was bought a skirt by her mother . b. A skirt

26、was bought for her by her mother. 有些及物動詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞釉~ + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：He give mea cup of tea. ()強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞釉~ + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me, please.(不能說 Bring

27、 me it, please。)常跟雙賓語的及物動詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(帶來）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, s

28、ing, spare等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1. She ordered herself a new dress. ( )2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )3. He brought you a dictionary. ( )4

29、. He denies her nothing. ( )5. I showed him my pictures. ( )6. I gave my car a wash. ( )7. I told him that the bus was late. ( )8. He showed me how to run the machine. ( )句型五：主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語及物動詞本身需要一個(gè)賓語外， 還需要一個(gè)名詞，形容詞，副詞, 動詞不定式，分詞來補(bǔ)充說明賓語，才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念。e.g. We elected Li Yang our monitor.The news made

30、us sad. She saw the thief steal into the shop .The teacher asked me to answer the question .I found the man stealing the money .I found my money stolen .此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。The war made him a soldier.（ 他成為

31、一個(gè)士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）New methods make the job easy.（ ）I often find him at work. （ ）The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ ） I saw a cat running across the road.分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并指出是什么充當(dāng)句子的賓語補(bǔ)足語1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He push

32、ed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor

33、. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）特別提醒A. 現(xiàn)在分詞為賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關(guān)系；過去分詞為賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),賓語與過去分詞之間是被動關(guān)系。B. 在let(讓)，make(使得)，have（請，讓，使得），see(看)，hear(聽到)，watch(觀看)，feel(感覺到)，listen to (傾聽)，look at (看到)，notice(注意到)等動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語如果為不定式， 則省掉”to”,但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)， 則要帶”to”.e.g. We hear her sing next door.She is heard

34、to sing next door .C. 此句型變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，只有一種情況。e.g. They saw him steal the old mans money. He was seen to steal the old mans money .6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)某地存在有，它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實(shí)際意義?？键c(diǎn)1. Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如，現(xiàn)在有 there is / are 過去有 there was / were將來

35、有 there will be/ there is / are going to be.現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has / have been可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be / there must have been.過去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 考點(diǎn)2. 此句型有時(shí)可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等

36、詞代替be動詞。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.考點(diǎn)3. There be 與have 的區(qū)別There be 某地有某物，某時(shí)有某事have 表示某人擁有某物。且記：沒有 there has a book on the desk. There has a mee

37、ting this evening.這樣的表達(dá)方法練習(xí)：翻譯下來句子1. 我有許多好朋友。2. 今天晚上將有一場電影。3. 公園內(nèi)有許多人。4. 樹上有許多小鳥。5. 一條狗有四條腿和一個(gè)尾巴。一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 4. My brother and I go to sch

38、ool at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 9. The f

39、armer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句： I hope you are very well（ ）. Im fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year