be型虛擬語(yǔ)氣及倒裝

1、be-型虛擬式的主要用法如下。 用于表示命令、決定、建議等詞語(yǔ)之后的that-分句中be-型虛擬式的這一用法又有以下三種情況：a)用在decide, decree, demand, insist,moveorder,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote等動(dòng)詞之后的that分句中。例如：He ordered that all the books be sent at once.We propose that somebody neutral take the chair(擔(dān)任主席)。She insisted that she

2、go to the south for her holiday.Congress has decided /voted/ decreed that the present law be maintained.The doctor insisted that he not eat meat.b)用在decision, decree, demand, Instruction, order, requirement, resolution等名詞之后的that-分句中。例如：The board(理事會(huì)) has given instructions that the agent fly to Bost

3、on.We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable.Their decision was that the school remain closed.His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out.在這一用法中be-型虛擬式能與“should +不定式”交替使用，也能與不定式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)交替使用。例如：He ordered that the boo

4、ks be sent at once.=He ordered that books should be sent at once.=He ordered the books to be sent at once.It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job.=It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job.=It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job. be-型虛擬式能用于由

5、if, though, whatever, lest, so long as等引導(dǎo)的分句中表示推測(cè)、讓步、防備等含義。例如：If he be found guilty, John shall have the tight of appeal.If the rumour be true, everything is possible.Though everyone desert you, I will notWhatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.So long as a volume hold together,

6、I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support.Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于正式書面語(yǔ)體，在非正式語(yǔ)體中通常用動(dòng)詞陳述式或者用should/may+不定式。例如：If the rumour is true, everything is possible.He hid himself in the bush lest

7、he should be seen.Whatever his defense may be, we cant tolerate this disloyalty. 用于某些公式化的語(yǔ)句中be-型虛擬式用于某些公式化語(yǔ)句中可表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等意義。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!Heaven forbid!（天理不容)Devil take him!(混蛋)So be it.(但愿如此/就這樣吧。)Suffice it to say that.(只需說(shuō)就夠了。)Far be it from me to(我極不愿)

8、spoil the fun.He will remain here if need be.Home is home,be it ever so homely.語(yǔ)法-倒裝 英語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)序通常是主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后，這種語(yǔ)序稱作正常語(yǔ)序或自然語(yǔ)序。但有時(shí)出于語(yǔ)法或達(dá)到某種修辭目的(強(qiáng)調(diào)、承上啟下、平衡等)的需要，要把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面，這種語(yǔ)序稱作倒裝(Inversion)語(yǔ)序。將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全移至主語(yǔ)之前，稱完全倒裝(Full Inversion)；如果只是把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，稱為部分倒裝。 1. there be結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝 在“there be”(或there + appear to

9、 be，come，exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be) 雪結(jié)構(gòu)中，倒裝形式為完全倒裝。如：There were many students in the reading room in this evening.今晚閱覽室里有許多學(xué)生。There is a TV set, a stereo system and a number of chairs in the sitting room.客廳里有一臺(tái)電視機(jī)，一套組合音響和一些椅子。 2. here，there，no

10、w，then等引起的倒裝 在以here,there,now,then等簡(jiǎn)短副詞引起的句子中(前三個(gè)須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))，動(dòng)詞往往是be,come,go等時(shí)， 這類句子大多帶有引起注意的含義。如：Here comes the bus.公共汽車來(lái)了。Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你久盼的信在這兒。但要注意：如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，則不用倒裝。如：Here they are. 他們?cè)谶@兒。 3. 省略if的非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的倒裝 虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if時(shí)，were, had, should須移至主語(yǔ)之前。如：Had you

11、worked harder at college, you would have got better job.如果你在大學(xué)期間讀書用功些，現(xiàn)在就會(huì)找到一份更好的工作。Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position.要是他的條件再好些，他就申請(qǐng)這個(gè)職位。 4. 副詞so， neither， nor等引起的倒裝 在用so, nor, neither表示“也/不”這一類結(jié)構(gòu)里其公式是:肯定: so+be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)否定: Neither(nor)+be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)。如：He has been

12、 to Beijing.他去過(guò)北京。So have I.我也去過(guò)。They cant answer the question.他們不會(huì)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Neither than I.我也不會(huì)。 5. what，how引起的倒裝 以What, how開(kāi)頭的感嘆句(表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)提前)。如：What beautiful weather (it is)!多好的天氣??！(表語(yǔ)提前)What a lovely picture he painted!他畫了一張多好的畫??！(賓語(yǔ)提前) 6. 疑問(wèn)詞或連接詞引起的倒裝 在疑問(wèn)詞或連接詞whether等引起的從句中。如：Whatever you may say, I

13、wont go there.無(wú)論你怎樣說(shuō)，我都不會(huì)去那兒。(狀語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)提前)What book he wants is not clear.他要什么書還不清楚。(主語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)提前) 7. 否定詞位于句首時(shí)引起的倒裝 (1). never，seldom，hardly，little，few等引起的倒裝否定詞never，seldom，rarely，hardly，barely，scarcely，little，few等位于句首時(shí)所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：Never shall I forget the days when y

14、ou were with us.我很少有時(shí)間去看電影。 (2). nowhere，no longer，no more等引起的倒裝nowhere(無(wú)處)，no longer(不再)，no more(也不)等否定詞位于句首時(shí)所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式：No longer was he in charge of this work.他不再負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作了。 (3). not until，not a，not in the least等引起的倒裝not until(直到才)，not a(一個(gè)也沒(méi)有)，not in the least(一點(diǎn)

15、兒也不)，not for a minute/moment(一點(diǎn)兒也不)等位于句首時(shí)，通常引起倒裝(not a之后的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)除外)，其形式通常為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on strike.一直到所有的要求遭到拒絕之后，工人們才決定罷工。Not once did he talk to me.他一次也沒(méi)有和我談過(guò)。 (4). under no circumstances，by no mean

16、s，in no way等引起的倒裝in/under no circumstances(無(wú)論如何不)，by no means (決不)，in no case (無(wú)論如何不)，in no way (決不)，on no account (決不可)，on no condition(決不)等短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)所引起的倒裝句通常為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：In no case must force be resorted to.決不準(zhǔn)許訴諸武力。By no means is it true that all English people know thei

17、r own language well.并非所有的英國(guó)人都通曉本國(guó)語(yǔ)。 8. 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞位于句首時(shí)引起的倒裝 (1). not only.but also引起的倒裝not only.but also位于句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式或一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式，則為完全倒裝形式。如： Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.我們不僅應(yīng)該不怕困難，而且應(yīng)該盡最大努力去克服它 (2). neither.nor引起的倒裝

18、neither.nor位于句首引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：Neither Peter wanted the responsibility，nor did his wife.彼得不想擔(dān)此責(zé)任，他妻子也不想擔(dān)此責(zé)任。 (3). hardly.when/no sooner.than引起的倒裝hardly/scarcely/barely.when或nosooner.than位于句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：Hardly had he arrived when/No s

19、ooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again.他剛到就又被請(qǐng)走了。 (4). so.that引起的倒裝so.that位于句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：So angry was he (He was so angry) that he couldnt speak.他如此憤怒，以致說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。 (5). such.that引起的倒裝such.that位于句首所引起的倒裝句為部分倒裝形式，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝形式。如：Such was

20、 the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸的威力如此之大，以致所有的窗戶都被震破了。 9. only引起的倒裝 當(dāng)副詞only位于句首并修飾狀語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，引起句子的倒裝，其形式通常為部分倒裝，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則為完全倒裝。如：Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用這種方法，你才可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Only yesterday did I finish this the book.到昨天我才讀完那本書。 10. 表語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)所引起

21、的倒裝 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等位于句首時(shí)，常常引起倒裝，其形式為完全倒裝：Aristotle says，“Plato is dear to me，but dearer still is truth.”亞里斯多德說(shuō)，“吾愛(ài)柏拉圖，但更愛(ài)真理?！盤resent at the meeting were Professor Smith，Professor Brown，Sir Hugh and many other celebrities.到會(huì)的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及許多其他知名人士。 11. 狀語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)所引起的倒裝 (1). 當(dāng)位于句首的狀語(yǔ)是一些表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)或表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞（如away，back，down，in，off，out，up）時(shí)，常常引起倒裝，其形式為全部倒裝。如：Away went the runners.賽跑手們刷地跑開(kāi)了。Down came the rain.雨嘩地落下來(lái)了。 (2).介詞短語(yǔ)作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，放在句首，后面跟的是不及物動(dòng)詞be,come,sit live,stand,lie,exist等時(shí)常常引起倒裝，其形式為全部倒裝。如：Next to the table is a chair.桌旁有把椅子。At the South Pole lies Antarctica, the coldest