新概念3B Unit18 Learning the rules

1、3B U18 Learning the rules!,New words and expressions,whisper v.耳語，低語 upstairs adv.在樓上 afraid adj.擔(dān)心的 whether adv.是否 fight v.打斗 wonder v. 想知道,mystery n. 秘密，神秘 martial art 武術(shù) competition n. 比賽 a kind of 一種 rule n. 規(guī)則 What kind of rules do you have at home/at school?,New words and expressions,whisper：s

2、peak softly，in a low voice eg：Keep your voice down, I whispered. 短語：in a whisper低聲地，悄聲地 upstairs：go upstairs eg：Heledustoaroomupstairs. afraid be afraid that 害怕做某事 eg：Imafraidthistaskis beyondme.,New words and expressions,whether：if Eg：1.Heworried aboutwhetherhisplanwouldbe accepted. 2. Thinkit over

3、and letme knowwhetheryouagree withme. fight 詞組：fight for為而戰(zhàn)，而奮斗 fight against v. 對(duì)抗；反對(duì)；與作斗爭(zhēng) fight with與并肩戰(zhàn)斗；為反對(duì)而戰(zhàn)斗；與打架,單詞記憶大比拼,根據(jù)漢語說出英語單詞.,單詞記憶大比拼,根據(jù)英語說出漢語意思.,mystery,martial art,fight,wonder,whether,afraid,upstairs,whisper,Martial art,Karate,yet用于疑問句，否定句，意為：迄今。,=Asked about what? What/How about+v.i

4、ng eg.How about going to the zoo?,間接疑問句 ask與tell，用法類似,注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)疑問句，陳述句。,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行表正在發(fā)生！,.,1.注意現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 2.just為焦點(diǎn)副詞，不只是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)標(biāo)志。,常用將來時(shí)，預(yù)測(cè)不希望發(fā)生的事。 間接陳述句,反身代詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語,詢問某人及答句。,want用法。,主句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用將來時(shí)。,let+v.原形 間接疑問句,all分配詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),（間接陳述句） mean表理解和宣城的動(dòng)詞，如know，believe，say，see等通常無現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),否定的反義疑問句，表期望得到對(duì)方肯定回答。,fight的v-ing形

5、式,all為adj,修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 考慮下和every的用法區(qū)別。,直接陳述句間接陳述句,be afraid that，know，mean表達(dá)的間接陳述句 She wont let me learn karate. I dont think（that）shell let me learn karate. 1.She probably wont let me learn karate. (afraid) 2.Shell say no. (sure) 3.Shell probably say no. (afraid) 4.Do you mind? (mean),直接疑問句間接疑

6、問句,ask （someone） if / whether 和know if / whether表達(dá)的間接疑問句，whether表示對(duì)答案更不確定 在if / whether 后面用陳述句語序（主語+動(dòng)詞） 類似引述動(dòng)詞：know，ask，find out，wonder，mind, find out等 Direct question： Is it raining？ Indirect question： He asked if / whether it was raining.,直接疑問句間接疑問句,1.Will you let him learn karate? 2.Can he learn

7、karate? 3.Have you asked Mum about karate lessons? 4.Where are going ？ 5.Can he ski? 6.Will Paul join the program? 7.Shell stay at the library. 8.Has she found a job? 9.Is she enjoying her job? 10.Are the trains running on time?,Present Perfect Tense 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去,現(xiàn)在,將來,主語 + have/ has + 過去分詞（pp）,助動(dòng)詞表示,幫助

8、動(dòng)詞來構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),My mom has come back.,You have planted all the trees. I have planted all the trees. He/she has planted all the trees. They have planted all the trees.,區(qū)別have 和 has的用法,主語若是第三人稱單數(shù)助動(dòng)詞用 has,主語 + have/ has + 過去分詞（pp）,否定形式 havent ( have not ） +過去分詞 hasnt ( has not ) +過去分詞,疑問句 把助動(dòng)詞 have /

9、has 放在句首,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定句和疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu),注：主語若是第三人稱單數(shù)助動(dòng)詞用 has,1、規(guī)則變化（過去分詞與過去時(shí)變化規(guī)則一樣）,(1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived , likeliked,過去分詞,(3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 “y” 變?yōu)?“i”， 再加“ ed ”。 ， study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母， 先

10、雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped drop-dropped-dropped,3、不規(guī)則變化 （過去分詞與過去式形式不一樣）,taketooktaken speak spokespoken singsangsung drivedrovedriven bewas/werebeen gowentgone,2、不規(guī)則變化 （過去分詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式形式一樣）,havehadhad spend spentspent makemademaden saysaidsaid findfoundfound hearheardheard,4、不規(guī)則變化 （過去分詞，過

11、去式與動(dòng)詞原形一樣）,cutcutcut put putput letletlet readreadread cut- cut -cut,1) 表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作。 Now we have planted all the trees. He has just come back. They have built many buildings in this city.,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法,Mother: Dear son, clean your teeth please.,Son: Mum, I have already(已經(jīng)) cleaned them.,Mother: D

12、ear, tell your father to have breakfast please.,Son: Mum, dad has had breakfast .,Father: Tell your mother to buy some milk, son.,Son: Oh, she has just(剛剛) bought some.,Mother: Dear , you must clean our house today?,Father: Honey, we have just(剛剛) cleaned our house.,2) 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，更強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。 Someone

13、 has broken the window. (窗戶現(xiàn)在是壞的) I have already lost the key. (我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙) I havent read that book yet . (不了解書的內(nèi)容) I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干凈的),常與already(已經(jīng)), yet(已經(jīng)), just(剛剛),ever(曾經(jīng))等詞連用.,already: 常用于肯定句中. yet: 常用于否定句,疑問句尾.,3) 表示從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 She has learned English

14、 for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born . Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years?,常與for, since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語或從句連用.,for+ 時(shí)間段 since+時(shí)間點(diǎn) , since+ 句子,Pattern 1( picture 110-130) A: Has Claire found a job? B: I ll ask her if shes found one,Pattern 2.(picture 140-150) A:I wonder if Claires found a

15、job. B:I dont know. Ill ask her if she has.,Pattern 3160170 A:I must know whether Clairs found a job or not? B: Leave it to me. I can find out whether shes found one.,注：并非所有for作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在這里工作了) I have worked here for more than twenty years. （現(xiàn)在

16、我仍在這里工作）,since: (自以來) 1)since+時(shí)間點(diǎn) Hehasstayedheresince5oclock. 2)since+ 時(shí)間段+ ago Hehasstayedheresince5hoursago. 3)since+ 從句 ShehastaughtEnglishsincehecamehere. for: (長(zhǎng)達(dá)） for+ 時(shí)間段 He has kept the book for 2 weeks.,since , for 的用法:,用for 或since填空,Mr. Brown has had his TV _ 15 years. Ive taken driving l

17、essons _last month. My sister has had her cell phone _a month . My friends havent visited me _my birthday. We havent used our car _ a long time . She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years. Tom has worn glasses _he was 7 years old.,for,since,for,since,for,for,since,注意: 瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和時(shí)間段連用.,method 1:,動(dòng)作,die,

18、be over,leave,borrow/buy,arrive,begin,end/finish,join,marry,keep/had,be away,be here,be on(上演）,be married,be in,be dead,他的爺爺已經(jīng)去世2年了。 Nick 參軍3年了. 他離開深圳好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。 這本書我已借了4個(gè)月了.,His grandpa has been dead for 2 years.,Nick has been in the army for 3 years.,He has been away from Shenzhen for a long time.,I ha

19、ve kept the book for 4 months.,method 2:,It is + 時(shí)間段 since + 一般過去時(shí)的句子.,他的爺爺已經(jīng)去世2年了。 Nick 參軍3年了. 他離開深圳好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。 這本書我已借了4個(gè)月了.,It is 2 years since his grandpa died.,It is 3 years since Nick joined the army.,It is a long time since he left Shenzhen.,It is 4 months since I borrowed the book .,辨析 have been to和 have gone to,My father has gone to Shanghai for a meeting. 他（已經(jīng)）去了上海。,My father has