非謂語動詞.doc

非謂語動詞1動詞不定式定義： 不定式是動詞的一種非限定形式。 不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句中不能單獨做謂語。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征， 所以它在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。 基本形式： “to + 動詞原形 ”（有時可以不帶to） “to” 僅僅是個符號，本身無實義。 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)： 不定式有進行時和完成時， 也有被動語態(tài)。其變化如下： 主動形式 被動形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進行式 to be doing _ 完成進行式 to have been doing _ 動詞不定式的句法作用： 一 作主語。 如： To ask him for help is necessary. To help poor people is our duty. 但在多數(shù)情況下，特別是在口語中，常常用 it 作形式主語，不定式后置。 It is not easy to master a foreign language It is a great pleasure to talk with him. It took us two hours to get there by bike. It made me happy to find my key. 二. 作表語。 如： Her wish is to become a pop singer. Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe. （注意： 主語是不定式時，表語必須用不定式，不用v-ing） All you have to do is (to)finish the job quickly. （注意：當主語部分含有動詞do 時，作表語的不定式可以省略 to 三 作賓語。 如： I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude, demand, prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree, care 等等。 在find, think, make, consider , feel等動詞之后， 接不定式作賓語時，不定式帶有自己的補語， 我們常用it 做形式賓語，把不定式放在后面。 如： I find it interesting to study English . We thought it better to start early. Do you consider it better not to go? I feel it my duty to change all that. 四作定語。 不定式作定語時， 通常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。不定式常和它所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. They made a plan to study English . He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall. 注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就應有必要的介詞。如： He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to write with. She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about. The family has five children to look after. 五作賓語補足語 不定式可以和名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu)， 作動詞的賓語，不定式作賓語補足語。 1用帶 to 的不定式作賓語補足語，表示致使、希望、要求、請求、允許、命令等意義，常見的動詞有 ask, tell, invite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach, warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。 如： Mother told me to come back before 10 oclock. Ill get someone to repair the recorder for you. What caused him to change his mind? I wish you to come as soon as possible. ( 注意 hope雖有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作賓補, 不能說： hope sb. to do sth ) 2 不定式不用帶 to 的動詞有： 感官動詞（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役動詞（have, let, make ）、及動詞詞組 listen to , look at 后的賓語補足語。 如： I often hear them sing this song. I saw her put her hands into the pockets. 3 Did you notice anyone come in ? I would have him wait for me for a long time. Look at the horse jump. We are listening to the radio tell a long story. 注意： 當這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時， 其后的不定式則要加上“ to” 如： They were made to wait for two hours. He was seen to enter the room. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 六不定式作狀語 不定式作狀語， 修飾動詞、形容詞、或副詞， 表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 1 表示目的。 如： He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water. Are you coming with us to see Professor Li? 不定式作目的狀語，還可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in order to 可放在句首，而 so as to 不能放在句首） In order to arrive before dark, we started early. He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others. John hurried so as to (in order to ) be late for the party. 2. 表示結(jié)果。 如： He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone. What have I said to make you so excited? 常見的表結(jié)果的句式有： 1） so. as to , such as to He was so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him. 2) enough (for sb.) to , tooto This book is easy enough for me to read. The ice is thick enough to walk on. He is too young to join the army. She is too careless to notice it. 3) only to（常表示未曾料到的結(jié)果） They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. I went to see him only to find him out. 3 表示原因 （與表示目的時形式相似，要根據(jù)句意判斷）如： We jumped with joy to hear the news. She was surprised to see how angry Mary was. Im sorry to have to say good-bye to you. He is anxious to see her. 4不定式作條件狀語、方式狀語 To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world. 聽他談話，你會以為他擁有整個世界。 She opened her lips as if to speak. 她張開嘴唇，仿佛要說話似的動詞不定式的時態(tài)用法： 1 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的動作，通常與謂語動詞表示的動作（狀態(tài)）同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生， 或是在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生。如： Who heard him say that? （同時發(fā)生） We are glad to see you again. （同時發(fā)生） They invited us to go there this summer. （之后發(fā)生） 2 不定式的完成式 它所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。 “to have +done” ，如： He is said to have written a new novel. Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seemed to have bought a new dictionary. He pretended not to have seen me. 3 不定式的進行式 它用來表示當謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行。 “to be +doing” They are said to be building in that area now. He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively. I didnt expect you to be waiting for me so long. 4 不定式的完成進行式 它表示在謂語動詞動作之前已經(jīng)開始，并一直進行著，到說話時為止，這個動作可能還在繼續(xù). “to have been doing” He is said to have been writing the book for ten years. 據(jù)說那本書他已經(jīng)寫了10年了。 I am sorry to have been troubling you all the time. 抱歉不斷給你添麻煩。 He was said to have been living in New York for twenty years. 據(jù)說他在紐約已生活了20年。 動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)用法： 當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時， 不定式要用被動語態(tài)。 to be + 過去分詞 The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. I wanted the letter to be typed at once. It is a great honour for me to be asked to speak here. These are problems to be discussed at the next meeting. 如果不定式表示的是一個比謂語動作更早發(fā)生的被動動作，則用不定式被動完成式， 即: to have been +過去分詞 The book is said to have been translated into several languages. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post5不定式的否定形式： 不定式的否定形式是在不定式符號 to 前加 not 構(gòu)成。 如： He decided not to go home. Let him not do it. I told him not to play in the street. You must promise never to do that again. 不定式省略 to 的情況： 1 在某些動詞（如：see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, listen to , look at, make, let, have ）后作賓語補足語的不定式。 Let me hear you play the piano. He made them work for a long time. 2 由why 引起的某些問句中 Why turn off the gas? Why not open the window? 3 在 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, would sooner than, cant but(只好，不得不), do nothing but等結(jié)構(gòu)后面。如： He cannot but agree. (他不得不同意) Youd better tell him the truth. He would rather (sooner)die than surrender. （他寧死不屈） My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 在介詞 except, but 之后，如果其前有動詞 do 的某種形式， 不定式一般不帶 to ， 反之，則須帶 to 。 如： Theres nothing to do except( but) wait till it stops raining. Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining. 4. 當兩個或多個帶 to 的不定式由并列連詞 and 或 or連接在一起時，第二個及其后的不定式符號to ?？墒÷?。如： The teacher asked the students to read over the text carefully and (to) write down the important points or (to ) put forward questions if there is any. 如果兩者有對比關(guān)系， 則在每個不定式前加to, 不能省略。 They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop. 動詞不定式 專項練習 1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont B. notC. will not D. not to 2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make 3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to goD. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. growB. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cryB. crying；crying C. cry；cryD. to cry；cry 13. He was made _. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go 14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learnB. to learn C. learnedD. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to chooseB. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leaveB. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made C. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made 20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. eitherD. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 25. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to _. A. make friend with B. make friends of C. make friends D. make friends with 27. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing 28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 29. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 30. I need a day or two _. A. to think it over B. to think over C. of thinking 31. He was too excited _. A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 32. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 33. He said he would rather not _ it right now. A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing 34. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride； ride B. riding； ride C. ride； to rideD. to ride； riding 35. Its freezing outside. You _ put on your overcoat. A. had better to B. had better C. would betterD. would better to 36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sit D. be sat on 37. Im hungry. Get me something _. A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. for eating 38. - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 39. She did nothing _ at the photo. A. except lookB. but to look C. except to look D. but looking 40. I asked him to _ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems. A. spend B. spare C. save D. share 41. They wont let their teacher _ in that way. A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated 42. John, you must get your room _ after breakfast. A. to be cleaned B. to clean C. cleaningD. cleaned 43. The problem _ at tomorrows meeting is a very difficult one. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 44. He reached the station _ only _ that the train had just left. A. tired； learnedB. tiring； learning C. to tire； to learnD. tired； to learn 45. - Did that book give the information you needed? - Yes, but _, we had to read it almost entirely. A. for finding itB. to find it C. finding it D. by finding it 46. Im sorry I forgot _your dictionary. Lets borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing 47. She couldnt decide which restaurant _. A. to have lunch B. to eat C. to eat at D. eating at 48. This problem is said _ three times. A. to have been talked B. to have discussed C. having been discussed D. to have been talked about 49. Everybody believed the man _ away the diamond ring. A. be taken B. taking C. to take D. to have taken 50. I prefer _ rather than _. A. read； watch B. to read； watch C. reading； to watch D. to read； to watch 答案：1-5 DBBAA6-10 CCAAA 11-15 CADAB 16-20 BBAAA21-25 ACCAB 26-30 DACBA 31-35 BCCCB 36-40 BBDAB41-45 DDCDB 46-50 CCDDB解析：1tell sb. not to do sth告訴某人不做某事2take sth for granted “把某事想當然”， 是一個固定詞組。Eg. You shouldnt take it for granted that everyone should help you.你不要認為每個人都理應幫助你。4. 不定式的省略要保留到to,否則就完整地表達， 如:but his mother told him not to do so.5. warn sb not to do sth. 此處用never替代not.8. allow sb to do sth允許某人做某事；risk doing sth冒險做某事9. see sb do sth看見某人做某事12. make sb do 讓某人做某事， 但用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)后， 則要用不定式符號to連接。16which 用于有范圍中的“哪一個”， 此處作buy的賓語。18when +to do 做decide的賓語， 若用when引導賓語從句，用陳述句語序。21. pretend to do 假裝做某事。22forget to do sth忘記（要）做某事。24should love to be taken to 愿意被帶去25因為狀語是last night，用不定式的完成式表示本想27. go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做（與原來不相同的）事。此句可以從the other exercise斷定。28stop to do sth. 停下來（去）做32被動語態(tài)后用不定式連接，根據(jù)句意用完成式。33. would rather not do sth. 寧愿不做某事。34. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 寧愿做不愿做37to eat 此處作something 的定語。for+doing多表用途。38. why not do sth“為什么不” ；try doing sth試一試39Do nothing but do sth, 此處用except替代but40. spare sb. sth勻出、騰出， 賓語為sb.； share分享， 賓語為sth.41. let sb do, 此處用的是被動語態(tài)42 get sth. done讓某事被做44tired此處是過去分詞， 表示主語的狀態(tài)。only to learn此處的不定式表結(jié)果。45此處的to find it, 表示目的47. to eat at the restaurant, 介詞at不能丟48. 此處使用的是不定式的完成被動式。 表示“曾經(jīng)被討論過三次”?，F(xiàn)在分詞的用法（一）作定語 1. 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞單獨作定語，通常放在所修飾詞前。例如： The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語放在所修飾詞的后面，意思同定語從句差不多。例如 ： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞可相當于非限制性定語，常用逗號分開。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有時現(xiàn)在分詞可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復合詞作定語。例如： This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表語 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如： The story is moving. （三）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作賓語補足語，這時現(xiàn)在分詞和前面的賓語有邏輯上的“主表”關(guān)系或“主謂”關(guān)系。例如： We all found his equipment interesting. (主表關(guān)系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主謂關(guān)系) （四）作狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語一般是句中的主語，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名詞或代詞主格作邏輯主語。 1. 作原因狀語，相當于原因狀語從句。例如： Being ill, Mary didnt come to school yesterday. 2. 作時間狀語，相當于時間狀語從句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，常在現(xiàn)在分詞前加上when或while。例如： While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作條件狀語。 V-ing 形式作條件狀語時，相當于一個條件狀語從句。例如： Working harder, youll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作讓步狀語，相當于讓步狀語從句。例如： Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作結(jié)果狀語。例如： He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴隨狀語或方式狀語。例如： He sat by the roadside, begging. （五） 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示它發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞表示的動作之前。例如 ： Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式 當句子的主語是動作的承受者時，用V-ing 形式的被動式。例如： The factory being built now is a big one. （七） 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式是由“not + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如： Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.6. 動名詞6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語1）作主語 fighting broke out between the south and the north. 南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。2）作賓語a. 動詞后加動名詞doing作賓語 admit 承認appreciate 感激,贊賞avoid 避免complete 完 consider 認為delay 耽誤 deny 否認detest 討厭endure 忍受enjoy 喜歡escape 逃脫prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone 推遲 try試著做 practise 訓練 recall 回憶resent 討厭resist 抵抗resume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險suggest 建議face 面對include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 寬恕keep 繼續(xù)舉例：(1)would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)the squirrel （松鼠） was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 詞組后接doing admit toprefertobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick tobe busylook forward to(to為介詞）no good,no use,its worth, as well as, cant help,its no use /good be tired of be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of be proud of, think of / about hold off,put off, keep on, insist on,count on / upon fell like,set about be successful in good attake up give upburst outprevent from3）作表語her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫忙。（5）動名詞被動語態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)一般式同形，但無進行意義，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語，動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當于一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我們