關(guān)于采煤、煤炭方面的外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

附錄 A Profile : Coal is Chinas main energy in the countrys total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is Chinas main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, while also corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive； pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value 4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents； 2 prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon. 3 acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%； Formation MgSO4.7H2O, volume increased 430%； Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures. 4 acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died； Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants； Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed in the seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 + 5 ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water； Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more； Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion； more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher； The larger the area of mining, water flows through the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, the use of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for a good shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone - lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water； Limestone - lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime； microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : 1 Wang Chun compiled, hydrogeology basis, Geological Press, Beijing. 2 Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3. 3, Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, environmental hydrogeology, Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21. 附錄 B 簡介 ： 煤炭是我國的主要能源，在我國一次性能源中占 76以上。煤系地層大多形成與還原環(huán)境，煤層開采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，使水呈酸性，形成酸性礦井水。對地下水以及其它環(huán)境和設(shè)施等造成一定的環(huán)境影響和破壞。本文對酸性礦井水的危害、形成原因以及對酸性 礦井水的預(yù)防和治理進(jìn)行了簡單的闡述。 關(guān)鍵字 ： 采煤活動 酸性礦井水 環(huán)境影響 預(yù)防 治理 1前言 煤炭是我國的主要能源，在我國一次性能源中占 76以上，必定要進(jìn)行大量的采煤。采煤過程中破壞了煤層所處的環(huán)境，使其原來的還原環(huán)境變成了氧化環(huán)境。煤炭中一般都含有約 0.3 5的硫，主要以黃鐵礦形式存在，約占煤含硫量的 2/3。煤層開采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，生成硫酸和氫氧化鐵，使水呈現(xiàn)酸性，即生產(chǎn)了酸性礦井水。 PH值低于 6 的礦井水稱酸性礦井水。酸性礦井水在我國部 分煤礦特別使南方煤礦分別較為廣泛。我國南方煤礦的礦井水 pH 值一般在 2.5 5.8，有時達(dá)2.0。 pH 值低的原因與煤中含硫量高有密切關(guān)系。酸性礦井水的形成對地下水造成了嚴(yán)重的污染，同時還會腐蝕管道、水泵、鋼軌等井下設(shè)備和混凝土井壁，也嚴(yán)重污染地表水和土壤，使河水中魚蝦絕代，土壤板結(jié)，農(nóng)作物枯萎，影響人體健康。 1 酸性礦井水的危害 礦井水的 pH 值低于 6 即具有酸性，對金屬設(shè)備有一定的腐蝕性； pH 值低于 4 即具有較強(qiáng)的腐蝕性，對安全生產(chǎn)和礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害。具體有以下幾個方面： 1腐蝕井 下鋼軌、鋼絲繩等煤礦運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。如鋼軌、鋼絲繩受 pH值 探放 pH 值低的老空水，鐵質(zhì)控水管道和閘門在水流沖刷下腐蝕很快 . 3酸性礦井水中 SO42-含量很高，與水泥中某些成分相互作用生成含水硫酸鹽結(jié) 晶。這些鹽類在生成時體積膨脹。經(jīng)測定，當(dāng) SO42-生成 CaSO42H2O 時，體積增大一倍；形成 MgSO47H2O 時，體積增大 430；體積增大使混凝土構(gòu)筑物結(jié)構(gòu) . 4酸性礦井水還是環(huán)境 污染源。酸性礦井水排入河流， pH 質(zhì)小于 4 時，會使魚類死亡；酸性礦井水排入土壤，破壞土壤的團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)，使土壤板結(jié)，農(nóng)作物枯黃，產(chǎn)量降低，影響工農(nóng)關(guān)系；酸性礦井水人類無法飲用，長期接觸，可使人們手腳破裂，眼睛痛癢，通過食物鏈進(jìn)入人體，影響人體健康。 2 酸性礦井水形成的原因 煤系地層大多形成于還原環(huán)境，含黃鐵礦（ FeS2）的煤層形成于強(qiáng)還原環(huán)境。煤炭中一般都含有約 0.3 5的硫，主要以黃鐵礦形式存在，約占煤含硫量的2/3。煤層開采后處于氧化環(huán)境，流鐵礦與礦井水和空氣接觸后，經(jīng)過一系列的氧化、水解等反應(yīng)，生成硫 酸和氫氧化鐵，使水呈現(xiàn)酸性，即生產(chǎn)了酸性礦井水。酸性礦井水形成的主要原因即發(fā)生的主要化學(xué)反應(yīng)如下： 1 黃鐵礦氧化生成游離硫酸和硫酸亞鐵： 2FeS2 7O2+2H2O 2H2SO4+2FeSO4 2 硫酸亞鐵在游離氧的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸鐵： 4FeSO4 2H2SO4 O2 2Fe2（ SO4） 3 2H2O 3 在礦井水中，硫酸亞鐵的氧化作用，有時也不一定需要硫酸： 12FeS2 3O2+6H2O 4Fe2（ SO4） 3 4Fe（ OH） 3 4 礦井水中硫酸鐵，具有進(jìn)一步溶解各種硫化礦物的作用： Fe2（ SO4） 3 MS H2O 3/2 O2 M SO4+2FeSO4 H2SO 5 硫酸鐵在弱酸性水中發(fā)生水解而產(chǎn)生游離硫酸： Fe2（ SO4） 3+6H2O 2 Fe（ OH） 3 3H2SO4 6 在礦井深部硫化氫含量高時，在還原條件下，富含硫酸亞鐵的礦井水也可產(chǎn)生游離硫酸： 2FeSO4 5H2S 2 FeS2 3S H2SO4 4 H2O 酸性礦井水的性質(zhì)除與煤中含硫量有關(guān)外，還與礦井水涌水量、密閉狀態(tài)、空氣流通狀況、煤層傾角、開采深度及面積、水的流動途徑等地質(zhì)條件和開采方法有關(guān)。礦井涌水量穩(wěn)定，則水的酸性穩(wěn)定；密閉差、空氣流通良好，則水的酸性較強(qiáng)， Fe3+離子含量較多；反之 ，則酸性較弱， Fe2+離子較多；開采越深，煤的含硫量越高；開采面積越大，水的流經(jīng)