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1 中文 3040 字 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目: Japans economic recovery and the relationship between the rapid growth of export 出 處: The Economist 作 者: Hirohisa Fujii 原 文: ABSTRACT Market liberalization and economic growth in an increasingly close relationship. Post-war Japan in the process of gradually opening the market to achieve rapid economic growth. But after the mid-80s, because of Japans structural reform and market opening, and lags behind the international development of its own economic strength requirements of the Japanese economy in the gradual accumulation of contradictions in the development process, leading the economy into long-term depression. Therefore, the establishment of the open market to meet the international system, the Japanese economy will remain a major issue facing future. Keywords: economic growth, open markets in Japan Introduction June 2001, the Japanese government lowered its economic and financial advisory meeting growth target for the Japanese economy is forecast since the beginning of 2001 two or three years, gross domestic product (GDP) real growth rate of 0.5 percent, and with the non-performing loans processing and structural reforms, unemployment will increase by 2 15-20 million people, the Japanese economy is still difficult in the short term expectations of the people toward recovery. So, what exactly is the crux of the Japanese economy? This paper theory from the open market, through the post-war economic growth in the Japanese practice of market liberalization and the analysis of 90 long-term economic downturn since the root of Japan, as well as market liberalization and economic growth within relationship. .market liberalization and economic growth theory Market economy requires not only within a country to be open, but also for the world to achieve open. In the context of todays increasingly global economy, commodity, currency, and information across national boundaries, creating a worldwide market. So, today, they say, is the main market opening their economies with the world economy. When to open their markets, why open the form in which is open to what extent is the country with the formation of the formation of relations of production, and with the changes in the development of this relationship. It can not be out of a countrys economic development, history, culture, political system, ethics and other features. Thus, even if the success of the national market liberalization, it is not through the same path. In a country opening up the market to international competition, the Governments role will be relatively lower, the market mechanism will be strengthened accordingly, from this perspective, market liberalization and market mechanism contains the theory of competition. Since the market economy since its inception, people of the market mechanism, there is always a different view. Adam Smith in his classic The Wealth of Nations, stressed the importance of free competition is the invisible hand, it can be self-regulating economic operation. Increasing national wealth the best way is to give complete freedom of economic activities. State intervention in economic life tend to impede the role play to limit the normal operation of the market system, damage the interests of consumers. Governments obligation should be mainly to protect society, to protect everyone in the community, so inviolable, construction and maintenance of some public utilities and facilities. The founder of classical school of economics new Marshall in his Principles of Economics, a book in a free competitive market economy for the assumptions and conditions, emphasizing the basic ideas of economic liberalism, the laissez-faire, the state intervention in economic life that as is the ideal policy. Can be seen that the classical school and the new classical school of 3 economists found that the free market economy mechanism of effectiveness, but these theories are based on imperfect competition and improve the market conditions on the assumption that Shenhua. Economic liberalism in the West dominated economics for 100 years until the 20th century, 30 years before giving way to Keyness economic interventionism. Keynesians argued that the Government must take fiscal measures to stimulate consumption and increase investment, to make up for lack of effective demand of free markets. This theory has been in the 70 years before the mainstream position. II. the post-war growth of the market opening on the role of the Japanese economy Practice has proved that if a country took the path of development of market economy, international trade has become inevitable. Therefore, the foreign trade of a country opening up usually constitute the first level. With the expansion of foreign trade, international investment continues to increase, constitute the opening of the second level. On this basis, and gradually formed a multi-level market opening pattern. Early postwar period, Japans political, economic and social fields implemented a series of democratic reforms, started by the wartime control by the government-led economy to a market economic system changes. In 1949, Japan implemented a fixed exchange rate system, the development of civil direct trade, the Japanese economy began to international markets. August 1952, Japan joined the International Monetary Fund (IM F) and the World Bank. September 1955, Japan joined the GATT (GA TT), gradually increasing contact with the world. At that time, the international competitiveness of Japanese products is weak, the balance of payments deficit year after year, for the protection of the domestic economy in exchange for foreign exchange, the government adopted a strict protection of the revitalization of trade and positive export policy. Capital flows in 1949 formulated the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law, the important is to limit capital flight, to avoid balance of payments deteriorated. Meanwhile, in order to prevent foreign investment in the formation of the domestic market for domestic enterprises dominated government has strict restrictions on foreign investment, regulations must be reviewed individually by the MITI. These policy measures effectively protect the domestic market, cultivating a reserve force major industries to ensure that the development of the domestic 4 economy badly needed imports of raw materials and technical equipment, and expand the main exports. However, on the other hand, it makes one-sided expansion of export trade of Japan is deeply rooted in ideology among the Japanese economy, Japans foreign trade and for the subsequent further development of the economy to stay hidden. 60 years later, the Japanese economys external dependence on continuous improvement of its business strength has been greatly enhanced, this time showing the world trade liberalization tendencies of some countries started demanding that Japan open its domestic market. In this situation, the Japanese have to bear their responsibilities to be performed, the implementation of liberalization. In 1960, the Japanese government promulgated the Outline of trade and foreign exchange liberalization, clearly the basic principles of liberalization and promote the process, and began to gradually open its domestic commodity markets. Japans import liberalization very quickly, in 1960 the import liberalization ratio of about 40% to 88% in 1962 to 94% in 1974. on the opening of capital markets, Japan, Trade and foreign exchange liberalization plan outline provides, in principle, be achieved within two years of regular trade liberalization, liberalization of capital transactions often depends on the progress of trade liberalization in the line to to prevent adverse impact on domestic economic development. In 1964, Japan became the IM F Article 8 Member States. Member States must bear the abolition of foreign exchange restrictions, the implementation of convertibility of its currency and other obligations. In the same year, Japan joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O ECD), its transition to a free economic system has provided preconditions. But, in fact, the liberalization of capital markets in Japan to really put on the agenda in the late 60s. 1967-1973, the Japanese government has announced the implementation of capital liberalization program 5 times, and gradually relax the access restrictions on foreign investment, increase access to trade and foreign investment ratio. Affected by this promotion, the year 1970, foreign direct investment in Japan exceeded 1 billion U.S. dollars ($ 114,000,000). In 1978, foreign direct investment in Japan amounted to 2.2 billion. To the end of 1980, except agriculture, forestry fisheries, mining, oil industry, leather products outside Japan, other industries have implemented the opening to foreign capital. In the continuous implementation of the liberalization of capital projects, the Japanese government to relax its foreign investment enterprises continue to limit and simplify the approval procedures for domestic enterprises to 5 invest abroad to create conditions. In 1978, the balance of Japanese foreign direct investment reached 26.8 billion U.S. dollars, equivalent to the year the balance of foreign direct investment to Japan 12 times. This also can be seen in terms of foreign trade in Japan or in terms of investment, are due to enter, to a certain extent reflect the relatively closed Japanese market and open the one-way. Into 80 years later, the transnational flow of factors of production more and more frequent, international competition, many countries and regions have carried out reforms to increase the scope and intensity of market opening. In this situation, and domestic and international pressure, Japan is also implemented in various fields and open markets, promote competition reform measures, such as the national railway, telecommunications, aviation, electricity and other fields gradually introduce competition and reduce government intervention and improve the free market degree; in trade, finance and other fields to adjust policies to further open markets. The growing competitiveness of Japanese products, rapid export growth, external trade surplus remained, Japan and European and American countries trade friction between the frequency of, in addition to European and American economy began to show regional trends in Japans foreign trade development had to seek new way to change its international isolation in the economic and social. The mid-80s, Japan will revitalize the Foreign Trade Policy from the original export, free imports, adjusted to the controlled expansion of exports, encourage the expansion of imports, such as import restrictions to reduce the types of goods, lower tariffs on imported goods, simplify import procedures, and expand import quotas and other measures to strengthen international coordination. The open market policy measures in Japan, its a great role in economic development. First of all, to promote the post-war Japans rapid economic growth. Take full advantage of open markets not only its own resources, but also greater use of global resources, on the basis of comparative advantage and improve resource allocation efficiency, promote the industry and the growth of overall economic strength. Growth in economic strength, and boosting their economies to withstand force and resilience, to better prevent foreign products on the domestic market and the impact of employment, and absorb domestic product, create jobs, and thus guarantee the smooth progress of opening up. Japans postwar high economic growth, it is accompanied by the gradual opening of the market achieved. The process of 6 market liberalization, Japan has been implementing the principle that different stages of industrial development according to the production status of selective opening, the opening up of any industry must be conducive to the interests of related industries and the improvement of the entire national economy. Meanwhile, the Government also used legal, fiscal, And many other means of financial regulation and intervention, as enacted in 1949, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law is the post-war Japanese government management of economic activities is an important legal basis. 7 譯 文: 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)與出口的快速增長的關(guān)系 摘 要 市場(chǎng)的開放和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的關(guān)系越來越緊密。戰(zhàn)后日本市場(chǎng)在 逐漸的開放中實(shí)現(xiàn)了快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。但 80 年代中期以后 , 因?yàn)槿毡窘Y(jié)構(gòu)上的一些改革和市場(chǎng)開放落后于國際化和其自身經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力發(fā)展的要求 , 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)在發(fā)展過程中逐漸積累矛盾 , 最終導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入長期蕭條。因此 , 建立適應(yīng)國際化的市場(chǎng)開放制度,將是日本經(jīng)濟(jì)今后面臨的一個(gè)主要問題。 引 言 2001 年 6(都要新弱馬)月 , 日本政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)財(cái)政咨詢會(huì)議上提出要降低日本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長目標(biāo) , 預(yù)測(cè)從 2001 年開始的兩三年里,日本國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值實(shí)際增長率會(huì)是0.5%。 同時(shí),處理不良債權(quán)和改革結(jié)構(gòu) , 失業(yè)人口將會(huì)增加 15-20 萬人 , 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)還是很難在短期內(nèi)恢復(fù)到大家的期望。那么 , 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)鍵在于哪里呢 ?本文從市場(chǎng)開放理論出發(fā) , 通過分析戰(zhàn)后日本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 , 討論了 90 年代日本經(jīng)濟(jì)長時(shí)間蕭條的原因 , 和市場(chǎng)開放與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。 一、市場(chǎng)開放與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的理論 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不但要求一個(gè)國家實(shí)行開放 , 同時(shí)要求在世界范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)開放。在現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)日趨全球化下 , 商品、貨幣、信息等跨越國界 , 形成了一個(gè)世界范圍的市場(chǎng)。所以 大家現(xiàn)在說的市場(chǎng)開放主要是講本國經(jīng)濟(jì)與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)接軌。什么時(shí)候開放本國市場(chǎng)、為什么開放、以什么樣的形式開放、開放到哪種程度 , 都是隨著這 個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的形成而形成的 , 并隨著這個(gè)關(guān)系的發(fā)展而變化。它不能脫離一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、歷史文化、政治制度、倫理道德等特征。所以 , 即使是市場(chǎng)開放得到成功的國家 , 也不一定是由同一條道路走來的。 在一個(gè)國家開放市場(chǎng)、參加國際性的競(jìng)爭過程中 , 政府的作用會(huì)適當(dāng)減小 , 市場(chǎng)機(jī)制也會(huì)相應(yīng)的增加。從這個(gè)方面來看 , 市場(chǎng)開放包括競(jìng)爭和市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的理論。從市 8 場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)成立到現(xiàn)在 , 人們對(duì)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制一直存在著很多不同的看法。亞當(dāng)斯密在他的國富論中 , 說明了自由競(jìng)爭的重要性,它可以自由地調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行。不斷增加國民財(cái)富的最好辦法就是給經(jīng)濟(jì) 活動(dòng)一個(gè)完全自由的環(huán)境。國家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)經(jīng)常會(huì)來阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,限制市場(chǎng)體系的運(yùn)行 , 損害消費(fèi)者的利益。政府的義務(wù)應(yīng)該主要是保護(hù)社會(huì) , 保護(hù)社會(huì)上的每一個(gè)人不受侵犯 , 并建設(shè)和維護(hù)一些公共事業(yè)和設(shè)施。新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人馬歇爾在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理中說到 , 在自由競(jìng)爭的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的假定下 , 強(qiáng)調(diào)了經(jīng)濟(jì)自由主義的觀點(diǎn) , 將自由放縱、國家不干涉經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)想成是理想的政策。古典學(xué)派和新古典學(xué)派的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行機(jī)制的有效性 , 但這些觀點(diǎn)是建立在完全競(jìng)爭和完善市場(chǎng)神話的條件上。經(jīng)濟(jì)自由主義在西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中占統(tǒng)治地位長達(dá) 100 多 年 , 到 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代才被凱恩斯的經(jīng)濟(jì)干預(yù)主義給替代。凱恩斯學(xué)派認(rèn)為政府必須采取財(cái)政措施來擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)和增加投資來彌補(bǔ)自由市場(chǎng)需求的不足。這種理論在 70 年代以前一直處于主導(dǎo)地位。 二、戰(zhàn)后市場(chǎng)開放對(duì)日本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的作用 實(shí)踐得出,一個(gè)國家能走上市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展道路 , 就一定能開展國際貿(mào)易。所以對(duì)外貿(mào)易是構(gòu)成一個(gè)國家對(duì)外開放的第一個(gè)層次。對(duì)外貿(mào)易的展開 , 國際投資不斷的增加 , 是對(duì)外開放的第二個(gè)層次,從而逐步形成全方位、多層次的市場(chǎng)開放格局。 戰(zhàn)后初期 , 日本在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)等方面實(shí)施了一系列的民主改革 , 開始由戰(zhàn)時(shí)統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟(jì) 向政府主導(dǎo)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制轉(zhuǎn)變。 1949 年 , 日本實(shí)行了固定的匯率制度 ,發(fā)展民間直接貿(mào)易 , 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)開始走向國際市場(chǎng)。 1952 年 8 月 , 日本參加了國際貨幣基金組織 (IMF)和世界銀行。 1955 年 9 月 , 日本加入關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定 (GATT), 與世界的聯(lián)系逐漸增多。因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)時(shí)候日本產(chǎn)品的國際競(jìng)爭力很弱 , 國際收支幾年下來都出現(xiàn)逆差 ,為保護(hù)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)、換取外匯 , 政府采取了嚴(yán)格的保護(hù)貿(mào)易和積極的振興出口政策。在資本流動(dòng)上 , 1949 年制定了外匯及外貿(mào)管理法 , 主要內(nèi)容是控制資本外流 , 避免國際收支惡化。為了防止外國資本進(jìn)入國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)對(duì)本 國企業(yè)形成控制 , 政府對(duì)外國資本進(jìn)入也實(shí)行嚴(yán)格限制 , 規(guī)定必須由國際貿(mào)易和工業(yè)部來審查。這些政策措施保護(hù)了本國市場(chǎng) , 培育了主要產(chǎn)業(yè)的后續(xù)力量 , 保證了發(fā)展國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)急需的原材料和技術(shù)設(shè)備進(jìn)口 , 擴(kuò)大了主要產(chǎn)品的出口。但是 , 另外一方面它使日本片面擴(kuò)大出口的貿(mào)易思想深深植根到日本經(jīng)濟(jì)之中 , 為以后日本對(duì)外貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展留下了隱患。 60 年代以后 , 日本經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)外依賴不斷提高 , 本國企業(yè)實(shí)力大大增強(qiáng) , 這個(gè)時(shí)候世界貿(mào)易
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