定語從句的詳細講解

1、定語從句的詳細講解一、定語從句的概念 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又作定語從句的重要成分。三、定語從句的分類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主

2、句與從句之間有逗號分開，起補充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、關(guān)系代詞的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。（that作主語）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。（that作賓語）2.which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：The building which stands near the trai

3、n station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。（作主語）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Min

4、g is talking to？ 正在與李明談話的老師是誰？（作賓語）注意：（1）當定語從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時，who， that， which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔?。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。（2）含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如：This is the perso

5、n whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。（3）that 作介詞的賓語時，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。（4）關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。b.被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， man

6、y， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？c.先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。d. 先行詞里同時含有人或物時，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I

7、can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰？f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。（5）關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用th

8、at 的情況：a.先行詞為that， those時，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。五、關(guān)系副詞的用法（1）when指時間，其先行詞表示時間，在句中作時間狀語。例如：This

9、was the time when he arrived.這是他到達的時間。（2）where指地點，其先行詞表示地點，在句中作地點狀語。例如：This is the place where he works.這是他工作的地點。（3）why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。六限制性和非限制性定語從句定語從句有限制性和非限制性定語從句兩種。一般地說，限制性定語從句用來限制先行詞的意義，與先行詞關(guān)系密切，是整個句子不可缺少的一部分，否則會造成全句

10、意義不明確。而非限制性定語從句帶有補充說明的性質(zhì)，與先行詞之間存在一種松散的修飾關(guān)系，去掉后一般不會影響句子的主要意義。概括起來，兩者有如下區(qū)別：1）形式不同：限制性定語從句常緊跟其先行詞，中間不用逗號隔開；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間常用逗號隔開。AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltownwherehegrewupasachild.(NMET1996)在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了小時候生活過的那個小鎮(zhèn)。2）意義不同請比較下面兩個句子：Mybrotherwhois18yearsoldisacollegestudent.我

11、18歲的那個弟弟是大學(xué)生。Mybrother,whois18yearsold,isacollegestudent.我弟弟是大學(xué)生,今年18歲。第一句中，限制性定語從句限制了先行詞的意義，明確是18歲的那個弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能還有幾個弟弟）。第二句使用了非限制性定語從句，表明可能只有一個弟弟，18歲，起補充說明作用。另外，如果先行詞是專有名詞或獨一無二的人或物，通常用非限制性定語從句。Hismother,wholovedhimverymuch,diedin1818.最愛他的母親于1818年去世了。IliketochatwithJack,whoisacleverboy.我喜歡和杰克聊天，他

12、是個聰明人。Whenhewas17,hewenttoatechnicalschoolinZurich,Switzerland,wherehestudiedmathsandphysics.17歲那年，他到瑞士的蘇黎士一家技校上學(xué)，在那兒他學(xué)習(xí)了數(shù)學(xué)和物理。3）先行詞不同：限制性定語從句的先行詞通常是名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞除名詞或代詞外，還可以是整個主句（此時，常用which或as引導(dǎo)從句）。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.(MET1989)所需要的只是一些油而已。CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,whichper

13、sonallyIdoubtedverymuch.(NMET1999)凱羅爾說工作可在10月前完工，這一點我個人深感懷疑。Ashasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamsnextweek.(2003上海春)我們將于下周舉行期末考試，這一點剛才已經(jīng)宣布了。句中as是關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代后面整個主句的內(nèi)容。4）引導(dǎo)詞不同：限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞可用關(guān)系代詞that,which,who(whom,whose),as和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why；除that和why外，其它的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。Heistheonlyo

14、neofthestudentswho/thathasbeenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(NMET2000春)他在這些學(xué)生中是唯一連續(xù)3年獲得獎學(xué)金的一個。Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.(MET1991)她聽到一個可怕的聲音，差點兒把膽都給嚇破了。（句中which不可用that代替）Thefamousbasketballstar,whotriedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.(2002春季)那個籃球明星試圖復(fù)出江湖，吸引了

15、眾人的注意。（句中who不可用that代替）5）引導(dǎo)詞省略情況不同：眾所周知，在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞如果充當從句的賓語可以省略；而非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞是不能省略的。Isthisthebook(that/which)youarelookingfor?(NMET1999)這就是你要找的那本書嗎？（關(guān)系代詞that/which充當從句的賓語，可以省略）Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadntexpected.實驗的結(jié)果非常好，這簡直出乎我們的意料。(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中充當expect的賓語，但因為引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句，

16、所以不能省略)6）譯法不同：把句子翻譯成漢語時，限制性定語從句中，通常先譯從句后譯先行詞；而非限制性定語從句中則往往相反。Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputer.(2003北京春)我們生活在一個許多工作都由電腦來完成的時代。Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:school,museumsandsomeotherplaces,whereothervisitors seldomgo.(2002北京)我們將被帶去參觀全市各地：包括學(xué)校、博物館和其它場所，那些其它游客很少去的地方。引用 2010高考定語從句集合定語從句-精講

17、精練一、定語從句考點：（五大考點，每年必考）（1）考點1：定語從句的本質(zhì)（2）考點2：用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞（3）考點3：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的特殊情況（4）考點4：在“介詞+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞的選擇（5）考點5：非限制性定語從句二、-高考英語語法精講（1）考點1：定語從句的本質(zhì)：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句或形容詞從句；整個從句修飾這一名詞 被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞a. God helps those(先行詞) who help themselves（定語從句）.b. I like the girl（先行詞） who speaks English very w

18、ell.c. You must do everything(先行詞)that I do .（定語從句）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的作用：連接作用（連接主句和從句）；替代作用（替代先行詞）；成分作用（必須在定語從句中充當成分）（2）考點2：用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞 定語從句解題技巧：（三步）I找出連接詞II找出主句-分析主句成分-確定從句類型III立即將先行詞直接帶入從句-分析從句成分-分析先行詞在從句中的成分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系詞先行詞充當成分關(guān)系代詞who人主、賓、表whom人賓which物主、賓、表that人和物主、賓、表as物主、賓關(guān)系形容詞Whose=of whom/ofwhich人和物的定語

19、關(guān)系副詞When=at/in/on/duringwhich時間時間狀語Where=at/in/towhich地點地點狀語Why=for which原因原因狀語注意：1.關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是由從句中的動詞來決定This is the place where we work.(vi)This is the place which we visited.(vt)2.當先行詞為時間名詞（如time, day, year, week, month, occasion） 用關(guān)系副詞when,但關(guān)系副詞只能做狀語，如果從句中缺主語或賓語則要用that。當先行詞為地點名詞（如：place ,room, ci

20、ty, country, situation, case, scene）時，用關(guān)系副詞where, 但此時只能做地點狀語，如果定語從句缺主語或賓語就要用that 。（07安徽卷：）-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes, this is the only one point _we must insist on.A. which B. that C. where D. when 答案:A（07全國卷）Some pre-school children go to a day care center;_ they learn simple

21、 games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where 答案:D(07天津卷)Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. when B. whose C. which D. where答案:D(05廣東卷) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the s

22、cenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 答案:A(05江蘇卷)The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which; where B. at which; which C.at which; where D.which; in which 答案:C（3）考點3：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的特殊情況1指物時只用 that，

23、不用which 的情況： （代高序修飾時）1) 當先行詞為 all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代詞時。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的已經(jīng)做了。There must be something that happened to you.你一定出了什么事。2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級或the last, the only ,the very,等修飾。That is the only way that leads to your s

24、uccess.那是通向你成功的唯一之路We have to consider the first thing that starts our work.我們必須要考慮啟動我們工作的第一件事。This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before.這是以前從未上演過的最有感染力的電視劇。3).在疑問詞 who, what, which 開頭的句子中。（避免歧義）Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown.4).定語從句為there be句型，也可以省

25、略。This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing .5). 當先行詞既指人又指物時。 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.6).當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做表語。China is not the country(that)it was.Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. 2. 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情況。 1). 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句修飾某物或整個句子。 Bruce

26、 went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.2).在介詞后面:介詞+which (先行詞是物)The world in which we live is made of matter.注意:若介詞在從句中而沒有直接在關(guān)系詞后,可以用which 或that.例如:The world that we live in is made of matter.3.指人時只能用who不用that 的情況.1)先行詞為one,ones或anyone.

27、(避免歧義)2)先行詞為those.(避免歧義)God helps those who help themselves.(天助自主者)3)主句是there be . Eg:There is a man who called himself Mr.Wu at the gate.4)在非限制性定語從句中注意:4. “the same as”. Such/soas”中的as 可以指人或物,作從句的主語、賓語、表語或介詞的賓語。 如：Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco.Is this the same mosquito as

28、 bit you just now?He was not half such a coward as we took him for.相關(guān)考點：1So/suchthat (狀語從句)She is so beautiful a girl that I love her so much.(狀語從句)She is so beautiful a girl as I love so much .（定語從句）2.as的考點總結(jié)：as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句、非限制性定語從句。例如：限定性定語從句（常用于such/soas 和the same 。as等句式中 ）Such points as you

29、ve mentioned are really important in solving the problem.你提到的這些方面在解決這個問題上的確很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays.你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見了。This computer has the same functions as that one has.這臺計算機有著和那臺計算機一樣的功能。非限制性定語從句（as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，as指代整個主句：也就是說，將整個主句看成一件事或是一個事實；并對其進行補充說明。這種非限制性定語從句

30、既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。）As I know, she hasnt got married.如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以預(yù)料，他們在比賽中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students, as is known to all of us .如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。5.當其先行詞是reason時，關(guān)系副詞用why(=for which )或that 引導(dǎo)表示原因的定語從句。(相關(guān)考點：名詞從

31、句）當主句主語是reason時，作主句表語的成分不能有because 或because of 。其結(jié)構(gòu)一般為the reason whyis that, the reason that is that ,He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.The reason why (that) he didnt come is that he was ill.Didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy.他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因The reason why she was late

32、is not so acceptable.她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。6當way表示方式作先行詞時，其關(guān)系副詞不能用how,而要用that 或in which在非正式英語中可以不用連接詞。The way that he considered the problem was too unacceptable.I dont like the way you talked to your mother.（4）考點4：在

33、“介詞+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞的選擇方法1.看定語從句中動詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配1.He is the man _on_ whom I think you can depend.2.He referred me to some reference books _with_ which I am not very familiar.方法2.看從句中的動詞或動詞詞組與先行詞的搭配1.He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on outside the house.2. The libr

34、arian with whom I just shook hands works heart and soul.3. The comments on their product, of which this is one example, are very sharp.方法3.先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配當先行詞表示“領(lǐng)域、方面”時，如：aspect, respect, area, field 等，用in which； 當先行詞表示“價格、利率、速度”時，如rate,price,speed等,用at which當先行詞表示“程度”時，如degree, extent等，用to which.當先行詞表示

35、“根據(jù)、依據(jù)、基礎(chǔ)”時，如grounds,foundation,basis等，用on which.1.(06湖南卷)We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _ we gave some bells and glasses.A. to which B. to whom C.with whom D. with which.答案：B2（06重慶卷）I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could reco

36、gnize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 答案：D3.(07重慶卷)Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose.A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 答案：B方法4.名詞/代詞/

37、數(shù)詞+of+which/whom (整體中的部分或定語從句為最高級)鏈接高考:（05湖南卷）I have many friends, _ some are businessmen.A. of them B.from which C. who of D. of whom答案:D(04遼寧卷)The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_ are sold abroad.A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that答案: A(07北京卷)We shouldnt spe

38、nt our money testing so many people, most of _ are healthy.A. that B. which C. what D. whom答案:D（04廣西卷）The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which答案:A(07安徽卷)Last week, only two people came to look

39、at the house, _ wanted to buy it.A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom答案:D考點5：非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo)，一般用引導(dǎo)詞which/as/who,非限制性定語從句既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容，也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句不能放在主句句首。As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth

40、.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people life greatly.His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.關(guān)于非限制性定語從句，應(yīng)該注意：1.關(guān)于非限制性定語從句和單句的比較I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.He failed in th

41、e exam. That made his parents angry.Vs. He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry.He has two sons. Both of them are teachers.Vs. He has two sons, both of whom are teachers.2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與it。The earth is round. It is known to all. 比較：The earth is round, which is known to all.As is known

42、to all, the earth is round.比較： It is known to all that the earth is round.As具有“正如”之意，搭配的動詞一般是固定的，如as you know/as you see/as we planned/as we expected/as is reported.3.as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句與其他從句的比較。(狀語從句)This is such an interesting book that we all like it.（定語從句）This is such an interesting book as we all like

43、such +名詞+as+從句the same +名詞+as+從句（as在從句中作主語、賓語或者表語）（07上海卷）His movie won several awards at the film festival,_ was beyond his wildest dream.A. which B. that C. where D. it答案:A（06天津卷）The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as 答案:D（05浙江卷）Jim p

44、assed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.A.which B. that C. this D.it答案:D（04江蘇卷）_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A.Which B. When C. What D.As 答案:D（04北京卷）_ is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B. As C.That

45、D.What非限制性定語從句的五個“不能”（1）關(guān)系詞不能用that (2)關(guān)系詞不能用 why，只能用 for which（3）有且只有as能放整個句首，which不能 (4) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞 其中的關(guān)系代詞不能用as. 介詞+which/whom（5）指人的關(guān)系代詞作賓語時，只能用賓格whom;不能用who替換，也不能省略考點6：如何用好whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句Whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物。（05天津卷）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _ effects the peo

46、ple are still suffering.A. that B. whose C. those D. what答案：B(06福建卷)Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that答案：A歷年高考考點真題：1.-Mom, what did your doctor say? -He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. 2006年 (四川卷) A. in where B. in which C.

47、the place where D. where 【解析】從句屬五大句型(3), 先行詞在句中無法找到, 故該句型不屬定語從句,應(yīng)為地點狀語從句。本題考察了定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別。【D】2. I saw a woman running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. 2006年（重慶卷）A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 【解析】從句屬

48、五大句型(1), 按題意先行詞the direction用在come (from) 后構(gòu)成(from) the direction在句中作方式狀語, 在結(jié)構(gòu)圖中，按線路進行進行，應(yīng)填from which?！綝】3. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, this was a memory she especially treasured. 2006年（廣東卷） A. as B. if C. when D. where【解析】從句屬五大句型(3)，先行詞是指整個主句的內(nèi)容, 但是它在從句中不充

49、當任何成分，故該句型不屬定語從句,應(yīng)為原因狀語從句。本題考察了定語從句與原因狀語從句的區(qū)別。【A】4. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. 2006年（北京卷） A. who; 不填B. 不填; whoC. who; who D. 不填; 不填【解析】從句屬五大句型(2), 先行詞Women在句中作主語, 在結(jié)構(gòu)圖中，按線路進行，應(yīng)選【C】5. We saw several natives advanci

50、ng towards our party, and one of them came up to us _we gave some bells and glasses. 2006年（湖南卷）A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which 【解析】從句屬五大句型(4), 按題意先行詞them在句中作give sth to sb結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞的賓語, 在結(jié)構(gòu)圖中，按線路進行，應(yīng)選【B】。 6. She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. 2006（陜西卷）A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that 【解析】從句屬五大句型(2)，按題意先行詞是指整個主句的內(nèi)容,在句中又構(gòu)成了(after)