曼昆經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理Chap_06.ppt

1、,Supply, Demand and Government Policies供給、需求與政府政策,Chapter 6,Supply, Demand, and Government Policies,In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied.

2、One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies.,供給、需求與政府政策,在一個自由、無管制的市場系統(tǒng)中，市場力量實現(xiàn)均衡價格和均衡交易量。 這種均衡結(jié)果也許是有效的，但并不是每個人對此都感到滿意。 經(jīng)濟學(xué)家的作用之一就是利用他們的理論幫助制定政策。,Controls on Price. 價格控制,Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to bu

3、yers or sellers. 當(dāng)政策制定者認(rèn)為市場價格對買者或賣者不公平時，往往實行價格控制。 Result in government-created price ceilings and floors. 這就促使政府實行價格上限和價格下限政策。,Controls on Price. 價格控制,Price Ceiling 價格上限 A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold. 可以出售一種物品的法定最高價格。 Price Floor 價格下限 A legally established minimum p

4、rice at which a good can be sold. 可以出售一種物品的法定最低價格。,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling: The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, le

5、ading to a shortage.,價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果,當(dāng)政府實行價格上限時，可能出現(xiàn)兩種價格： 如果價格上限高于均衡 價格，價格上限沒有限制作用。 如果價格上限低于均衡 價格，價格上限對市場有限制作用。,A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding.,$4,3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Demand,Supply,100,Equilibrium quantity,沒有限制作用的價格上限.,$4,3,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,需求,供給,100,均衡數(shù)量,A

6、Price Ceiling That Is Binding.,$3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,2,Demand,Supply,有限制作用的價格上限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,2,需求,供給,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,Effects of Price Ceilings A binding price ceiling creates . shortages because QD QS. Example: Gasoline shortag

7、e of the 1970s nonprice rationing Examples: Long lines, Discrimination by sellers,價格上限如何影響市場結(jié)果,價格上限的作用 有限制作用的價格上限造成. 短缺，因為 QD QS. 例子: 70年代的汽油短缺 非市場價格方式配給 例子: 排長隊, 賣者歧視,Lines at the Gas Pump,In 1973 OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets. Because crude oil is the major input used to make

8、 gasoline, the higher oil prices reduced the supply of gasoline.,What was responsible for the long gas lines?,Economists blame government regulations that limited the price oil companies could charge for gasoline.,加油站前的長隊,1973年，石油輸出國組織（ OPEC)提高了世界石油市場的原油價格。由于原油是用于生產(chǎn)汽油的主要投入，較高石油價格減少了汽油供給。,誰對加油站前的長隊負(fù)責(zé)

9、？,經(jīng)濟學(xué)家把它歸咎于限制石油公司對汽油可以收取的價格的政府管制。,The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Not Binding. 汽油的價格上限沒有限制性,$4,P1,Quantity of Gasoline 汽油數(shù)量,0,Price of Gasoline 汽油價格,Q1,Demand 需求,Supply 供給,The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding.,P1,Quantity of Gasoline,0,Price of Gasoline,Q1,Demand,S1,Price ceiling,汽油的價格上限有限制性.,P

10、1,汽油數(shù)量,0,汽油價格,Q1,需求,S1,價格上限,Rent Control in the Short Run and Long Run,Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants. The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable. One economist called rent control “the best way to des

11、troy a city, other than bombing.”,短期中和長期中的租金控制,租金控制房東能向房客收取的租金上限。 這一政策的目的是幫助窮人更能租得起住房。 一位經(jīng)濟學(xué)家稱租金控制是“除了轟炸之外毀滅一個城市的最好方法”。,Rent Control in the Short Run.,Quantity of Apartments,0,Rental Price of Apartment,Demand,Supply,Supply and demand for apartments are relatively inelastic,短期的租金控制.,公寓數(shù)量,0,公寓租金 價格,需求

12、,供給,供給與需求都相對缺乏彈性,Rent Control in the Long Run.,Quantity of Apartments,0,Rental Price of Apartment,Demand,Supply,Because the supply and demand for apartments are more elastic.,rent control causes a large shortage,長期的租金控制.,公寓數(shù)量,0,公寓租金 價格,需求,供給,因為供給和需求更富有彈性,租金控制導(dǎo)致大量短缺,How Price Floors Affect Market Out

13、comes,When the government imposes a price floor, two outcomes are possible. The price floor is not binding if set below the equilibrium price. The price floor is binding if set above the equilibrium price, leading to a surplus.,價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果,當(dāng)政府實行價格下限時，可能出現(xiàn)兩種價格： 如果價格下限低于均衡價格，價格下限沒有限制作用。 如果價格下限高于均衡價格，

14、價格下限對市場有限制作用，導(dǎo)致過剩。,A Price Floor That Is Not Binding.,$3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,100,Equilibrium quantity,Demand,Supply,2,沒有限制性的價格下限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,100,均衡數(shù)量,需求,供給,2,A Price Floor That Is Binding.,$3,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Demand,

15、Supply,$4,有限制性的價格下限.,$3,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,需求,供給,$4,How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes 價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果,A price floor prevents supply and demand from moving toward the equilibrium price and quantity. 價格下限阻止供給和需求調(diào)整到均衡價格和均衡數(shù)量 When the market price hits the floor, it can fall no further, and the mar

16、ket price equals the floor price. 當(dāng)市場價格達(dá)到下限時，它就不能再下降，此時市場價格等于下限價格。,How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes,A binding price floor causes . . . a surplus because QS QD. nonprice rationing is an alternative mechanism for rationing the good, using discrimination criteria. Examples: The minimum wage, Agr

17、icultural price supports,價格下限如何影響市場結(jié)果,有限制作用的價格下限導(dǎo)致. . . 過剩，因為 QS QD. 非價格方式配給是根據(jù)歧視來配給物品的一種方式。 例子: 最低工資, 對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格的支持 。,The Minimum Wage 最低工資,An important example of a price floor is the minimum wage. Minimum wage laws dictate the lowest price possible for labor that any employer may pay. 價格下限的一個重要例子是最低

18、工資。最低工資法規(guī)定了任何一 個雇主要支付的最低勞動工資價格,The Minimum Wage 最低工資,Quantity of Labor 勞動量,0,Wage 工資,Labor demand 勞動需求,Labor supply 勞動供給,A Free Labor Market 自由市場,How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market,Quantity of Labor,0,Wage,Labor demand,Labor supply,A Labor Market with a Minimum Wage,最低工資如何影響勞動市場,勞動量,0,工資,

19、勞動需求,勞動供給,有限制性最低工資的勞動市場,Taxes 稅收,Governments levy taxes to raise revenue for public projects. 政府利用稅收為公共項目籌資,How Taxes on Buyers (and Sellers) Affect Market Outcomes,Taxes discourage market activity. When a good is taxed, the quantity sold is smaller. Buyers and sellers share the tax burden.,對買者和賣者收稅

20、如何影響市場結(jié)果,稅收抑制了市場活動。 當(dāng)一種物品被征稅時，它的銷售量減少。 買者和賣者分?jǐn)偠愂肇?fù)擔(dān)。,Elasticity and Tax Incidence,Tax incidence is the study of who bears the burden of a tax. Taxes result in a change in market equilibrium. Buyers pay more and sellers receive less, regardless of whom the tax is levied on.,彈性與稅收歸宿,稅收歸宿 關(guān)于由誰承擔(dān)稅收負(fù)擔(dān)的研究。

21、 稅收導(dǎo)致市場均衡的變動。 不管向誰收稅，買者支付的價格更高，賣者收到的價格更低。,Impact of a 50 Tax Levied on Buyers.,3.00,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,100,D1,Supply, S1,向買者征收0.5美元稅收的影響,3.00,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,100,D1,供給, S1,3.00,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,100,90,D1,D2,Supply, S1,Impac

22、t of a 50 Tax Levied on Buyers.,3.00,冰激凌蛋卷的數(shù)量,0,冰激凌蛋卷 的價格,100,90,D1,D2,供給, S1,向買者征收0.5美元稅收的影響,What was the impact of tax?,Taxes discourage market activity. When a good is taxed, the quantity sold is smaller. Buyers and sellers share the tax burden.,稅收的潛在影響是什么?,稅收抑制了市場活動。 當(dāng)一種物品被征稅時，它的銷售量減少。 買者和賣者分?jǐn)偠愂?/p>

23、負(fù)擔(dān)。,3.00,0,100,S1,Demand, D1,Impact of a 50 Tax on Sellers.,3.00,0,100,S1,需求, D1,向賣者征收0.5美元稅收的影響,A Payroll Tax,Quantity of Labor,0,Wage,Labor demand,Labor supply,工薪稅,勞動量,0,工資,勞動需求,勞動供給,Elasticity and Tax Incidence,In what proportions is the burden of the tax divided? How do the effects of taxes on s

24、ellers compare to those levied on buyers?,The answers to these questions depend on the elasticity of demand and the elasticity of supply.,彈性與稅收歸宿,稅收負(fù)擔(dān)是按什么比例分?jǐn)偟模?怎樣比較向買者征稅與向賣者征稅的結(jié)果？,這些問題的答案取決于需求彈性 和供給彈性 。,（a）Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand.,Quantity,0,Price,Demand,Supply,Figure 9 How the Burden of a

25、 Tax Is Divided,（a）供給富有彈性，需求缺乏彈性.,數(shù)量,0,價格,需求,供給,圖9. 稅收負(fù)擔(dān)如何分?jǐn)偟?(b)Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand.,Quantity,0,Price,Demand,Supply,Figure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided,(b)供給缺乏彈性，需求富有彈性.,數(shù)量,0,價格,需求,供給,圖9. 稅收負(fù)擔(dān)如何分?jǐn)偟?So, how is the burden of the tax divided?,The burden of a tax falls more heavily

26、 on the side of the market that is less elastic.,ELASTICITY AND TAX INCIDENCE,所以, 稅收負(fù)擔(dān)是如何分?jǐn)偟?,稅收負(fù)擔(dān)更多地落在缺乏彈性的市場一方身上。,彈性與稅收歸宿,Summary,Price controls include price ceilings and price floors. A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price of a good or service. An example is rent control. A price floor is a legal minimum on the pr