付博2011暑期強(qiáng)化――翻譯.doc

網(wǎng)絡(luò)文檔便捷服務(wù)、腳本、軟件定制，提供各類文檔批量下載、上傳、處理、腳本和軟件定制。另有百度積分財(cái)富值贈(zèng)送，相關(guān)營(yíng)銷工具以及論文代查代檢服務(wù)史上最快最全的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文檔批量下載、上傳、處理，盡在：/2011年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)翻 譯一 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地表達(dá)出來的一種活動(dòng)。翻譯在某中程度上講也是一個(gè)思維再創(chuàng)造的過程。在翻譯的過程中，譯者必須遵守一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與原則。對(duì)于考研翻譯而言，“忠實(shí)”和“通順”是兩項(xiàng)最基本的要求。忠實(shí)：由于翻譯是在理解了別人用一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的意思后，把同樣的意思用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來，因此譯者首先要忠實(shí)于原作的內(nèi)容，也就是說翻譯的過程主要是傳達(dá)別人的意思，而不是自己進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，不得篡改、歪曲、遺漏原文所表達(dá)的思想。可見準(zhǔn)確地理解原文是翻譯好一篇文章的關(guān)鍵。通順：這條原則指的是將一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言后，譯文要流暢、明了、易懂。具體到英譯漢來說，就是將英語(yǔ)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后，語(yǔ)言必須符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣和規(guī)范，用詞要準(zhǔn)確，文字不晦澀、不生硬、不洋化。二 翻譯步驟1_2_3_4_5_三 考試熱點(diǎn)1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯 The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.汽車損壞嚴(yán)重，已無(wú)法修理，而駕車者卻安然無(wú)恙。 The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science. 此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)得到科學(xué)界的高度評(píng)價(jià)。(或：科學(xué)界對(duì)此項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)給予高度評(píng)價(jià))。 Rubber is found to be a good isolating material人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，橡膠是一種良好的絕緣材料。 The area has been marked out for building more hotels.人們劃出這塊地區(qū)用于建造更多的旅店。 The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。 What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?政府已經(jīng)采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空氣的污染程度呢？ The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更有效地燃燒燃料而設(shè)計(jì)的特殊裝置可以降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一氧化碳的排放量。 Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.將來還可能對(duì)本系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)增加若干項(xiàng)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.我的前四十年在南歐度過。 These machines are operated by a worker only.這些機(jī)器只由一句工人操縱。 In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.在工業(yè)中，不易獲得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。 Over the years; tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉，多年來在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)的思想家忽視了。 Problems should be resolved in good time.問題應(yīng)該及時(shí)加以解決。 The Apollo XII crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by tow UFOs.阿波羅十二號(hào)的宇航員曾報(bào)告說，它們的宇宙飛船正遭到兩個(gè)不明飛行物的跟蹤。 For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.為了使鐵跟雜質(zhì)分離，鐵礦石必須經(jīng)過冶煉。It cannot be denied that不可否認(rèn)It has been illustrated that據(jù)說明；據(jù)圖示；圖中表示It has been proved that已經(jīng)證明It is(usually) considered that據(jù)(通常)估計(jì)；人們(通常)認(rèn)為It is assumed that假定It is believed that大家相信It is alleged that據(jù)稱It is demonstrated that已經(jīng)證明，文中(圖中)表明It is estimated that據(jù)估計(jì)It is expected that人們希望It is found that據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)；人們認(rèn)為It is generally agreed/recognized that.人們通常認(rèn)為/承認(rèn)It is hoped/still to be hoped that(我們)希望/仍希望It is mentioned that據(jù)說It is noticed/noted that人們注意到/前面已經(jīng)指出It is proposed that有人提議(指出)It is recommended that有人推薦It is regarded that人們認(rèn)為It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道It is said that據(jù)說It is stressed that人們強(qiáng)調(diào)說It is supposed that據(jù)推測(cè)；假定It is thought that有人認(rèn)為It is universally accepted that普遍認(rèn)為It is well known that眾所周知It is well known that必須承認(rèn)It should be pointed out that必須指出It will be seen from it that由此可見2、定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并且給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.他們可能不得不背著一種臭名而終其余生，這個(gè)臭名就是：他曾貿(mào)然采取一項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，這項(xiàng)行動(dòng)破壞了首腦會(huì)晤，并且可以設(shè)想，還可能已經(jīng)觸發(fā)一場(chǎng)核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到了那封信，說他的叔叔去世了。 I told the story to John, who told to his brother.我把這件事情告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。 Christmas carols are loved by all who hear and sing it every year.圣誕頌歌為大家喜愛，人們每年都欣賞和演唱。 World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是帝國(guó)主義列強(qiáng)之間爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)、資源和領(lǐng)土的沖突，而第二次世界大戰(zhàn)卻比第一次復(fù)雜。 In such an experiment the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet, which for us is just darkness.在這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，能夠訓(xùn)練昆蟲飛向紫外線，而紫外線對(duì)我們來說只是一片黑暗。 There are many people who want to read the book.許多人想讀這本書。 Home workers are people who have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.在家工作的人是按照自己的職業(yè)和生活方式做出這種決定的。3.抽象名詞的譯法 We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in Afghanistan when the professor walked into the classroom.當(dāng)教授走進(jìn)教室時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)我們正在興致勃勃地討論阿富汗局勢(shì)。 It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.冷靜耐心地處理這個(gè)微妙的問題是明智的。 Even an elementary knowledge of statistics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers.即使只懂得一點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的初步知識(shí)。也足以使記者避免報(bào)道失真。4.正義反譯和反義正譯 There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 人們對(duì)智力這個(gè)詞所指的不同表現(xiàn)意見比較一致，而對(duì)這些表現(xiàn)如何解釋或分類則有不同的看法。 And the cycle continues. 如此循環(huán)，永不止息。 It cannot be too much emphasized that listening is the most important in learning English. 應(yīng)當(dāng)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，聽力在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中是最重要的問題。 The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者不考慮弊病來自人們對(duì)測(cè)試不甚了解或適用不當(dāng)。 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以準(zhǔn)確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。 The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. 迄今為止，聯(lián)合國(guó)辜負(fù)了世界人民給予的希望。 I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character. 這樣一來，在他們眼里，我就像是非常熟悉這一套的了，也是他們更加確信我是一個(gè)地地道道的壞蛋。 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 批評(píng)智力測(cè)試不反映上述情況，猶如批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不能夠測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the plants revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 伽利略的最光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以求證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。有如下詞語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用正反、反正譯法：動(dòng)詞：fail, miss, lack, live up to, ignore, refuse, withhold, neglect, refrain, deny, over-look, exclude名詞：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion 形容詞：few，little, free from, short of, safe from, thin, worthy or, ignorant 副詞：little, less, otherwise, too to , vainly連詞：more than, unless, before, until, rather than, or介詞：without, about, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of 5.習(xí)慣用法的翻譯取舍比較（1）（3）（6）（7）（13）異同比較（2）形式肯定意義否定（6）（10）（11）加anything but形式否定意義肯定（5）（8）（9）（12）（15）（16）除anything but形式肯定意義肯定（4）形式否定意義否定（14）（1）more A than B、less B than A, not so much B as/but A Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.教學(xué)與其說是把知識(shí)灌輸?shù)郊俣橐黄瞻椎念^腦中，還不如說是對(duì)其進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)和幫助。 It remains our view that a definition would be more likely to interfere with than to assist the competent organs of the United Nations to take quick and effective action to ensure the maintenance of peace.我們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為，一項(xiàng)定義與其說是有助于，還不如說是有礙于聯(lián)合國(guó)各個(gè)主管機(jī)構(gòu)采取迅速而有效的行動(dòng)確保和平。 It was a curious exchange, less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men, each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other.這是一次奇妙的交談，與其說是兩個(gè)好斗的人之間的一場(chǎng)辯論，還不如說是一次吵嘴，雙方都竭力想使聽眾覺得自己比對(duì)方更愛和平。 However, this is not so much a weakness in his work as it is the inevitable result of scholars neglect of this period.然而，這與其說是他作品中的弱點(diǎn)，倒不如說是學(xué)者們忽略對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)期的研究而造成的必然結(jié)果。（2）no more than, not any more than The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心臟和胃一樣無(wú)智力可言，因?yàn)樗鼈兌际怯纱竽X控制的。 The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.這條船上的（供應(yīng)的）食品和比利工作過的其他船上的食品一樣差勁。 There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他們沒有理由限制你服用多少維生素，正像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。 No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.任何人都無(wú)法阻擋革命洪流，正如一個(gè)人不能拿著掃帚擋住決堤的洪水一樣。 The archaeologists efforts are not directed at proving the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.考古學(xué)家的努力并不是要“驗(yàn)證”圣經(jīng)的正確性，正如信仰上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣。（3）rather than He rather than you is responsible for the loss.他而不是你要對(duì)這損失負(fù)責(zé)。 Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize ones potential.工作不是懲罰，也不是負(fù)擔(dān)，工作為個(gè)人潛力的發(fā)揮提供機(jī)會(huì)。（4）only tooto I shall be only too pleased to help him.替他幫忙我是非常高興的。（5）cannottoo A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本書好比你的鄰居；如果是好書，讀書的時(shí)間再長(zhǎng)也不嫌長(zhǎng)；如果不是好書，你越早丟開它越好。 One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty.為自由人們付出多大的代價(jià)都不過分。（6）other than Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.提煉礦石的廠房通常不設(shè)在采礦石的國(guó)家，而設(shè)在其他國(guó)家。 Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children.小冊(cè)子上沒寫的節(jié)假日里小孩不免費(fèi)。 We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home.我們錯(cuò)過了最后一班公共汽車，所以除了走回家外別無(wú)選擇。（7）It is not that but that It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working ; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.這并不是說面包師或賣肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然準(zhǔn)確得多。（8）Cannot too You cannot be too careful in this matter.在此事上你再仔細(xì)也不過分。 We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.對(duì)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的價(jià)值再重視也不過分。（9）much less, still less, to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.他幾乎不懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)，更不用說化學(xué)了。 In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.在舊中國(guó)，幾乎沒有機(jī)器制造業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。 Some people never read a newspaper, let alone a book.有些人從未讀過報(bào)紙，更不用說書本了。 He is the most intelligent, not to mention handsome, people I know.他是我知道的最聰明的人之一，此外他還是個(gè)英俊的人。（10）the last+名詞+不定式，或the last+名詞+定語(yǔ)從句 You are the last person I want to see.你是我最不愿意見的人。 He would be the last person to go along with the proposal.他將是最不可能同意這項(xiàng)提議的人。 Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.違約的事情他是絕不會(huì)干的。/他決不至于干出違約的事情。（11）only to+動(dòng)詞“ They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.他們不必花錢去劇院、電影院或歌劇院買價(jià)格昂貴的票，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，所演節(jié)目令人失望。 I went to pay a visit to my teacher only to find that the door was locked.我去拜訪老師，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)大門被鎖上了。（12）nobut There is no man but has faults.沒有人沒有錯(cuò)誤，/人皆有錯(cuò)誤。（13）would ratherthan I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.我寧愿昂著頭，懷著不動(dòng)搖的信念，抱著對(duì)祖國(guó)前途的真切信心而死，也不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。（14）not nearly The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.糧食供應(yīng)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口的增長(zhǎng)，這意味著我們?cè)诩Z食生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷兩方面正陷入危機(jī)。（15）no less than; no lessthan It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase.區(qū)區(qū)一花瓶索要如此高價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。 There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.到會(huì)的不少于1000人。 China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主，不但在進(jìn)行革命方面，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面亦如此。（16）Anything but; nothing but; all but; but for; but that+從句; Be + nothing + else but, / else than / less than; Nothing else than The young mans failure in the College Entrance Examination for the third time is nothing else than his laziness.這個(gè)年輕人高考第三次失敗完全是由于他的懶惰。 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不過是勞動(dòng)加勤奮而已。 His failure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.他的失敗完全是由于他自己的粗心。 His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的精心大意無(wú)異于犯罪。 Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.雖然他單獨(dú)一人待在這所無(wú)人居住的房子里，但是他埋頭于研究工作，一點(diǎn)也沒有感到孤獨(dú)。 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科學(xué)研究的方式不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給予準(zhǔn)確而嚴(yán)禁解釋的表達(dá)方式。 It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat.要再回到船上已幾乎不可能了。 But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.要不是因?yàn)橄掠?，我們的假日一定過得很愜意。 But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.要不是你看見我掉在水里，我早就淹死了。6否定的翻譯法 The object moved not because I pushed on it.該物體的移動(dòng)不是因?yàn)槲业耐苿?dòng)所致。 We did not build institutes of technology to educate our boys for export.我們成立理工學(xué)院不是為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生日后出國(guó)。 All is not gold that glitters.閃光的東西并不一定是金子。 I do not like both of the books.這兩本書我并不喜歡。四 真題訓(xùn)練Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)2010One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and , if its stability depends on its intensity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect the insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be cambric in order to be valid. It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet. (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence of absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economic minded foresters they grow too slowly or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up, a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.2009There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.(48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believ