科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例.ppt

1、from: The ACS Style Guide, Chapter 2,科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例,1 Subject-Verb Agreements 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described. 說明 The subject is “application”, which is singular. Application of this technique to is described.,Sometimes, two singu

2、lar subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described. Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例3 The name and address of each contributor is given on the ti

3、tle page. 例4 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.,However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the number of the closest subject. 例5 Application or uses were noted. Uses or application was noted.,Collective nouns take a singular verb w

4、hen the group as a whole is meant, they take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant. 例6 The series is arranged in order of decreasing size. 說明 Refers to the series as a unit. 例7 A series of compounds were tested. 說明 Refers to each compound.,例8 A series of low molecular weight phenolph

5、thalein epoxy resins ( Mn500700) has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O. A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500700) heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2C

6、O3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,例9 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. 說明 Refers to the data as individual results. 例10 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them. After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 說明 Re

7、fers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,例11 None of the samples was soluble. None of the samples were soluble. 說明 Refers to individuals. 例12 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities. This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. 說明 Refers to the group a

8、s a unit.,Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular subject. 例13 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent were added. The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent was added. 例14 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution. Five grams of NaCL was added t

9、o the solution. 例15 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment. Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.,Compound subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs. 例16 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use. Both components of the c

10、ompound subject must contain the words in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural. 例17 Each student and all of the professors were invited.,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sente

11、nce would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”. 例18 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino g

12、roup but not with the hydroxyl.,When a clause is nonrestrictive, it adds information, but the sentence does not lose its meaning if the clause is deleted. Nonrestrictive clause are introduced by “which” are set off by commas. 例19 The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demon

13、strate the reversibility of all four processes.,3Dangling Modifiers （垂懸修飾語） One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence. 例20 Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens cou

14、ld be assigned to the high-frequency peak. Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,例21 Using the procedure described previously, the partition function can be evaluated. the partition function can be evaluated

15、by using the procedure described previously. Or, Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.,4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Be sure that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs. 例22 The eluant was added to t

16、he column, and the samples collected in 10-mL increments. The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10-mL increments.,補充 科技英語寫作表達的幾個問題,平山健三 英語化學論文寫作方法 市原 英語論文的寫作方法 周春暉 科技英語寫作 英文現(xiàn)刊,1 簡明 2 富于變幻 3 辨析近義詞 4 語法修辭及其他 （1）由which, that, where 引出的從句 （2） 不要在一個名詞前用一串詞進行修飾 （3）詞序 （4）利用時

17、態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關系 （5）介詞 1) 與描寫實驗過程有關的介詞 2) 由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對等結構,1 簡明 例 As can be seen from Fig.1, growth is rapid. Growth is rapid (Fig.1). Fig.1 shows that growth is rapid. As shown in Fig.1 Fig.1 shows ,The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area

18、in DSC curve. The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from (or by)thee third peak area in DSC curve.,下述句式可以更加簡捷的形式表達 常以介詞或副詞代替 a number of = several, some at a temperature of at at some future time later at the present time (moment) now a very limited number of few by m

19、eans of by or with,due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that because or since from the standpoint of according to greater (or higher) number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A, B was bigger B was bigger than A,conside

20、rable amount of much considerable number (or proportion) many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable number of cases often in a similar manner similarly in all cases always, all in any case anyhow in consequence of this fact therefore,in excess of more than in few cases sometimes,

21、 rarely, seldom in many cases chemists are many chemists are in order to to,in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case of in the context of 以上可使用適當?shù)慕樵~，例如in, for, about, with,in some cases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that if in the near future so

22、on in the temperature range of between and in view of the fact that since or because,large number(s) of many large proportion of many of great importance important of such hardness that so hard that on the basis of from, by, because on the order of about,over the past few years recently, in recent y

23、ears owing to the fact that since, because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with reference to about prior to before,It is apparent that Apparently , hence, thus It appears that Apparently It is interesting to note that Interestingly It was in 1977 that In 197

24、7 It is clear that Clearly It is our conclusion that We conclude that ,It is possible that It may be said that Perhaps , Possibly, Probably It is often the case that Often It is possible that the cause is The cause may be ,可去掉It,改用動詞，而不用名詞 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide This i

25、nvestigation is aimed to providing ,兩種類型的復雜句及其簡化 有被動式從句與主動式從句之分 被動式從句 He uses an instrument which is called a spectroscope. He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.（簡化為后置的過去分詞）,帶有 介詞+which 句子的簡化 (1) at which where Airport is a place at which special attention is paid to the weather. Airport is a

26、 place where special attention is paid to the weather. (2) by means of which whereby A fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are avoided. A fuse box is a device whereby excessive loads are avoided.,Definition of thermal analysis A general term covering a group of related techniques

27、whereby the dependence of the parameters of any physical property of a substance on temperature is measured.,(3) of which whose Venus is a planet of which the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 . Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 .,有介詞 from,

28、 in, for者不能簡化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted. 有助動詞的句子，不能簡化 Here is a list of experiments which will be/ should be/ have been done this year.（這里是今年要做的/ 必須做的/ 已做過的實驗明細表。),主動式從句 例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics. The man lecturing on Thursday is an e

29、xpert in dynamics. （簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語。）,再簡化 被動式 Air which is compressed can be used for several purposes. Air compressed can be used for several purposes. Compressed air compressed can be used for several purposes.,主動式 Malaysia is a country which produces rubber. Malaysia is a country producing rubber.

30、Malaysia is a rubber- producing country.,2 富于變幻 比如，“稱作”一詞 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water. Such fractions are referred to as freezing bound water. This water is designated as freezing water.,再比如，報道、闡述、主張、確認 Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibili

31、ty of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus, Schurer et al1 reported PVC/ PMMA to be miscible only in blends having a PVC content greater than 60 w/w, whereas Rozinska et al2 claimed PVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand, Parmer et al3 asserted PVC/PMMA to be mis

32、cible over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces. Miscibility of PVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al4 by non-radiative energy transfer and NMR.,3 辨析近義詞 例1 absorbed by, adsorbed on adsorbed on（吸附于表面）， absorbed by（吸收其中）

33、。 如： adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide. （吸附于碘化銀的表面。） water was absorbed by the sponge. （水被泡沫材料吸收。）,例2 accuracy, precision accuracy（準確定），示值（實驗值）與被測量真值（約定真值）的一致程度； precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性）。 例如： Although high precision was achieved, accuracy was low.（雖然達到高精密度，但準確度低。）,例3 actually,

34、in fact 在例句 “Actually, the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower, ” 中，對于科學論文來講，這里使用in fact更為合適。與書面語言相比，actually更多用于口語。,例4 adjust, calibrate calibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測量儀器或測量系統(tǒng)的示值與被測量相對應的已知值之間關系的一組操作。可以用校準的結果評定測量儀器、測量系統(tǒng)的示值誤差，或給任意標尺上的標記賦值；有時把校準的結果表示為校正因子

35、或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正對測量結果做調整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.（校準的結果允許我們去調整最終結果。）,例5 common, general, ordinary, usual, routine common（普通的，共同的）,-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites, of which the French bauxites are typical.（-

36、氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分， general（一般的），One of the best and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Craft reaction.（制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反應。）,ordinary（普通的，通常的），如： Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain physical properties.（重水在某些物理性質方面與

37、普通的水有所不同。） ordinary pressure（常壓）， ordinary temperature（常溫）。 Usual（常規(guī)的），Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accurately in the usual way.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點。）,茲以method為例： a common method 普通的方法 a general method 一般的方法 a usual method 常規(guī)的方法 a conventional method 傳統(tǒng)的方法 此外，r

38、outine（貫常的），如routine test（慣常測試），是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復測試。,例6 by means of, in terms of by means of 與by, using, by using同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR, DSC, NMR, X射線衍射等）開展研究、觀測； in terms of 通常用在采用某種理論（說法）、參數(shù)來解釋實驗結果。,例如： The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PES/PPS blends have been investigated by means of D

39、SC and DMA. Sometimes, we have to study the miscibility of polymer blends by means of a combination of two or more methods in order to confirm the experimental results. Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions. The relationship between glas

40、s temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation. 修改后，使重點（Tg 與組成的關系）更加突出，此句的重點并非是Fox方程。 We have prepared the complex of title compound and discussed its thermal decomposition procedure by TG-DTG, DTA, SEM and IR techniques and the corresponding non-isothermal

41、kinetics by means of the Malek method. in terms of the Malek method.,例7 curve, thermogram curve（曲線），thermogram（熱譜）。 thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日記錄。因此，以英國學者為主的熱分析名詞委員會主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTA curve（DTA曲線），DSC curve（DSC曲線）。,例8 derivative, differential derivative（微商），表示某物理量P對溫度T或時間t的微商，dP/dT (或d

42、P/dt ), 如derivative thermogravimetry（微商熱重法） differential（差，差式），如differential scanning calorimetry（差式掃描量熱法）。,例9 different, various, varying different（不同的），various（各種的），varying（改變的）。例如： The results are clearly different. （結果顯然不同。） We tried various（或several different）methods.（我們試過各種方法。） The effect of v

43、arying the condition was （改變條件的影響是）,例10 mass, weight mass（質量），weight（重量）。 如：mass of the sample（試樣質量，或簡稱試樣量），而不稱sample weight（試樣重量）。重量在本質上與力是相同的，即是質量與因重力而產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積。,例11 often, sometimes, usually 它們在表現(xiàn)時間的頻次上是不同的， usually, often, sometimes 依次為“通?！?、 “常?！薄ⅰ坝袝r”，頻次降低。 如： It was usually observed that （通常觀測）

44、 It was often observed that （常常觀測） It was sometimes observed that （ 有時觀測）,例12 standard material, certified reference material standard material 標準物質， certified reference material有證參樣（或稱有證標準物質）。 standard material用于檢定儀器測量準確度的物質；certified reference material用一種或多種技術上正確的方法，鑒定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機構所發(fā)給的證書或其他文

45、件的標準物質。,4 語法修辭及其他 （1） 由which, that, where引出的從句 which 1) 通過which進行雙擴展 The change of heat of fusion of polyethylene as a function of the specific volume which the sample has at room temperature, and which is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5) in Chapter IV is shown in Fig.IV 12.,2)由于插入從句，whic

46、h遠離它所代替的主句 中的詞 In the case of cold crystallization it is suggested that by reason of somewhat rigid backbone chains in these polymers, there will be some local order such as parallel chains or nematic domains, originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state, which favors subsequ

47、ent crystallization.,（2）不要在一個名詞前用一串詞進行修飾 Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by DSC method DSC study on kinetics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine,（3） 詞序 In the form of extended helical chain, the junction zones are linked. The junction zones are linked in the form of extended helical chain. Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions. The relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions was inter