名詞專題講義

1、專題一 名詞講義學(xué)生：劉天宇 日期：7、27目標(biāo)定位1理解并區(qū)別所學(xué)的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。尤其是集合名詞有兩種用法的，比如：family表示“家人”時(shí)，既可做可數(shù)名詞，也可做不可數(shù)名詞。在不可數(shù)名詞中重點(diǎn)把握對(duì)物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞的理解和區(qū)分。這是重點(diǎn)也是難點(diǎn)，學(xué)生不易理解。2熟練掌握所學(xué)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成。尤其是一些名詞的不規(guī)則變化，比如：Negroes黑人；heroes英雄：tomatoes西紅柿；potatoes土豆；還有一些沒有規(guī)則的變化更要注意，比如：tooth的復(fù)數(shù)是teeth；mouse的復(fù)數(shù)是mice等等3掌握名詞所有格的表達(dá)方法，特別注意雙重所有格的用法。特別是當(dāng)代詞與所有格

2、同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，要用雙重所有格，比如：any friend of Toms湯姆的任何一位朋友; some houses of my fathers我父親的一些房子，等等。4理解專有名詞的概念和一些用法。注意通常不與冠詞連用但若表示某姓的一家人，可以加 冠詞，比如：The Smiths are coming to our party tonight.史密斯一家來參加我們的聚會(huì)。表示“一個(gè)叫的人”，“一”可以加冠詞a/an比如：a Smith可以表示“一個(gè)叫史密斯的人”，等等。5掌握名詞的語(yǔ)法功能。尤其是名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法，比如：dress shop服裝店；war story戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)故事，等等。 語(yǔ)

3、法梳理一、名詞的分類名詞：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞。名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。（一）普通名詞指一類人或事物的共有名稱，義可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞又分為個(gè)體名詞：表示個(gè)別人或事物的名詞，如：table桌子，lawyer律師；集合名詞表示一群人或許多東西的總稱。不可數(shù)名詞又分為物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或材料的總稱，如：water水，snow雪；抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、情感等抽象名詞。（二）專有名詞 專有名詞：表示具體的人、事物、國(guó)家、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等，其實(shí)詞的首字母必須大寫。如：Beijing, the WTO, SARS, M

4、r. Green等。二、名詞的數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，而不可數(shù)名詞通常沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。表示一個(gè)人或一件事物用單數(shù)，表示一個(gè)以上的人或事物用復(fù)數(shù)。（一）可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成如下：規(guī)則變化：1. 一般情況，在名詞詞尾加-s。2. 以輔音字母s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es。3. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞，一般在詞尾加-s。特例巧記：英雄喜歡吃土豆、西紅柿。4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，一般先將y變?yōu)閕，再加-es.5. 以f/fe結(jié)尾的名詞，先將f/fe變?yōu)関，再加-es。6. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，加-s。圖表解讀： l.清輔音后發(fā)/s/，如：cats; 濁輔

5、音后發(fā)z，如：bags。2讀作/iz/如：buses，boxes，watches，fishes。3如：zoos，radios，只有negro，hero，potato，tomato四個(gè)單詞后加-es，都讀作/z/。4讀作/z/，如：cities, babies。5讀vz/，這類詞有：thief小偷，self自身，knife刀，shelf架子，loaf 一條面包，wolf狼sheaf捆，calf小牛，half半wife妻子，life生命.leaf葉子等。這類詞都把f或fe變成-ves?！居洃浛谠E】小偷自己都有刀，站在架后旁邊切面包，狼捆著小牛搶一半，妻子的生命靠樹葉保。 但也有直接在詞尾加-s的情

6、況，讀/fs/。如：beliefsproofs等。 6以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的專有名詞直接加一s如：Marys。不規(guī)則變化：1）“某國(guó)人”的單復(fù)數(shù)變化：中日友好是一致，英法聯(lián)盟a變e。其他一律加s。2）單復(fù)數(shù)同形。3）元音發(fā)生變化。4）詞尾加-en或-ren。5）復(fù)合名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化。6）字母數(shù)字、引語(yǔ)或縮略詞變復(fù)數(shù)。圖表解讀：1“某國(guó)人”的單復(fù)數(shù)變化：中日不變( Chinese-Chinese；Japanese -Japanese)，英法變(Englishman-Englishmen；Frenchman-Frenchmen)其余在后邊加-s。如：American -Americans；German

7、-Ger-mans; Australian - Australians.2單復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：fish- fish; sheep -sheep; deer-deer。3元音發(fā)生變化。如：man- men；foot- feet。4詞尾加-cn或-ren。如：child-children, ox-oxen(牛)。5復(fù)合名詞單復(fù)數(shù)變化: (l)主要詞改為復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy student-boy students；father-in-law-fathers-in-law(2)含man或woman的復(fù)合名詞，前后兩詞都要改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teach

8、er -women teachers.6.字母、數(shù)字、引語(yǔ)或縮略詞變復(fù)數(shù)一般在詞后加 s也可以加-s。如：three as(三個(gè)a) 1990s/1990s（20世紀(jì)90.年代）。7其他情況。如：medium- media媒體。（二）不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) 不可數(shù)名詞的特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式：1物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般是借助“數(shù)間十量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來表示一定的數(shù)量。 量詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，但of后的不可數(shù)名詞只能用原形。如：a glass of water 兩杯水，two glasses of water兩杯水。2當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)，視為可數(shù)名詞，有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：water（水）-wat

9、ers（大水，洪水）3當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，視為可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如fish，作魚的“條數(shù)”講時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)形式為fish;作魚的“種類”講時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)為fishes。4當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，視為可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如a coffee一杯咖啡，two coffees兩杯咖啡。 5. 抽象名詞在-些固定詞組中可用做可數(shù)名詞。如：catch a cold感冒have a rest休息。三、名詞所有格 名詞所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格有三種形式：（一）-s所有格表示有生命的名詞的所有格。l. 一般在名詞詞尾加-s。如：Lilys bag。2若名詞以s結(jié)尾，直接在詞尾加。如：T

10、eachers Day。（二）of所有格表示無生命的名詞的所有格，結(jié)構(gòu)為“the+名詞+of+ the 物主代詞十名詞”。如：the window of the room房間的窗戶。（三）雙重所有格：-s所有格和of所有格結(jié)合在一起表示的所有關(guān)系。1of+名詞所有格。如：a friend of Lucys露西的一位朋友。2of+名詞性物主代詞。如：a friend, of mine我的一位朋友。四、名詞的句法功能1. 作主語(yǔ) 如：the car will sit six people.這車可以坐六個(gè)人。2. 作賓語(yǔ) 如：we love our country. 我們熱愛我們的祖國(guó)。3. 作表語(yǔ)

11、 如：he is a good doctor. 他是位好醫(yī)生。4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 如：Mike is considered a good monitor. 邁克被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)好班長(zhǎng)。5. 作定語(yǔ) 如：blood type血型； dress shop服裝店6. 作狀語(yǔ) 如：The meeting lasted two hours. 回憶持續(xù)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。7. 作同位語(yǔ) 如： Mr. Chen, our manager, has gone to Beijing. 陳先生，我們的經(jīng)理，已經(jīng)去了北京。五、記憶口訣1. 名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，規(guī)則要記??；一般加s，特殊有幾處；/ t/, /,/s/結(jié)

12、尾，es不離后；末位字母o, 大多加s；兩人（negro, hero）有兩菜(potato, tomato), es不離口；詞尾f, fe, s,前有v和e;沒有規(guī)則，必須單獨(dú)記。1. 名詞所有格名詞所有格，表示是“誰的”；若為生命詞，加“s”即可行；詞尾有s, 僅把逗號(hào)擇；并列名詞后，各自和共有；前者分別加，后者最后加；若為無生命，of所有格；前后需倒置，此是應(yīng)規(guī)則。基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練1. 寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。1. pencil-box_ 2.leaf_ 3.Sunday_ 4city_5. dress_6. match_ 7zoo_ 8exam_9.German_ 10. foot_11Engl

13、ishman_12.Japanese_翻譯下列短語(yǔ)或句子。1八杯水_ 2.三筐橘子_3房問的三扇窗戶_ 4.一個(gè)小男孩的名字_5十分鐘的步行路程 _6四名美國(guó)女教師_7吉姆和凱特的媽媽_ 8五份咖啡_9桌上有一條褲子_10湯姆叔叔是我爸爸的朋友。_根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)所提供的詞或首字母提示，在空白處填入正確的詞。 l. I have a lot of_ (homework) to do every day. 2. Some_(child) are flying _ ( kite) near the river. 3. It is the best one of the_ (photo) in my fa

14、mily. 4. Are they building any_ (library) in the city? 5. Can you cut this big pear into two _(half)? 6. After three_(month) study, the scientists worked out the physics problem. 7._ (tree) are planted in most of the mountain villages 8.1 like a_. Its neither hot nor cold. 9. T_ comes after Monday.

15、10. Here is a card for you with our best_ (wish). 11. Therere different_ (fish) in the sea. 12. Thousands of people lost their _ (life) in the disaster. 13. Could you tell me how many_ (boy student) were at the party? 14. Jims drawing is much better than any of his _( classmate) 15. This is a _(visi

16、tor) car. Mine is over there.用括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的適當(dāng)形式補(bǔ)全短文。 The new term is coming .Jack needs to buy a lot of 1 (thing) for the new school year. First, he needs some 2 (notebook), a few 3 (pencil), some 4 (clip), a 5 (box) of colour pencils, an 6 (eraser), some 7 (tape) for the English class and a 8 (ruler). 13e

17、sides. he has to buy two 9 (dictionary) and two 10 (sharpener). Why does he have to buy two because his twin brother also needs a dictionary and a sharpener.疑難拓展：疑難點(diǎn)一： 專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫，但其巾的虛詞如冠詞、介詞等的第一個(gè)字母一般不大寫。如：the United States of America。疑難點(diǎn)二：集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體的成員時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：My family is ve

18、ry happy.我的家庭很幸福。 My family are watching TV.我的家人在看電視。 疑難點(diǎn)三：某些以-s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科、書、劇本、報(bào)紙、雜志等名詞，雖以-s結(jié)尾但它們是單數(shù)。如：politics; the United States等。疑難點(diǎn)四： 由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞，若表示具體數(shù)日，要借助量詞pair來表示。如：a pair of shoes, two pairs of glasses。疑難點(diǎn)五：fish作“魚”講時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞，單復(fù)數(shù)同形；作“各種魚類”講時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)在詞尾加-es；作“魚肉”講時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞。如： I ate two fish last

19、night.昨晚我吃了兩條魚。 There are many fishes in the lake.湖里有很多種魚。疑難點(diǎn)六：people是集體名詞，但作“民族”講時(shí)，可用復(fù)數(shù)peoples。如： There are many peoples in the world. 世界上有許多民族.疑難點(diǎn)七：people表示“人們”時(shí)，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要表示“一個(gè)人”，只能說“a person”?！皟蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人”可以用persons或people表示。疑難點(diǎn)八：有些不可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)不同含義時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞，表示具體的人或物。如：danger危險(xiǎn)；a danger一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的人或一件危險(xiǎn)的事。疑難點(diǎn)九：名詞通

20、常用差熬形式作定語(yǔ)：但有些名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式作定語(yǔ)。如：two bookstores; a clothes shop. 疑難點(diǎn)十：“數(shù)詞+名詞十形容詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，中間的名詞只能用單數(shù)形式。如：a five-year-old girl 一個(gè)五歲的女孩。疑難點(diǎn)十一：有生命的名詞的-s所有格與of所有格可互換。如： the girls namethe name of the girl疑難點(diǎn)十二：無生命的名詞，一般用of所有格，但表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、地點(diǎn)、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格等無生命的名詞，也可以-s所有格。如：five minutes ride；todays newspaper；Beij

21、ings bridges等。疑難點(diǎn)十三：如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示“分別有”；如果只是最后一個(gè)名詞后有-s則表示“共有”。如： Lilys and Johns fathers莉莉的父親和約翰的父親。 Mary and Lucys room瑪麗和露西共同的房間。疑難點(diǎn)十四：所有格后面的名詞在下面兩種情況下可省略：1為了避免重復(fù)，如果第一個(gè)名詞所有格修飾的詞在上文中已經(jīng)提到過，或兩個(gè)名詞所有格所修飾的詞相同，往往可以省略第二個(gè)所有格后的名詞。如： Its not Janes mistake，but Jacks2表示店鋪、醫(yī)院、診所、學(xué)校、住宅、公共建筑時(shí)，名詞所有格后常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾

22、的名詞。如：at the barbers 在理發(fā)店。疑難點(diǎn)十五 ： else常用于不定代詞、疑問代詞或疑問副詞后，表示“另外，其他”，所有格為 elses。如：Who elses book is this? 疑難點(diǎn)十六：雙重所有格中帶有一s所有格的名詞必須是明確限定的指人的名詞，of前面的名詞前通常有a，an，this，that，any等詞對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行限定。如：a friend of my fathers；any friend of Li Mings。疑難點(diǎn)十七：of所有格和雙重所有格of所有格：a photo of Jack杰克的一張照片（照片上是杰克）。雙重所有格：a photo of Ja

23、cks杰克所擁有的照片中的一張（照片上不一定是杰克）。能力提升：.單項(xiàng)選擇。 ( )1. Can you imagine what life will be like in _ time? A. 20 years B. 20 years C. 20-years D. 20-years ( )2.-Hurry up, Jane!-Just give me five minutes to put my desk in_. A. time B. line C. order D. shape ( )3. Hey! If you want to know something about new cart

24、oons, have a look at this_. Its great. A. time B. website C. photo D. rock ( )4. I bought_ China Daily from a news stand this morning_. A. a page of B. a piece of C. a copy of D. a book of ( )5. This is_ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Ja

25、ne. D. Anne and Janes( )6. Two bags are on the table. Theyre _. A. the twins B. the twin C. twins D. twins . ( )7. -Can I help you? -Id like_ for my twin daughters. A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes( )8. Swimming is _in summer. A. a great fun B. grea

26、t fun C. great funs D. great a fun ( )9.-What do you have for breakfast? -I often have _ or_. A. breads; noodles B. bread; noodles C. breads; noodle D. bread; noodle( )10. They got much _ on the Internet. A. photo B. ideas C. message D. information( )11. -Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?

27、 -No, its about_. A. 7-minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk( )12. He had something to write down and asked me for _. A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper( )13. There are two _ in the city. A. cars factory B. cars factories C. factories o

28、f cars D. car factories( ) 14. His sisters English is better than _ in her class. A. anyone else B. anyones C. anyones else D. anyone elses( )15-Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _. A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cows D. sheeps; cow( )16. Lots of things are made of _. We must protect _.

29、A. woods; woods B. wood wood C. wood; woods D. woods; wood( )17. Im sorry I am late. I hope I didnt cause you_. A. too much trouble B. so many troubles C. much too trouble D. so more troubles( )18. -Would you like _? -Thank you; but Im not thirsty. A. some sandwiches B. some moon cakes C. some bread

30、 D. some orange( )19. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup( )20._ is nice and clean. A. The air today. B. The today air C. The air of the today D. The today of air( )21. -Whats in the _?-There are some_ and in them. A. photos; potatoes; radio

31、s B. photos; potatoes; radioes C. photoes; potatos; radios D. photos; potatos; radios( )22. -Where do you come from? .-I come from _. Im an _. A. Japan; Japanese B. America; American C. England; English D. Australian; Australian( )23. This computer is_. A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D.

32、 my( )24. Put on your _ quickly. A. a cloth B. the clothes C. cloth D. clothes( )25. Our teacher gave me . A. many advices B. much advices C. many advice D. much advice( )26. At the end of the match, our school_ won by 3 : 2. A. members B. group C. team D. fans( ) 27. -Jim is ill. Do you know whats

33、wrong with him? -Poor boy. His illness is the_ of eating unhealthy food.A. result B. cause C. reason D. end( ) 28: The music made me think of the _ of a running stream. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound( )29. As there were not enough chairs in the park,- they had to sit on the A. ground B. earth C

34、. land D. field ( )30.-Is it an animal -Right, its a _ of the cat family. A. kind B. number C. member D. piece ( )31. There was _ on show in the museum. A. a quite nice cup B. quite nice a cup C. quite nice cup D. quite nice cup( )32. The now is that I have lots of to ask. A. problem; questions B. q

35、uestion; problems C. question; problem D. problem; question( ) 33. Youd better do morning_ every day. Its good to have lots of A. exercise；exercise B. exercises; exercise C. exercise; exercises. D. exercises; exercises( )34. He told me_ would come to his birthday party. A. many Jack friends BJack s

36、many friends Cmany Jacks friend D. many friends of Jacks ( )35. _ is an industrious nation（勤勞的民族） A. The Chinese B. The Chineses C. Chinese D. ChinesesIII .用所給詞的正確形式填空 。l. These are five_ (pencil-box) on the desk.2. Three _ (German) are walking on the Peoples Square.3. We will have several (exam) th

37、is term.4. These workers are going abroad to work for three years. Their (wife) will have to stay at home alone.5. Our city has been built a few_(zoo)6. The tigers _ (tooth) are bigger than the monkeys.7. There are two new (shelf) in my reading room.8. Jim and Mike are good friends of _.9. Quite a f

38、ew (foreigner) have visited Guangzhou the year before last.10. -Are there (animal) on the hill? -Yes, there are some.疑難突破： I.單項(xiàng)選擇。 ( )1. The restaurant is so popular here. Look, there are so many_ here. A. food B. dish C. people D. waiter( )2. I dont think looking after children is just _ work. A. w

39、oman B. womans C. women D. womens( )3.-Would you like some drinks, boys? -Yes, _, please. , A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolate C. some cakes D. two boxes of-cola( )4. I saw many _ eating grass on the hill. A. horse B. cow C. rabbit D. sheep( )5. _ mothers cant come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian. A. Sallys and Jane B. Sally and Janes C