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電大計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄 科學(xué)研究 和 工程技術(shù) 計(jì)算是計(jì)算機(jī) 最早的領(lǐng)域 。 信息處理 是計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的 最廣泛的領(lǐng)域 。 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)分為 硬件 和 軟件 兩大部分。硬件是實(shí)體部件,是看得見摸得著的。軟件是管理計(jì)算機(jī)所編制的所有程序及文檔的總和。 馮諾依曼思想 : a 計(jì)算機(jī)工作采用存儲(chǔ)程序和程序控制方式(核心)。 B計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)部采用二進(jìn)制 c 計(jì)算機(jī)由運(yùn)算器、控制器、存儲(chǔ)器、輸入設(shè)備、輸出設(shè)備組成。 馮諾依曼計(jì)算機(jī)工作方式的基本特點(diǎn)是按地址訪問并順序執(zhí)行指令。 5 運(yùn)算器是計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算、處理部件。核心是累加寄存器。 存儲(chǔ)器 是用來存儲(chǔ) 程序和數(shù)據(jù)。分為內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器和外存儲(chǔ)器, cpu直接訪問內(nèi)存間接訪問外存。 控制器 是計(jì)算機(jī)中發(fā)號(hào)施令的部件、控制所有其他部件有條不紊的工作。 輸入(鍵盤和鼠標(biāo))輸出 (打印機(jī) )設(shè)備是獲得外部信息與處理結(jié)果提供給外部世界。外存儲(chǔ)器同時(shí)兼有輸入輸出功能。 計(jì)算機(jī)分四代 :電子管計(jì)算 機(jī),晶體管計(jì)算機(jī),集成電路計(jì)算機(jī),大規(guī)模集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)。 高級(jí)語言與機(jī)器語言轉(zhuǎn)換工具是編譯系統(tǒng)或解釋系統(tǒng)。 cpu與存儲(chǔ)器一起構(gòu)成了計(jì)算機(jī) 的主機(jī)。 計(jì)算機(jī)軟件分為系統(tǒng)軟件(如操作系統(tǒng))和應(yīng)用軟件(如輔助設(shè)計(jì) CAD 、數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件)。 定點(diǎn)數(shù) :定 點(diǎn)表示法規(guī)定機(jī)器中所有數(shù)的小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置固定不變。 定點(diǎn)整數(shù) : 所有機(jī)器數(shù)的小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置在最低位之后,符號(hào)位任在最高位,其余的數(shù)值的有效部分。定點(diǎn)整數(shù)是純整數(shù), 浮點(diǎn)數(shù) :小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置可以任意移動(dòng) 通過移動(dòng)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置,任意一個(gè)二進(jìn)制都可以表示成階碼和尾碼兩部分。 N=2E( 2的 E次方)*S E是階碼,是純整數(shù), S是尾數(shù),是純小數(shù)。并且尾數(shù)要表示成規(guī)格化形式,即尾數(shù)的絕對(duì)值 =0.5 判斷溢出的方法: 單符號(hào)位檢測(cè)方法(雙高法),變形補(bǔ)碼檢測(cè)方法 。 浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算 :完成浮點(diǎn)加法和減法運(yùn)算,需要進(jìn)行對(duì)階求和(差)規(guī)格化和舍人等步 驟。 定點(diǎn)運(yùn)算的構(gòu)成: ALU陣列乘除器寄存器組多路開關(guān)三態(tài)緩沖器數(shù)據(jù)總線 存儲(chǔ)器 :計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的存儲(chǔ)器件,用來存儲(chǔ)程序和數(shù)據(jù) 存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì) :構(gòu)成存儲(chǔ)器的物理介質(zhì)(存儲(chǔ)元),它是能存儲(chǔ)二進(jìn)制的 0 和 1 兩種代碼的介質(zhì),存儲(chǔ)器最小的存儲(chǔ)單位為基本存儲(chǔ)元(存儲(chǔ)元)存 1 位二進(jìn)制,即 0或 1,若干戈基本存儲(chǔ)元( 8個(gè))=一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)單元( 1 個(gè)字節(jié)),許多存儲(chǔ)單元組成一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)器。 存儲(chǔ)器分類 : (對(duì)其要求:容量大,速度快,成本低,一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)器中同時(shí)兼顧三方面很困難) 存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)劃分 :半導(dǎo)體存儲(chǔ)器,磁表面存儲(chǔ)器,光材料存儲(chǔ)器 存儲(chǔ)器 讀寫功能劃分 :可讀寫存儲(chǔ)器,只讀存儲(chǔ)器 存儲(chǔ)方式劃分 :隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器,順序存取存儲(chǔ)器 在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中作用:內(nèi)存( RAM:隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器 ROM:只讀存儲(chǔ)器),外存 存儲(chǔ)器系統(tǒng) : Chche(高速緩沖存儲(chǔ)器主要強(qiáng)調(diào)快速存取,以便使存取速度和 CPU的運(yùn)算速度向匹配) 內(nèi)存 (cpu 直接訪問內(nèi)存 ) 外存 (硬盤,軟盤,光盤,優(yōu)盤 ,速度慢,容量大,每位價(jià)格低 ) 存儲(chǔ)器的層次結(jié)構(gòu)主要體現(xiàn): Chche 內(nèi)存和內(nèi)存 外存這兩個(gè)層次上 基本存儲(chǔ)元 : 存儲(chǔ)一位二進(jìn)制信息 0 或 1,使組成存儲(chǔ)器的基礎(chǔ)和核心 SRAM 存儲(chǔ)器 :存儲(chǔ)體 地址譯碼器 讀寫控制電路組成 存儲(chǔ)體 :基本存儲(chǔ)元的集合 地址譯碼器 :作用是選中某一個(gè)基本存儲(chǔ)元(是一個(gè)輸入輸出系統(tǒng)),然后再讀寫控制電路的配合下進(jìn)行讀或?qū)懖僮?讀寫控制電路 :作用是完成已被選中的基本存儲(chǔ)元的讀寫操作 DRAM存儲(chǔ)器 為什么要刷新 :應(yīng)需要定時(shí)充電,補(bǔ)充泄露的電荷(動(dòng)態(tài)比靜態(tài)慢,因要刷新) SRAMM和 dram比較: dram的存儲(chǔ)器的基本存儲(chǔ)單元是電容,需要定時(shí)充電刷新,要有專門的刷新電路,它的存取速度比較慢 ,集成度高,容量大,功耗小,每位的價(jià)格低 ;sram的存儲(chǔ)器的基本存儲(chǔ)元是觸發(fā)器,不用刷 新,集成度低,容量小,功耗大,每位價(jià)格高,一般 dram用作內(nèi)存, sram用作 cache 內(nèi)存的性能指標(biāo) :主要是存儲(chǔ)容量(存儲(chǔ)單元的總數(shù)) 存取時(shí)間(訪問時(shí)間) 程序局部性原理 :程序和數(shù)據(jù)在內(nèi)存中的存放具有局部性,想對(duì)于整個(gè)內(nèi)存的空間來說,程序和數(shù)據(jù)連續(xù)的放在一起是以小簇,程序內(nèi)部的運(yùn)行也有局部性,程序時(shí)順序運(yùn)行的,相鄰的指令時(shí)近期就要被 CPU訪問的指令 . Cache: cache 存儲(chǔ)體,還有 cache 控制器,可以和內(nèi)存控制器結(jié)合 Cpu與 cache間數(shù)據(jù)交換以字尾單位,cache與內(nèi)存間數(shù)據(jù)交換 以塊尾單位 指令就是指示計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行操作的命令,機(jī)器語言程序就是這些指令的組合。 指令格式 就是指令用二進(jìn)制代碼表示的結(jié)構(gòu)格式,一般可分為操作碼和操作數(shù)兩部分 操作碼 :每一條指令都有一個(gè)操作碼,操作碼表示該指令應(yīng)進(jìn)行什么性質(zhì)的操作。指令是一串二進(jìn)制代碼,不同的指令其操作碼部分的位數(shù)和具體的編碼都不同。 操作數(shù) :操作實(shí)數(shù)即操作的對(duì)象。根據(jù)操作數(shù)的個(gè)數(shù),有無操作數(shù)指令、單操作數(shù)指令、雙操作數(shù)指令、多操作數(shù)指令。 雙操作數(shù)指令的分類: 1) 存儲(chǔ)器 存儲(chǔ)器型指令 2) 寄存器 寄存器型指令 3) 寄存器 存儲(chǔ)器型指令4) 多操數(shù)指令 指令字長度:一條指令是一串二進(jìn)制代碼,稱為指令字。一個(gè)指令字中包含的二進(jìn)制代碼的位數(shù)稱為指令字長度。 指令助記符 :計(jì)算機(jī)只能識(shí)別、執(zhí)行二進(jìn)制的機(jī)器語言。因此,匯編語言必須轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的二進(jìn)制指令。 RISC技術(shù) :精簡指令系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)簡稱 RISC,即其指令系統(tǒng)是簡單的,與其對(duì)應(yīng)的是復(fù)雜指令系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī),簡稱為 CISC。 CISC存在的問題 ( 1) 指令系統(tǒng)龐大 ( 2) 大部分指令使用率很低 4.2指令的尋址方式 : 順序?qū)ぶ贩绞?。 跳躍尋址方式:當(dāng)執(zhí)行到程序中的轉(zhuǎn)移指令時(shí),指令的尋址就采取跳躍尋址方式。 操作數(shù)的尋址方式 1)指令中的操作數(shù)部分就是操作數(shù)本身,該操作數(shù)稱為立即數(shù) 2)操作數(shù)在 CPU 中的通用寄存器或累加器中。 3)操作數(shù)在內(nèi)存單元中 堆棧尋址方式 堆棧是一種數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),有“先進(jìn)后出”的特點(diǎn)。通常把內(nèi)存的一部分用作堆棧,即存儲(chǔ)器堆棧,數(shù)據(jù)的進(jìn)棧出棧操作只能在棧頂進(jìn)行。 中央處理器 CPU( Central Processing Unit)是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的核心,主要包括運(yùn)算器和控制器兩個(gè)部件。 它有四方面的 功能 : 1 指令控制 2.操作控制3.時(shí)間控制 4.數(shù)據(jù)加工 傳統(tǒng)的 CPU 由運(yùn)算器和控制器組成現(xiàn)代的cpu 由運(yùn)算器 .控制器 .cache組成 cpu有六種寄存器 1.數(shù)據(jù)緩沖寄存器 它用來暫時(shí)存放從內(nèi)存讀出的一條指令 包括( 1.)作為 cpu與內(nèi)存 .輸入 /輸出設(shè)備之間信息傳送的中轉(zhuǎn)站 。 (2. ) .補(bǔ)償 cpu 與內(nèi)存 .輸入 /輸出設(shè)備之間在操作速度上的差別。 2.指令寄存器3.程序寄存器 4.地址緩沖寄存器 5.累加寄存器 5.狀態(tài)條間寄存器 指令周期 : CPU從主存中取出一條指令到執(zhí)行完這條指令所需的時(shí)間。指令周期常常用 CPU周期數(shù)來表示。 微程序控制的基本思想 微程序設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)是利用軟件方法來設(shè)計(jì)硬件的一門技術(shù)。 是仿照通常解題程序的方法,把操作控制 信號(hào)編成所謂的 微指令 ,存放到一個(gè)只讀存儲(chǔ)器(即控制存儲(chǔ)器),當(dāng)機(jī)器運(yùn)行時(shí),一條接著一條地讀出這些微指令,從而產(chǎn)生機(jī)器所需要的各種操作控制信號(hào),使相應(yīng)部件執(zhí)行所規(guī)定的操作。 微命令 控制部件通過控制線向執(zhí)行部件發(fā)出的各種控制命令。 微操作 執(zhí)行部件接受微命令后所進(jìn)行的操作 在一個(gè) cpu 周期中,一組實(shí)現(xiàn)一定操作功能是我微命令的組合,構(gòu)成一條微指令。它由 操作控制 和 順序控制 組成。 微程序控制器 由 控制存儲(chǔ)器 、 微指令寄存器和 微指令地址 形成部件 三部分組成。對(duì)控制存儲(chǔ)器的要求是速度快。讀出周期要短。 微指令寄存器用來存放 從控制存儲(chǔ)器中讀出的一天微指令。地址轉(zhuǎn)移邏輯承擔(dān)修改為地址的任務(wù)。 早期的計(jì)算機(jī)采用的是串行處理 。 計(jì)算機(jī)的并行處理技術(shù)主要有三種形式 :時(shí)間并行;空間并行;時(shí)間并行 +空間并行。 流水線中的相關(guān)問題 :資源相關(guān)沖突;數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)沖突;控制相關(guān)沖突 總線 :是構(gòu)成計(jì)算機(jī)的互聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu),是多個(gè)系統(tǒng)功能部件之間進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳遞的公共通路。 總線的特征 : (1)機(jī)械特征:指總線的機(jī)械連接方式 (2)電氣特征:每一根線上信號(hào)的傳送方向及有效電平范圍 (3)功能特征:描述總線中每一根線的功能 (4)時(shí)間特征:定義了每一根線在什么時(shí)間內(nèi)有效 行 傳送 64 為數(shù)據(jù),總線時(shí)鐘頻率升為133MHZ,總線帶寬是多少 總線的分類 :內(nèi)部總線、系統(tǒng)總線(數(shù)據(jù)總線、地址總線、控制總線)、通信總線 硬盤容量 =(512字節(jié) /扇區(qū)) *(扇區(qū) /磁道) *(磁道數(shù) /盤面) *盤面數(shù) 中央處理器和內(nèi)存構(gòu)成 主機(jī) ,除主機(jī)外的硬件設(shè)備都稱為 外部設(shè)備。 外部設(shè)備 按 功能 可分為:輸入設(shè)備,輸出設(shè)備,外存設(shè)備,其他設(shè)備。 輸入是計(jì)算機(jī)工作的起點(diǎn),輸入設(shè)備將外部信息通過一定轉(zhuǎn)換后送入計(jì)算機(jī)。 常用的 文字輸入設(shè)備 :鍵盤,手寫板,語音輸入設(shè)備等。 坐標(biāo)定位設(shè)備: 鼠標(biāo),軌跡球,操縱桿,觸摸屏。 圖像輸 出設(shè) 備 :掃描儀,數(shù)碼相機(jī),數(shù)碼攝像機(jī),數(shù)碼攝像頭。 輸出設(shè)備將儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)部的信息以各種形式反饋給用戶,主要包括:顯示器,打印機(jī)。 顯示器包括: CRT 顯示器,液晶顯示器(即LCD),等離子顯示器,顯示卡。 LCD可視角度 : LCD的特有 指標(biāo),指在屏幕的一側(cè) 仍可清晰看見屏幕影像的最大角度,可視角度越大越好,一般左右對(duì)稱。 打印機(jī)包括 :針式打印機(jī),噴墨打印機(jī),激光打印機(jī)。 硬盤: 工作原理 :通過磁層的磁化來儲(chǔ)存信息。 主要組成 :磁頭,盤片,控制電路。信息存儲(chǔ)在盤片上,由磁頭負(fù)責(zé)讀 /寫。 磁道 :在盤片的盤面上劃分 的一組同心的圓圈。 扇區(qū):磁道上被劃分成的區(qū)域。 磁盤容量 =( 512 字節(jié) /扇區(qū))(扇區(qū)數(shù) /磁道)(磁道數(shù) /盤面)盤面數(shù) 軟驅(qū)的組成 :盤片驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),磁頭定位系統(tǒng),數(shù)據(jù)讀寫電路,狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)。 輸入 /輸出系統(tǒng)( I O 系統(tǒng))硬件上包括 IO 設(shè)備及其與主機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交換的 I O接口。 按 I O設(shè)備速度不同,聯(lián)絡(luò)方式有:無條件傳送方式,異步方式,同步方式。 IO 設(shè)備通過 I接口與主機(jī)交換信息時(shí),控制方式有:查詢方式,中斷方式, DMA方式,其他方式(包括通道方式,外圍處理機(jī)方式,網(wǎng)絡(luò)方式)。 DMA方式的基本思想 :在 I O設(shè)備和內(nèi)存之間開辟直接的數(shù)據(jù)傳送通道。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O( _ )O謝謝!2015 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin, The Sheraton, Sens on the Bund, and a sprinkling of other top-notch venues, Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010. Sort of. The Shanghai-born chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof- house at this Sinan Mansionsstalwart. Its certainly a responsibility to be the head chef, and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well, the 31-year-old tells Enjoy Shanghai. In hotels, for example, these jobs are strictly demarcated, so its a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board. It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for, and a vote of confi dence from a company that, to date, has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries. And for added pressure, the Shanghai branch was also CPKs China debut. For sure it was a big step, and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises, they decided to manage it directly to begin with, says Simpson. Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease, but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong, with a mainland-based brand ambassador on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative, hearth-baked pizzas, a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype. They are very innovative, he says. The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings. Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly. The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday, at least, the place is teeming. The kids-eat-for-free policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw, as well as is the spacious second-fl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road. The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week. Still, the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better; as good, in fact, as in CPKs second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong. Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened, and it hasnt been easy for any of the tenants here, adds Simpson. Were planning a third outlet in the city in 2015, and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic. The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai, Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats. One thing the century-old Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food, pastries in particular. One of the most popular tearooms in Paris, Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust. Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience, efficient service, and beautiful, comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai. At the flagship dine-in and take-out space in Shanghai, everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century, in Paris, the height of Belle Epoque. The paintings on the wall, for example, are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France, the hometown of the owner; and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate. The famous hot chocolate, known as LAfricain, is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa, blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai. Its sinfully sweet, rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light, but equally gratifying contrast. It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway. The signature Mont-Blanc chestnut cake consists of three parts: the pureed chestnut on top, the vanilla cream like stuffing, and the meringue as base. Get all three layers in one scoop, not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness. The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century, even in a country like France, perhaps the worlds most competitive place for desserts. A much overlooked pairing, is the Paris-New York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea. The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecan-flavored whipped cream, while the tea, a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon, cocoa and rose petals, offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate. Ordering these two items, featuring a muted sweetness, makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress. Breakfast, brunch, lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom, a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines, according to the management team. The semi-cooked foie gras terrine, is seductive and deceptive. Its generously served at the size and shape of a toast, while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney. The flavor, however, is honest: strong, smooth and sublime. And you dont actually need the toast for crunchiness. This is the season for high teas, with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites. But there is one high tea with a difference, and Pauline D. Loh finds out just exactly why it is special. Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break in-between intensive bouts of holiday season shopping. And for those who prefer savory to sweet, there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate. High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth, an in-between indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner, but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch. The afternoon tea special at Shang-Xi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements. It is a pampering meal, with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself. Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell, a sort of Chinese version of the Western vol-au-vent, but classier. Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow, upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles. This is a master touch, and chef Simon Choi, who presides unchallenged at Shang-Xi, has scored a winner again. Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles whats not to love? His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut, but which you can put straight into the mouth. It crumbles immediately, and the slightly sweet, nutty morsel is so easy to eat youll probably reach straight for another. My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu, or ambrosia from the gods. The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago, pomelo and birds nest made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul. It does taste like ambrosia, with
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