湖南英語(yǔ)高考-閱讀填空專題指導(dǎo)經(jīng)典例題有答案有解析

1、閱讀填空專題指導(dǎo)試題結(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀填空題是語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用類試題，旨在考查學(xué)生搜集信息（包括直接信息和間接信息）、處理信息、運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言傳遞信息的的能力。閱讀填空分正文和表格兩部分，正文為約300字的一篇短文；而表格為信息搜集與處理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)約定和潛在幫助，同時(shí)又是信息搜集與處理結(jié)果的定位區(qū)域。表格中一般設(shè)10個(gè)空，要求考生依據(jù)正文內(nèi)容和表格結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，用不超過(guò)3個(gè)單詞的語(yǔ)段來(lái)填補(bǔ)空缺，使表格內(nèi)容上下左右呼應(yīng)通達(dá)。表格之外有外標(biāo)題（Title），可視為正文的標(biāo)題；表格結(jié)構(gòu)基本與正文吻合，內(nèi)含若干列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)正文主干；表格細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容為涵蓋全篇正文的簡(jiǎn)約表述。試題特征。分析近年英語(yǔ)高考試題閱讀填空，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀填

2、空題有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。主觀性：順應(yīng)全球語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的大方向:增加主觀題，減少客觀題，是英語(yǔ)試題優(yōu)化的趨勢(shì)。運(yùn)用性：需對(duì)現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行整理、重組和概括。一致性：一方面，表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容與正文一致；另一方面，表格內(nèi)容的表述形式要一致。概括性：體現(xiàn)在使用3個(gè)單詞以內(nèi)的小語(yǔ)段，來(lái)表達(dá)一個(gè)句子、幾個(gè)句子、甚至整篇。準(zhǔn)確性：就是要用無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的規(guī)范語(yǔ)言科學(xué)地概括正文的主要內(nèi)容。應(yīng)試方略。 理解正文大意和結(jié)構(gòu)。表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的設(shè)置是以正文為依據(jù)的，只有讀懂了正文，才能順利地在表格中填出相應(yīng)的信息。考生可以采用邊讀邊記要點(diǎn)的方法，將記敘文的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因和結(jié)果等簡(jiǎn)要地記下來(lái)，將議論文的總論點(diǎn)、分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)

3、等加以概括，很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。 分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。一般情況下，表格的第一列或第一行為項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容即小標(biāo)題（列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題），通常就是段落和表格的主題句, 它標(biāo)示著其下方或右邊細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容所涉及的方向與范圍，這些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的填充可借助于小標(biāo)題，同樣，小標(biāo)題的概括由各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)決定。表格內(nèi)的所有項(xiàng)目之間存在著邏輯關(guān)系，彼此約束，相互支撐，互為聯(lián)系。 確定題目答案。在實(shí)際做題過(guò)程中，考生不妨采用“表格正文表格”的模式。先略讀表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，以把握正文的總體脈絡(luò)，明了表格空缺所涉及的主要問(wèn)題。然后帶著問(wèn)題閱讀正文部分，邊讀邊記正文要點(diǎn)，避免填一空回頭讀一遍文章造成的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)。接下來(lái)，用所記的文章要

4、點(diǎn)幫助表格填空，有些屬基礎(chǔ)題可直接引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句；而某些活用題則需要運(yùn)用常識(shí)和所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，對(duì)原來(lái)結(jié)構(gòu)完整、語(yǔ)意復(fù)雜的主題句化繁為簡(jiǎn)，簡(jiǎn)約地用與相鄰語(yǔ)句相同或相似的形式表述出來(lái)；難度較大的總結(jié)概括性題目如列標(biāo)題和行標(biāo)題，通常放在細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容補(bǔ)全后完成，概括力求有針對(duì)性，準(zhǔn)確，全面，得體。最后，總覽所填表格內(nèi)容，避免遺漏，保證上下左右語(yǔ)意貫通。第一節(jié) 引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句 考點(diǎn)提示 順利解答閱讀填空題技巧之一就是，采用邊讀邊記要點(diǎn)的方法，用所記的文章要點(diǎn)幫助表格填空。表格中基礎(chǔ)性題目很多可以直接引用原文中的詞匯和語(yǔ)句即語(yǔ)段。引用原文時(shí)（當(dāng)然亦適用于其它情況）應(yīng)注意字母的大小寫問(wèn)題。無(wú)論在原文中語(yǔ)段

5、首字母是大寫還是小寫，填空時(shí)一般要根據(jù)表格內(nèi)現(xiàn)有同級(jí)語(yǔ)段的書寫來(lái)確定，位于同一個(gè)表格內(nèi)不同語(yǔ)段的大小寫的規(guī)則，因所處的級(jí)別位置不同而不同。另外，不同的表格可能采用不同的大小寫規(guī)則。規(guī)律小結(jié) 解題一般步驟: 分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住主要問(wèn)題；理解正文大意，列出文章概要；理清表格層次，先做細(xì)節(jié)題，再定小標(biāo)題，最后的大標(biāo)題。 注意大小寫的規(guī)范性，表格外大標(biāo)題多數(shù)為每個(gè)單詞首字母大寫，表格內(nèi)的小標(biāo)題和細(xì)解題應(yīng)視具體情況而定，不可一概而論。題目設(shè)計(jì)者一定會(huì)設(shè)置35道直接引用原文詞匯和語(yǔ)句的題目，我們首先要保證這部分題拿滿分。 同步訓(xùn)練 Every two years, cities around the wo

6、rld make bids to the International Olympic Commission (IOC) to host the Olympic Games. Today, cities are selected through a much more rigorous (嚴(yán)格的) process.Any city that wants to host the Olympic Games puts in its name to the IOC and is considered an “Applicant City”. For the next ten months, the I

7、OC investigates the city on several points: 1) The city must prove that it is big enough to handle the Olympics. It also needs to show that it can handle the high level of security (安全) needed at the games.2) The city needs to convince the local people that the expenses of covering the Olympics (whi

8、ch may be covered by raising taxes) are worth it in city improvement and new jobs.3) The city needs to maintain a highly positive media exposure to carry the games.If the IOC decides that a city has fulfilled the three points above, it is considered a “Candidate City ” and goes into the second phase

9、 of the process. After an application and an application fee submitted (遞交), the IOC makes a final judgment on which city is the best candidate for the coming Summer or Winter Olympic Games. The cost for bidding for the games is incredibly high. Bid committees must pay an application fee to the IOC.

10、 (The fee for hosting the 2012 Olympics is US$150,000.) Following the fee, the cities generally need to begin large construction projects like building the “Olympic village”, new sports arenas (競(jìng)技場(chǎng)) and stadiums, and transportation systems. Since the Olympics are so expensive, why do cities want to

11、host the games? Cities bid for the Olympics for a variety of reasons: the desire to show pride in their city and their country, the eagerness to be in the international spotlight for two weeks, the opportunity to bring new jobs into the community, and to build up tourism for that city.Bid for the Ol

12、ympicsBidding phasesNecessary construction projectsReasons for biddingfirst phase79. _81. _83. _put in name to 76. _Submit the application and pay 80. _new sports arenasbeing eager to become the international spotlightthe IOC investigates the city on three points77. _make final judgmentstadiums84. _

13、78. _highly positive media exposure82. _85. _第二節(jié) 歸納總結(jié) 考點(diǎn)警示 既然歸納總結(jié)是抓住眾多信息的主要共有特征，那么，做題時(shí)就應(yīng)首先將眾多信息搜集齊全，再做分析，以避免歸納片面性的發(fā)生。然后將次要信息特征果斷丟棄，最后利用所學(xué)知識(shí)調(diào)整用詞，簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)。潛心搜集掌握撰寫文章和分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)常用的不同種類的詞匯。item, topic, subject, title, fact, data, source, character, time, placesex, age, birth, nationality, career, experience, e

14、ducation, problem, cause, reason, way, method, solution, access, sign, feature, phenomena, usage, function, procedure, stage, phase, action, measure, effect, result, consequence, conclusion, comment, assessment, improvementaim, purpose, plan, activity, demand, requirement, advice, opinion, suggestio

15、ncontent, amount, number, difference, similarity, advantage, virtue, disadvantage 同步訓(xùn)練 While it is impossible to live completely free of stress, it is possible to prevent stress as well as reduce its effect when it cant be avoided. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following

16、suggestions for ways to deal with stress.Try physical activityWhen you are nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try.Take care of yourselfYou sho

17、uld make every effort to eat well and get enough rest. If you easily get angry and cannot sleep well enough, or if youre not eating properly, it will be more likely that you will fall into stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult a doctor. Make time for

18、yourselfSchedule time for both work and entertainment . Dont forget, play can be just as important to you over-all well-being as work. You need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do someth

19、ing you enjoy.Make a list of the things you need to doStress can result from disorganization and a feeling that “ theres so much to do, and not enough time”. Trying to take care of everything at once can be too much for you and as a result, you may not achieve anything. Instead, make a list of every

20、thing you have to do, then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Set out to do the most important tasks first.How to deal with stressPhenomena or reasons76_Action(s)Being nervous, angry or upsetTry physical activityrunningwalkingplaying tennis77_78_Not sleeping well enou

21、ghEating79_Take care of yourselfeating well80_consulting a doctorScheduling time for both work and entertainment not properly81_for yourself82_working on a hobbydoing something you enjoy83._and feeling that time is not enoughMake a list of the things84._at a time85_each taskas it is completedsetting

22、 out to do the mostimportant第三節(jié) 運(yùn)用常識(shí)解題規(guī)律小結(jié)閱讀填空正文及表格部分，都有可能涉及到各方面的常識(shí)，如英美基本文化知識(shí)，生活小知識(shí)，自然科學(xué)及社會(huì)科學(xué)知識(shí)等。平時(shí)應(yīng)注意知識(shí)積累的橫向平衡，博覽群書，善于總結(jié)，勤于記憶。 同步訓(xùn)練 It is December thirty-first, 2004, the time when the old year dies and the New Year is born.Many Americans have parties at home and invite all their friends .Many of t

23、hese events are noisy。People shout and sing. They often blow on small noisemakers when the New Year arrives at midnight. They kiss their husband or wife or the person they are with. They dance to music. Other Americans spend a quiet evening at home .They drink Champagne at midnight to welcome the Ne

24、w Year.Some people drink too much alcohol at New Years Eve celebrations .This can lead to tragic results if a person drinks too much and then drives a car. The National Safety Council says hundreds of people die in road accidents during the holiday.In recent years ,the danger of accidents has result

25、ed in a new tradition called the “designated driver” One person among a group of friends drinks little or no alcohol during New Years Eve celebrations. Then this designated driver can safely drive the other people home. Many American cities also offer free taxi service on New Years Eve to take peopl

26、e home safely.Other Americans observe the coming of the New Year at events without alcohol .More than 220 American cities hold these First Night celebrations. Artists in Boston Massachusetts started the tradition of First Night celebrations in 1976.They wanted to observe the coming of a New Year. Bu

27、t they did not want to hold noisy drinking parties. So they organized, music, art and other events to observe the holiday.How Americans Observe New Years DayWays to celebrateCelebrations with alcoholCelebrations without alcohol76_At homeAt theatres or 83_ActivitiesDrinking parties with 78_Attending

28、music 84_ or art 85_Making very 79_Kissing each otherDancing to musicMain problemsMany deaths on the road 80_ drink-and-driveNoneWays 77_ the problemMaking arrangements for some people not 81_ so as to drive others home safelyNone82_ free taxi service to take people home safely第四節(jié) 運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)解題 考點(diǎn)提示 閱讀填空

29、所有題目都具有簡(jiǎn)約表述的特征，將句、段、文濃縮簡(jiǎn)化為三個(gè)單詞以內(nèi)的小語(yǔ)段，技巧之一就是運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)主要是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，如非謂語(yǔ)的各種形式、名詞所有格、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、修飾語(yǔ)和中心詞間的換位等等。規(guī)律小結(jié) 用名詞所有格形式“S”代替介詞ofthe old-growing of the baby boomersBaby boomers old growingThe power of governmentThe governments powera friend of her motherHer mothers friend詞性轉(zhuǎn)換They also have fewer absences and are l

30、ess likely to blameless blame（副詞less轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞， 動(dòng)詞blame轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞）They are trying to making living conditions betterBettering living condition（形容詞better轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，并使用非謂語(yǔ)-ing形式）Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth ,and for healthy blood vessels Being a_necessity/must_ for strong bones and teeth and he

31、althy blood.（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞the fact that people in the U. S. are living longerCitizens living longerdesigned to improve academic performanceimproving academic performanceThey are trying to making living conditions betterBettering living condition句子轉(zhuǎn)為詞組One likely development will be a gradual change

32、in the family unitFamily unit changeThe other likely development will be a change in the proportion (比例) of the nations workforceWorkforce proportion changeNext, after-school programs make a bigger difference for those students who need help most and have the fewest choicesstudent difference In sub-

33、Saharan Africa the crops are drying out in the fields and people are dying of starvation People dying of starvationLondon may never see a ”white Christmas”No snow/No white ChristmasParking is usually free, and the weather inside is always fine.Free parking and Fine weather運(yùn)用反義詞前后綴、合成詞連字符等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí) 利用反義詞

34、前綴un-，dis-，in-，im-，ir-，il-，de-等使表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)約化如:uncomfortable, unload, uncover, dislike, informal, inaccurate, irregular, irresponsible, illegal, illogical, devalued等。利用反義詞后綴-less，如：careless, hopeless, selfishness, motionless等。利用構(gòu)成名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞的后綴，以實(shí)現(xiàn)原文詞匯向表格所需詞匯形式的轉(zhuǎn)化，如：confidence, assistance, dependence, acce

35、ptance, repetition, division, reality, settlement, greatness, warmth, safety, failure, pressure; available, powerful, childish, significance, continuous; strengthen, modernize等。利用連字符簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)用詞數(shù)量，如：Some were well built and attractivewellbuilt and attractivephysical development, mental development, and so

36、cial developmentall-round development 同步訓(xùn)練 Much of our good health depends on the cooperation between substances .When they work together, chemical reactions take place smoothly. Body systems are kept in balance .Some of the most important helpers in the job of good health are the substances we call

37、 vitamins.Vitamin A is needed to produce a light-sensitive substance in the eyes. People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in the dark. The best source of vitamin A is fish liver oil. It also is found in the yellow part of eggs .In addition, squash, sweet potatoes, carrots and other da

38、rkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.Vitamin B-1 is also called thiamine. It changes starchy foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly. Without it, we would be weak and would not grow .Thiamine is found not ju

39、st in whole grains like brown rice, but also in other foods. These include beans and peas, nuts and meat and fish.Vitamin B-12 is needed so folic acid can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells. Without them ,a person suffers from anemia (貧血).Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in food

40、s such as eggs, meat, fish and milk products.Vitamin C is necessary for strong bones and teeth, and for healthy blood vessels. It also helps wounds heal quickly. The body stores very little vitamin C .So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus fruits, tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.VitaminsK

41、inds of vitaminsFunctions76 Problems caused for lack of itvitamin A helping prevent poor 77 at nightfish liver oil ,yellow part of eggs, darkly colored fruits and vegetables78 _ to see well in the darkvitamin B-1helping the 79 systemwhole grains, beans, nuts, meat and fish 81 and slow growthgood for

42、 the 80 work of the heart and nervous systemvitamin B-12 helping prevent a 82 called anemia83 like eggs ,meat, fish and milk productsanemiavitamin C a 84 for strong bones and teeth and healthy blood vesselsCitrus fruits tomatoes and uncooked vegetablesdisease with 85_ 參考答案閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練一【答案】76. the IOC 77

43、. size and security 78. citizens support 79. second phase 80. an application fee 81. Olympic village 82. transportation systems83. showing pride 84. more job opportunities 85. building up tourism本文介紹申辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的程序及舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的前期準(zhǔn)備工作，表格的難度設(shè)置不大，旨在培養(yǎng)完成閱讀填空題的信心。76、80、81、82題屬直接應(yīng)用原文詞匯題，77、83、84、85題取自原文的靈活表達(dá)題，79題為借助于表

44、格中的first phase可填出的判斷推理題，78題為本表格的難點(diǎn)和亮點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)考查考生的概括能力和準(zhǔn)確表述能力。閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練四【答案】76. Solutions/ways 77. gardening 78. Easily getting angry 79. improperly 80. getting enough rest 81. Make time 82. going window-shopping 83. Disorganizing time 84. doing one thing85. checking off本文介紹減輕壓力的幾種有效方法。76題述列標(biāo)題，自其下面的四個(gè)段標(biāo)題概

45、括而出，又得助于第一段末句The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress的幫助。77題將原句Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try中的garden轉(zhuǎn)化成了動(dòng)詞，并使用了與其屬同一級(jí)別語(yǔ)段的-ing形式。78題將第三段If you easily get ang

46、ry and cannot sleep well enough中的關(guān)鍵詞匯的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)?ing。79題利用反義詞前綴im-壓縮了原句or if youre not eating properly中的用詞數(shù)量。80題把原文You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest中的關(guān)鍵詞匯形式轉(zhuǎn)化為-ing。81題所用詞匯直接來(lái)源于段標(biāo)題Make time for yourself。82題轉(zhuǎn)化原句Go window-shopping or work on a hobby緊要詞匯的形式為Going window-shopping 。83

47、題利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，將Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that “ theres so much to do, and not enough time”中的名詞disorganization轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，并增補(bǔ)必要用詞time，變式表達(dá)為Disorganizing time。84題和85題均取自原句then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed詞匯do one thing和checking off，然后動(dòng)詞都用了-ing。 參考答案

48、閱讀填空模擬訓(xùn)練五【答案】76 Places 77 to solve /of solving 78 friends 79 loud noises 80 caused by/resulted from 81 to drink(wine/alcohol) 82 offering 83 museums 84 concerts 85 shows/exhibitions原元文介紹美國(guó)人過(guò)新年。76題右邊兩格提示為過(guò)新年的地點(diǎn)Places。77題依靠語(yǔ)言知識(shí)用to solve /of solving將Ways和the problem連在一起。78題friends直接源于Many Americans hav

49、e parties at home and invite all their friends。79題 loud noises由Many of these events are noisy和 People shout and sing中重點(diǎn)詞匯歸納所得。80題caused by/resulted from是This can lead to tragic results if a person drinks too much and then drives a car中l(wèi)ead to的轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)。81題同樣為One person among a group of friends drinks little or no alcohol during New Years E