離合器常見問題課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

外文資料原文 1 Clutch Common Problems From the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your cars clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches. The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum brake - after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it wont transmit any power from the engine to the wheels. The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. Its only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, youll wear out your clutch a lot faster. Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch wont release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are: Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively. Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure. Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure. 外文資料原文 2 Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force. Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch. A hard clutch is also a common problem. All clutches require some amount of force to depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. Sometimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch. Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch. If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages, you might have a problem with the throw-out. Clutch Diagnostic Test If you find that your clutch has failed, here is an at-home diagnostic test that anyone can perform: 1. Start your car, set the parking break, and put the car in neutral. 2. With your car idling, listen for a growling noise without pushing the clutch in. If you hear something, its most likely a problem with the transmission. If you dont hear a noise, proceed to step three. 3. With the car still in neutral, begin to push the clutch and listen for noise. If you hear a chirping noise as you press, its most likely the clutch release, or throw-out bearing. If you dont hear a noise, proceed to step four. 4. Push the clutch all the way to the floor. If you hear a squealing noise, its probably the pilot bearing or 外文資料原文 3 bushing. If you dont hear any noise during these four steps, then your problem is probably not the clutch. If you hear the noise at idle and it goes away when the clutch is pressed, it may be an issue in the contact point between the fork and pivot ball. Biomaterials Manufacturers are starting biomaterials to reduce CO2 emissions throughout the vehicles lifecycle Manufacturers are starting to concentrate more closely on cutting carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles lifecycles. That means looking at the carbon dioxide production and disposal of the vehicle, not just the pollutants that come out of the tailpipe. European vehicle recycling laws are making carmakers that sell cars in Europe take more responsibility for the effect their vehicles Honda and Mitsubishi are the latest to develop new materials. Recycling the metal that makes up majority of the vehicle is not the hardest pert; the plastics plastics present a far greater challenge. Interiors pose a particular recycling problem as they use a lot of plastics. Honda has developed a plant-based fabric with excellent durability and resistance to sunlight for use a surface material in automobile interiors. Bio-fabrics are the most likely solution as they are derived from plants that absorb carbon dioxide ad they grow. When vehicle is scrapped and the fabrics incinerated, only some of the released carbon dioxide has come from a fossil source. Despite this benefit, plant-based fabrics have not yet been used commercially for automobile interiors. Interior quality is too important to take risks with and there have been concerns about the limited durability and aesthetics of biomaterials. 外文資料原文 4 Honda says it has a fabric that can overcome these issues, achieving a soft and smooth material appropriate for the surface of automobile interiors. It has high durability and its color does not fade after prolonged exposure to sunlight. Honda will use the material for seats, the interior surface of doors, roof linings and for floor mats. Series production is still some way off , however. The firm will install the bio-fabric interiors in 2009 in a fuel cell vehicle and then expand the application. The bio-fabrics basic material is a polyester called polypropylene terephthalate (PPT). PPT is produced through the polymerization of propaneiol, which is produced from corn and terephthalic acid, a petroleum-based component. In order to improve the fabrics stability, Honda has applied a multi-thread structure for the fiber. “The fiber is very flexible, achieving unprecedented aesthetic properties,” says Honda. The bio-fabric does not require changes to existing fabric production processes and is suitable for mass production .Using it instead of the traditional petroleum-based polyester materials reduces the amount of energy consumed in the process by between 10 and 15 percent.“The use of a plant-based ingredient can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 5Kg per vehicle,” says Honda. Mitsubishis environmentally friendly plastic is a little closer to production. It will be used in a concept car next year. But despite its early development stage, the firm is confident it will be used in car interiors. Mitsubishi has developed a material that uses a plant-based resin, polybutylene succinate (PBS), reinforced with bamboo fibers. They began developing the materials with the Aichi industrial technology institute, Japan in 2004. “To help stop global warming and slow the depletion of oil reserves, we plant to substitute plant-based resins and quick-growing plant fibers for materials such as petroleum-based resins and wood hardboards used in car interiors,” says Mitsubishi. PBS. The main component of the material. Is a plant-based resin composed 外文資料原文 5 mainly of succinct acid and 1.4-butanediol.The succinct acid for the material comes from the fermentation of sugar extracted from sugarcane or corn? The new material combines bamboo fiber with PBS in order to increase its rigidity. According to tests. The PBS/bamboo-fiber prototype achieves an estimated 50 percent cut in lifecycle CO2 emissions over petroleum-based polypropylene plastic. Volatile organic compound levels are also reduced drastically over processed wood hardboards; roughly 85 per cent in testing. Bamboo grows to its full height in just a few years, compared with the tens of years required for traditional timber. And as such may be called a potentially sustainable resource.”We expect the research to lead to further breakthroughs in the use of bamboo.” says Mitsubishi. 外文資料譯文 6 離合器常見問題 從 20 世紀(jì) 50 年代至 70 年代，你可以依靠離合器行駛 50000 公里到70000 公里。如何過你對離合器使用和保養(yǎng)好的話，離合器現(xiàn)在可以使用達到 80000 公里。如果保 養(yǎng)的不好的話，離合器的性能可能在總里程達到 35000公里時開始下降。一貫超載或經(jīng)常拖重物的卡車，其新離合器也會發(fā)生許多問題。 離合器最常見的問題是摩擦材料的實效。離合器從動盤上的摩擦片與盤式制動器上的摩擦材料及鼓式制動器制動蹄比較類似，過一段時間后，它們就實效了。當(dāng)大部分或所有的摩擦材料都失效了，離合器將開始打滑，并最終將不會傳送任何動力，從 發(fā)動機 到 車輪 。 當(dāng)離合器從動盤和飛輪不是以同一個速度旋轉(zhuǎn)時，離合器只是磨損。當(dāng)它們被鎖定在一起時，摩擦片將會緊緊的貼在飛輪上，并且一同旋轉(zhuǎn)，僅僅當(dāng)離合器從動盤和飛輪不同步時，磨損才會產(chǎn)生，所以，如果你是那種經(jīng)常讓離合器打滑的駕駛員，你將會加快離合器的磨損。 有時，問題不在于打滑，但與堅持。如果您的離合器將不會公布得當(dāng)，它將繼續(xù)把輸入軸。這可能會導(dǎo)致磨削，或完全防止您的汽車從進入齒輪。 斷掉的或拉伸的離合器拉索 -拉索需要正確的拉緊力，來進行有效的推拉。 漏泄或有缺陷的離合器主或副缸 -泄漏保持液壓缸擁有必要數(shù)值的壓力。 空氣中的液壓管路 -空氣影響水力以空間流體需要建立的壓力。 不合適的連接件 -當(dāng)您的腳踩在踏板上時，連接管件將傳遞錯誤的壓力。 不匹配的離合器組件 -并非所有的售后的零件與您的離合器匹配的。 “硬”離合器也是一種常見的問題。所有離合器都需要一定的力來充分壓緊。如果你必須很“硬”壓下離合器踏板，可能會有些麻煩。堅持或有約束力的在踏板的聯(lián)系，電纜，交叉軸 ，或樞軸球是常見的原因。有時堵塞或外文資料譯文 7 磨損密封在液壓系統(tǒng)也可能導(dǎo)致硬離合器。 另一個與離合器相關(guān)的問題是一個磨損的要丟棄的 軸承 ,有時被稱為離合器釋放軸承。這關(guān)系到適用的力量，分離指的壓力板釋放離合器。如果您聽到低沉的聲音，當(dāng)離合器工作時，您可能有一個問題，。 離合器的診斷測試 如果您發(fā)現(xiàn)您的離合器已經(jīng)失 效 ，這是一個在家的診斷測試，任何人都可以執(zhí)行： 1. 啟動汽車，設(shè)置停車休息，并把汽車 設(shè) 在 空檔位置 。 2. 在 汽車空 轉(zhuǎn)時 ，聽取了咆哮的噪音， 不要讓 離合器接合 ，如果你聽到 什么聲音 ，它最有可能 是變速器的問題。 如果您沒有聽到噪音，進行步驟 3 。 3. 仍然保持汽車在空檔，開始推動離合器和聽噪音。 當(dāng) 您 踩 下 時 ， 如果您聽到啁 啾的噪音，它最有可能的離合器釋放，或投擲出軸承。 如果您沒有聽到噪音，進行步驟 4 。 4. 推動離合器 一直到 地上。如果您聽到 刺耳的 噪音，這可能是試驗軸承或襯套。 如果您沒有聽到任何噪音，在這四個步驟，那么您的問題可能是沒有離合器。 如果您聽到噪音，閑置不用離開時，離合器壓，它可能是一個問題，在接觸點之間的交岔路口樞軸球。 外文資料譯文 8 生物材料 汽車制造上紛紛通過采用生物材料來減少車輛整個生命期內(nèi)的二氧化碳排放。 汽車制造商紛紛開始對車輛在整個生命期內(nèi)，即從生產(chǎn)到報廢的全過程中產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳排放，而不僅是排氣 管中產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳予以重視。 歐洲的汽車回收法規(guī)迫使汽車行業(yè)經(jīng)營者對車輛的環(huán)境影響擔(dān)負更大的責(zé)任。日本汽車制造商日產(chǎn)和三菱最近開發(fā)出了一些新型的材料。 對構(gòu)成汽車主體部分的金屬材料進行回收并不是最難的，塑料的回收要難得多。特別是大量使用塑料的內(nèi)飾材料。 本田開發(fā)出一種