經(jīng)濟和財政的共同條件.doc

經(jīng)濟金融常用術(shù)語方凡泉宏觀經(jīng)濟macroeconomy計劃經(jīng)濟plannedeconomy指令性計劃mandatoryplan指導性計劃guidanceplan社會主義市場經(jīng)濟（中國）socialistmarketeconomy社會市場經(jīng)濟（德國）socialmarketeconomy新經(jīng)濟（美國）neweconomy知識經(jīng)濟knowledge-basedeconomy網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟Internet-basednetworkedeconomy信息時代informationage全球化globalization（全球境globality）信息經(jīng)濟ITeconomy外向型經(jīng)濟export-orientedeconomy實體經(jīng)濟therealeconomy經(jīng)濟規(guī)律lawsofeconomics市場調(diào)節(jié)marketregulation優(yōu)化資源配置optimizeallocationofresources規(guī)模經(jīng)營優(yōu)勢advantageofeconomiesofscale勞動密集型laborintensive技術(shù)密集型technologyintensive大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)massproduction新凱恩思主義newKeynesian貨幣主義者monetarist供給學派supply-sideeconomist第一產(chǎn)業(yè)（農(nóng)業(yè)）agriculture(primaryindustry)第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（工業(yè)）manufacturingindustry(secondaryindustry)第三產(chǎn)業(yè)（服務(wù)業(yè)）serviceindustry(tertiaryindustry)主要經(jīng)濟指標majoreconomicindicators國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDPgrossdomesticproduct（商品和勞務(wù)幣值總和，不包括海收收入支出）國民生產(chǎn)總值GNPgrossnationalproduct（商品和勞務(wù)幣值總和，包括海外收入支出）人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDPpercapita實際增長率growthrateinrealterms年均增長率averagegrowthrateperannum投資回報率rateofreturnoninvestment外貿(mào)進出口總額totalforeigntradevalue實際利用外資incomingoverseascapital(investment)inplace消費價格指數(shù)consumerpriceindex(CPI)零售價格指數(shù)retailpriceindex（RPI）生活費用價格總指數(shù)totalpriceindexoflivingcost生活費用incomeavailableforlivingexpenses扣除物價因素inrealterms/oninflation-adjustedbasis居民儲蓄存款residentsbanksavingsdeposit恩格爾系數(shù)（食品開支占總支出的比例）Engelcoefficient基尼系數(shù)（衡量地區(qū)差別）Ginicoefficient購買力平價法purchasingpowerparity(PPP)（衡量使用不同貨幣的兩個國家或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟水平、收入水平的一種計算法，用相等的匯率比較兩種貨幣各自的國內(nèi)購買力）片面追求發(fā)展速度excessivepursuitofgrowth泡沫經(jīng)濟bubbleeconomy經(jīng)濟過熱overheatingofeconomy通貨膨脹inflation不景氣slump（衰退recession）通貨緊縮deflation中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)分三步走的戰(zhàn)略thethree-stepdevelopmentstrategyofChinasmodernizationdrive第一步，到1990年國民生產(chǎn)總值比1980年翻一番StepOne:GDPof1990doublesthatof1980.第二步，到2000年人均國民生產(chǎn)總值比1980年翻兩番，人民生活達到小康水平StepTwo:GDPof2000quadruplesthatof1980;peopleliveafairlycomfortablelife.第三步，到21世紀中期建國100周年時，達到中等發(fā)達國家水平StepThree:Bytheyear2049,the100thanniversaryoftheP.R.C.,Chinaslevelofdevelopmentisexpectedtobeonparwiththemid-rankingdevelopedcountries即將加入世貿(mào)組織expectedentry(accession)intheWTO與世界經(jīng)濟的聯(lián)系將更加緊密bemorecloselylinkedtotheworldeconomy中國巨大的市場潛力將逐步轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實的購買力ThehugemarketpotentialthatChinaenjoyswillbeturnedintotangiblepurchasingpower.適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟需要的法律法規(guī)體系還不夠健全Theregulatoryandlegalsystemisnotwellestablishedastoadapttothedemandofmarketeconomy.經(jīng)濟管理體制可能會出現(xiàn)一些不適應(yīng)Theeconomicmanagementsystemmaynotbereadilyadaptedtothechanges.一些行業(yè)和企業(yè)可能會受到?jīng)_擊Somesectorsofeconomyandsomebusinessesmaybeadverselyaffected.立足中國國情，發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢proceedfromnationalconditionsinChinaandbringouradvantagesintoplay揚長避短，趨利避害，迎接經(jīng)濟全球化的挑戰(zhàn)fosterstrengthsandcircumventweaknessesandrisetothechallengeofeconomicglobalization瓶頸制約bottleneckconstraints放權(quán)讓利decentralizationandinterestconcessions(inlate1980sandearly1990s)深化改革intensifyreform;deepenonescommitmenttoreform配套改革supporting(concomitant)reforms配套資金counterpartfunds;localfundingof提高經(jīng)濟效益improveeconomicperformance;increaseeconomicreturns講求社會效益valuecontributiontosociety;payattentiontosocialeffect加速國民經(jīng)濟信息化developinformation-basedeconomyaccelerateITapplicationineconomy拉動經(jīng)濟增長fueleconomicgrowth利改稅substitutionoftaxpaymentforprofitdelivery費改稅transformadministrativefeesintotaxes債轉(zhuǎn)股debt-to-equityswap頭寸寬裕（頭寸緊缺）inaneasyposition(tightposition)朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)sunriseindustry招標投標制thesystemofpublicbiddingforproject充分發(fā)揮貨幣政策的作用givefullplaytotheroleofmonetarypolicy實施積極的財政政策followapro-activefiscalpolicy向銀行增發(fā)國債，擴大投資Thegovernmentissuedadditionaltreasurybondstobankstoincreaseinvestment.再注資recapitalization放松銀根toeasemonetarypolicy(收緊銀根tightenupmonetarypolicy)適度從緊的財政政策moderatelytightfiscalpolicy信用緊縮creditcrunch加強國有商業(yè)銀行內(nèi)部資金調(diào)度Instatecommercialbanks,internalcapitalallocationshouldbeimproved.合理劃分貸款審批權(quán)限Limitsofauthorityforexaminingandapprovingloansshouldberationallydefined.保證有市場、有效益、守信用企業(yè)的流動資金貸款ensurefloatingcapitalloansforwell-performingandtrustworthyenterpriseswhichturnouttherightproductsfortherightmarkets啟動民間投資attractinvestmentfromtheprivatesector適銷對路的產(chǎn)品therightproducts/readilymarketableproducts國有企業(yè)state-ownedenterprises(SOEs)集體企業(yè)collectively-owned(partnership)enterprises私營企業(yè)privatebusinesses民營企業(yè)privately-runbusinesses中小企業(yè)small-and-medium-sizedenterprises三資企業(yè)（中外合資、中外合作、外商獨資）overseas-investedenterprises;foreign-investedenterprises(Chinese-overseasequityjointventures,Chinese-overseascontractualjointventures,whollyforeign-ownedenterprises)存款保證金guarantymoneyfordeposits貨幣回籠withdrawalofcurrencyfromcirculation吸收游資absorbidlefund經(jīng)常性貸款commerciallending經(jīng)常性支出operatingexpenses再貸款re-lending;subloan支持國有大型企業(yè)和高新技術(shù)企業(yè)上市融資supportlargestate-ownedenterprisesandhighandinnovativetechnologycompaniesintheireffortstoseekfinancingbylistingonthestockmarket改制上市Anenterpriseisre-organizedaccordingtomoderncorporatesystemsothatitwillgetlistedonthestockmarket.進一步規(guī)范和發(fā)展證券市場furtherstandardizeanddevelopthesecuritiesmarket增加直接融資比重increasetheproportionofdirectfinancing完善股票發(fā)行上市制度improvethesystemforIPOandlistingonstockmarkets中國證監(jiān)會ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission(CSRC)深圳證券交易所市ShenzhenStockExchange上海證券交易所ShanghaiStockExchange綜合指數(shù)compositeindex（美國）納斯達克（高技術(shù)企業(yè)板）NASDAQ（NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotation主板市場themainboard二板市場thesecondboardmarket中國創(chuàng)業(yè)板ChinaGrowthEnterpriseMarket首次上市IPOs(initialpublicoffering)市場資本總額marketcapitalization法人股institutionalshares內(nèi)部股（非上市招股）privatecompanyshares“?！笔衎ullmarket拋售bearsales疲軟股票softstock配股allotmentofshares內(nèi)部審計internalaudit互助基金mutualfund擴大內(nèi)需expanddomesticdemand改善居民心理預期inspirethegeneralpublicsconfidenceinthefutureneeds鼓勵增加即期消費encouragemoreimmediateconsumption長期國債long-termtreasurybonds支付國債利息toservicetreasurybonds財政赤字和債務(wù)deficitsandthenationaldebt按原口徑計算calculateonthebaseline按不變價格計算calculateatconstantprice按可比價格計算calculateatcomparableprice列入財政預算支出listedinthefiscalbudget結(jié)售匯制度thesystemofexchange,settlementandsales經(jīng)常項目順差favorablebalanceofcurrentaccount,surplusofcurrentaccount開辦人民幣業(yè)務(wù)engageinRrenminbi(RMB)business出口退稅制度thesystemofrefundingtaxesonexportedgoods保證金臺帳制度Depositaccountsystemforprocessingtrade分期付款installmentpayment保值儲蓄inflation-proofbanksavings抵押貸款collateralisedloans住房抵押貸款residentialmortgageloan經(jīng)濟林cashtree跟蹤審計follow-upauditing配套政策supportingpolicies廣義貨幣M2（狹義貨幣M1）中國人民銀行（中央銀行）ThePeoplesBankofChina（centralbank）四大國有商業(yè)銀行4majorstate-ownedcommercialbanks中國銀行Bankofchina中國工商銀行IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina（）and中國建設(shè)銀行ConstructionBankofChina中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行AgriculturalBankofChina招商銀行ChinaMerchantsBank中國光大銀行EverbrightBankofChina中國民聲銀行ChinaMinshengBankingCorporationLtd.中信實業(yè)銀行CITICIndustrialBank政策性銀行statepolicy-relatedbank國家發(fā)展銀行StateDevelopmentBank中國進出口銀行ChinaEXIMBank（香港英資）匯豐銀行HongKongandShanghaiBankingCorporation(HKSBC)金融監(jiān)管financialsupervision中國人民銀行法LawofthePeoplesBankofChina商業(yè)銀行法LawofCommercialBanks保險法LawofInsurance證券法LawofSecurities巴塞爾原則BaselCorePrinciples監(jiān)管對象的行為有問題、管理機制不健全problemsofsupervisedentitiesbehaviorandtheunsoundinternalgovernancemechanism風險意識consciousnessofriskprevention事前監(jiān)管proactiveregulationandsupervision風險管理riskmanagement堅持嚴格的貸款標準maintainstrongunderwritingstandards六大風險risksin6keyareas(U.S.FederalReservecriterion)信用風險creditrisk/市場風險marketrisk/流動性風險liquidityrisk操作風險operationalrisk/法律風險legalrisk/信譽風險reputationalrisk風險評級riskrating到期不還貸defaultonaloan資不抵債insolvency;beinsolvent亞洲金融危機Asianfinancialcrisis(1997-98)（人行）9個跨?。▍^(qū)）分行代替31個省級分行9regionalbranches(ofPBC)replaced31provincialones投資（貸款）組合investment(loan)portfolio外匯儲備充足sufficientforeigne