高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解-推理判斷題的解題技巧.ppt

閱讀-推理判斷題,所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息，即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此類(lèi)考題雖然沒(méi)有明確的答案，但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。推理判斷題主要包括推斷隱含意思、推斷目標(biāo)讀者、推斷觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度、推斷文章出處、推斷寫(xiě)作意圖等。尤以推斷隱含意義的題居多。,第一類(lèi)推斷隱含意義旨在考查考生透過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。,推斷隱含意義的題干中常含infer(推斷)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，indicate(暗示)，conclude(推斷，得出結(jié)論)等詞語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的題干設(shè)題形式如下：1Wecanknowfromthepassagethat_2.Wecaninferfromthe(first/last)passagethat_3Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat_4Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_5Theunderlinedsentenceindicatesthat_,一、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式,解答這類(lèi)題時(shí)，首先通過(guò)尋讀找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)(推理的依據(jù))；然后細(xì)讀、理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的字面意義；最后結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和常識(shí)，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。解答此類(lèi)題目，需注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：1嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推理，切忌摻雜自己的主觀(guān)想法或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。2如果某選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案。,二、解題方法,3如果某選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合，文中卻沒(méi)有涉及，那它屬于主觀(guān)臆斷的結(jié)論，也不是正確答案。4如果某個(gè)選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容雖在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案。5文中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(should，must，may等)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，這有助于我們確定正確答案。6.注意作者在文章中的措辭，比如作者在形容詞前用了too，excessively，rather等，則常帶有否定的意味。,例Thepositionwasofferedatthelastminute，andIwasgiventwoweekstoprepare，aperiodIspentsearchingforbriefcase(公文包)andstandingbeforemyfulllengthmirror，repeatingthewords，“Hello，class.ImMr.Davis.”SometimesIwouldgivemyselfanaggressivevoice.SometimesIwouldsoundexperienced.Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor，butrathera12yearoldboy.,WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromtheParagraph?AHewouldbeaggressiveinhisfirstclass.BHewaswellpreparedforhisfirstclass.CHegotnervousuponthearrivalofhisfirstclass.DHewaitedlongforthearrivalofhisfirstclass.,推斷隱含意義題。根據(jù)本段中的“Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.”和“Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor，butrathera12yearoldboy.”可知本題選C。,C,第二類(lèi)推斷寫(xiě)作意圖推斷寫(xiě)作意圖，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容推斷作者寫(xiě)該文章的目的。,1Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto_2Thepassageismeantto_3Theauthorspurposeistoshow_4Thepurposeofthearticleisto_,一、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式,作者的寫(xiě)作目的通常有娛樂(lè)讀者、說(shuō)服讀者接受某種觀(guān)點(diǎn)和告知讀者某些信息三種。解答此類(lèi)題時(shí)主要有兩種方法：1主旨推斷法：寫(xiě)作目的是闡述作者為何要表達(dá)某個(gè)中心主題，因此可根據(jù)主旨推斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的。2文體推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)和用途來(lái)推斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的。如記敘文，,二、解題方法,特別是個(gè)人的有趣經(jīng)歷或幽默故事類(lèi)的文章，其目的是娛樂(lè)讀者；夾敘夾議的文章，其目的是讓讀者得到某種啟示或教育；廣告和議論文的目的是說(shuō)服讀者接受某種產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或接受某種觀(guān)點(diǎn)；科普說(shuō)明文或新聞報(bào)告，其目的是告知讀者某些信息。,例Coldweathercanbehardonpets，justlikeitcanbehardonpeople.Sometimesownersforgetthattheirpetsarejustasusedtothewarmshelter(住所)astheyare.Someownerswillleavetheiranimalsoutsideforalongperiodoftime，thinkingthatallanimalsareusedtolivingoutdoors.Thiscanputtheirpetsindangerofseriousillness.Therearethingsyoucandotokeepyouranimalwarmandsafe.,Keepyourpetsinsideasmuchasyoucanwhentheweatherisbad.Ifyouhavetotakethemout，stayoutsidewiththem.Whenyourecoldenoughtogoinside，theyprobablyaretoo.Ifyoumustleavethemoutsideforalongtime，makesuretheyhaveawarm，solidshelteragainstthewind，thickbedding，andplentyofnonfrozenwater.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?ATosolveaproblem.BTogivepracticaladvice.,CTotellaninterestingstory.DTopresentaresearchresult.,推斷寫(xiě)作目的題。根據(jù)第一段的中心句(最后一句)可知，這是一篇說(shuō)明文，其目的是給養(yǎng)寵物的人提一些實(shí)用的建議。,B,第三類(lèi)推斷觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度，即要求考生推斷作者對(duì)某人某事的看法或作者所持的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。,1Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against_2Theauthormayprobablyagreewith/support_3Whatstheauthorsopinionabout.?4Intheauthorsopinion.?,一、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式,根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和作者的措辭能推斷作者所持的觀(guān)點(diǎn)或看法，判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀(guān)的、主觀(guān)的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。例Itisnotjustunkindbutalsodangeroustosayafourhourlyfeedingschedulewillmakeababysatisfied.ThefirstoftheexpertstoadvocateastrictclockwatchingschedulewasDr.FredericTrubyKingwhowasagainstfeedinginthenight.Iveneverheardanythingso,二、解題方法,ridiculous.Babyfeedingshouldntfollowatimetablesetbythemum.Whatisimportantisfeedingababyinthebestway，thoughitmaycausesomeinconvenienceinthefirstfewweeks.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutDr.FredericTrubyKing?AHeisstrict.BHeisunkind.CHehasthewrongidea.DHesetsatimetableformothers.,推斷作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由“Iveneverheardanythingsoridiculous(荒謬可笑的)”可知。,C,第四類(lèi)推斷文章出處推斷文章出處，即通過(guò)閱讀材料，感知內(nèi)容，從而推斷材料的來(lái)源。,1Thetextismostlikelytobetakenfrom_2Wheredoesthetextprobablycomefrom?3Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthistext?,一、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式,解答這類(lèi)推斷題時(shí)，可根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)推斷，也可根據(jù)各種文體的特征來(lái)判斷其出處，如廣告的用詞和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨認(rèn)；報(bào)紙的前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(chēng)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明的特點(diǎn)也比較明顯，一般會(huì)介紹其名稱(chēng)、作用或操作方式等。例ThemultimillionpoundnewLibraryofBirmingham(LoB)willbethemostvisiblesignofthewaythecityisacceptingthedigitalization(數(shù)字化)ofeverydaylife.,二、解題方法,Settoopenin2013，the188mLoBisalreadybeginningtotakeshapenexttotheBirminghamRepertoryTheatre，withwhichitwillsharesomeequipment.Asdigitalmedia(媒介)isimportanttoitsidea，theprojectisalreadyprovidingchancesforsomeofthemanysmallnewlocalcompaniesworkingatthenewtechnologies.BrianGambles，theLoBprojectdirector，saysitisaboutgivingpeopletherighttoolsforlearning.“Theaimistomixthephysicalwiththedigital，providing24hourserviceswhichcanbeusedthroughmanydifferentways.Itisimportanttoenableustoreachmorepeople，moreeffectively.”,Thedigitallibrarywill，hesays，beasimportantasthephysicalone，allowingthedistantuseoftheservices，makingsurethatitisneverclosedtothepublic.EvenbeforetheLoBiscomplete，thepublichasbeenabletogoonlinetovisittheVirtual(虛擬的)LoB，designedbyBaden，theBirminghamvirtualworldsspecialists.NotonlyhavethepublicbeenabletolearnabouttheLoB，butthevirtualonehasalsoenabledthoseworkingontheLoBtounderstandthebuildingandhowitwillworkbeforeitevenopens.,TwoothersmallBirminghambaseddigitalcompaniesarealsoworkingontheLoBprojects.Substrat，adigitaldesigncompany，isdevelopingwhatitcallsanexampleofan“enlargedreality”project.Itisabouttheuseofanexcitingsmartphone，animportantpartoftheLoBwhichisintheearlystagesofdevelopment.AndThePeoplesArchiveisanonlinelibraryofhistoricalfiguresofthecitybeingbuiltupbyadigitalcontentcompanyinCahoots，inwhichuserswillbeencouragedtoaddtoandcommentonthematerial.,Gamblessays:“Technologywillenableustomakethelibraryscontentandservicesopentocitizensasneverbefore.”Thetextismostprobablytakenfrom_AacomputerbookBalibraryguideCaprojecthandbookDanewspaperreport,推斷文章出處。文章開(kāi)頭用簡(jiǎn)短的話(huà)概括文章，結(jié)尾又有評(píng)論，符合新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)。,D,第五類(lèi)推斷目標(biāo)讀者推斷目標(biāo)讀者，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷此篇文章主要是寫(xiě)給誰(shuí)看的。,1Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor_2Whoisthepassagewrittenfor?3Thetextiswrittenmainlyfor_,一、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式,解答此類(lèi)題要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，特別是從作者使用的詞語(yǔ)、口氣和人稱(chēng)來(lái)判斷。例ExploityourparkingspaceAnunusedparkingspaceorgaragecanmakemoney.Ifyoulivenearacitycenteroranairport，youcouldmakeanythingupto200or300aweek.Putanadvertisement(廣告)forfreeonLetparkorAtmyhousepark.Rent(出租)aroom,二、解題方法,Spareroom?Notonlywillalodger(房客)earnyouanincome，butalso，thankstothegovernmentbacked“rentaroom”program，youwonthavetopayanytaxonthefirst4，500youmakeperyear.TryadvertisingyourroomonRoomspareorRoommateeasy.MakemoneyduringspecialeventsDontwantafulltimelodger?Thenrentonashorttermbasis.Ifyouliveinthecapital，rentingaroomoutduringtheOlympicsorotherbigeventscouldbringinmoney.Grashpaddercanadvertiseyourspace.,Forwhomisthetextmostprobablywritten?ALodgers.BAdvertisers.CHouseowners.DOnlinecompanies.,推斷目標(biāo)讀者題。文中圍繞如何利用家中閑置的空間來(lái)賺取額外的收入進(jìn)行論述，故其目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)為房主。,C,閱讀下列文段，從題后所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。1WhenIwasateenager，mymothersbrokenEnglishembarrassedme.Butnow，Iseeitdifferently.Tome，mymothersEnglishisperfectlyclear，perfectlynatural.Itismymothertongue.Herlanguage，asIhearit，isvivid，direct，andfullofobservationandwisdom.ItwasthelanguagethathelpedshapethewayIsawthings，expressedideas，andmadesenseoftheworld.,即學(xué)即練,WhatdoestheauthorthinkofhermothersEnglishnow?AItconfusesher.BItembarrassesher.CIthelpsherunderstandtheworld.DIthelpshertoleraterudepeople.,推斷隱含意義。由“Butnow，Iseeitdifferently.Tome.andmadesenseoftheworld”可知選C。,C,2WhenIputonmyflashlights，Iwassayingtootherdrivers，“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.Severaltimes，Isawdriverswhowantedtopass.Theycouldntgetaroundmebecauseofthestreamofpassingtraffic.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?,ATheyspeededuptopass.BTheywaitedwithpatience.CTheytriedtheirbesttohelp.DTheyputontheirflashlightstoo.,推斷隱含意義。由該段中的“Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.”可知選B。,B,3Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.Inthispassage，theauthoradvisesusto_.AhandleproblemsbyourselvesBaccepthelpfromothersCadmitourweaknessDshowourbravery,推斷隱含意義。根據(jù)文章最后一句“Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.”可知選C。,C,4However，itwasntallsweetnessandlight.Therewasareportedcoldnessbetweenthecatanddogin25%ofthehomes，whileaggressionandfightingwereobservedin10%ofthehomes.Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.Forexample，whenacatturnsitsheadaway，itsignalsaggression，whileadogdoingthesamesignalssubmission.Somecatsanddogsmayfightwhen_Atheyarecoldtoeachother,推斷隱含意義。根據(jù)該段中的“Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.”一句可知選C。,C,BtheylookawayfromeachotherCtheymisunderstoodeachotherssignalsDtheyareintroducedatanearlyage,5Thesignificanceoftheresearchoncatsanddogsmaygobeyondpetstopeoplewhodontgetalong，includingneighbors，colleaguesatwork，andevenworldsuperpowers.Ifcatsanddogscanlearntogetalong，surelypeoplehaveagoodchance.Whatcanwehumanbeingslearnfromcatsanddogs?AWeshouldlearntoliveinharmony.BWeshouldknowmoreaboutanimals.CWeshouldliveinpeacewithanimals.DWeshouldlearnmorebodylanguages.,推斷隱含意義。通讀全文不難判斷：貓狗且能和諧相處，人類(lèi)有何不可？根據(jù)該段大意可知本題選A。,A,6Ayearaftergraduation，Iwasofferedapositionteachingawritingclass.TeachingwasaprofessionIhadneverseriouslyconsidered，thoughseveralofmystorieshadbeenpublished.Iacceptedthejobwithouthesitation，asitwouldallowmetowearatieandgobythenameofMr.Davis.Myfatherwentbythesamename，andIlikedtoimaginepeoplegettingthetwoofusconfused.“Waitaminute，”someonemightsay，“areyoutalkingaboutMr.Davistheretiredman，orMr.Davistherespectablescholar？”,Theauthortookthejobtoteachwritingbecause_AhewantedtoberespectedBhehadwrittensomestoriesChewantedtopleasehisfatherDhehaddreamedofbeingateacher,推理隱含意義。根據(jù)該段中的“asitwouldallowmetowearatieandgobythenameofMr.Davis.”一句可知選A。,A,7Providingguidanceforparentsonhowtoraisechildrenisanageoldtradition.PerhapsthemostwidelyusedguidewasBabyandChildCarebyBenjaminSpock，publishedin1946，oneofthebiggestbestsellersofalltime.MichaelUngaraddsanewhandbooktoshowhowparentscaninstillintheirchildrenasenseofcompassion(同情)，givingpriorityto“we”ratherthanto“me”Hedrawsonotherauthorities，hisownexperienceasafather，andtheunderstandinghehasachievedfromyears,ofofferinghelptodisturbedfamilies.Practicalguidanceisofferedonproducingchildrenwhoareresponsibleforthemselvesandothers.Ungarfullyrecognizesthedifficultyofhelpingyoungpeoplemovefromselfcenterednesstocaringforotherpeople.Accordingly，heendseachchapterwitha“TipsList”thatofferseffectivesuggestionsonhowtopreparechildrentobecomecompassionatebyengaginginsimpleactsofkindness.,Theimportanceofassociationswithparentsandotheradultsisexploredintwochaptersthatshowhowrelationshipscanleadtoresponsibility.WhatUngarcalls“goodtouch”，bothphysicallyandemotionally，isthoughtfullyexaminedasawayoffosteringconnectionsandkinship(親密關(guān)系)Chaptersaredevotedtoshowinghowchildrencanbehelpedtotakeresponsibilityforthemselvesandothers；tocriticizingwhatarecalled“monsterhomes”inwealthysuburbs；andtoarguingforcommunitiesthatfacilitate(促進(jìn))humaninteraction.,TheauthorofthishelpfulguidebookisaCanadiansocialworkeronthefacultyofDalhousieUniversityinHalifax，NovaScotia.HeearnedbachelorsandmastersdegreesinsocialworkatMcGillUniversityandhisdoctorateinsocialworkatWilfridLaurierUniversity.Asanaccomplishedresearcherandpractitioner,Ungarhasnumerouspublicationstohiscredit.Hisnewbookwilldeservedlyenhancehiswellmeritedreputation.Itisausefuladditiontothelistofparentalhandbooks.,(1)Theabovepassageismostprobablytakenfroma_AresearchpaperBbiographyCbookreviewDtextbook(2)Thelastparagraphiswrittento_AtellustheworksMichaelUngarBletusknowhowfamousMichaelUngarisCmakeasummaryofMichaelUngarslifeDmakeusmoreconvincedofMichaelUngarsbook,(1)推斷文章出處。全文主要介紹MichaelUngar的新書(shū)的主要內(nèi)容和特色。,C,(2)推斷寫(xiě)作意圖。最后一段簡(jiǎn)要介紹MichaelUngar的經(jīng)歷，結(jié)尾句“Itisausefuladditiontothelistofparentalhandbooks.”的意圖是為了使讀者對(duì)MichaelUngar的新書(shū)更有信心。,D,8Idontwanttoseeanyonecutofffromtheexpressive，personalassociationsthatapenstillpromotesbetterthanadigitalkeyboarddoes.Formanyabiographer，partofreallygettingtoknowtheirsubjectsislearningtoreadtheirhandwriting.Accordingtotheauthor，handwrittennotes_AarehardertoteachinschoolsBattractmoreattentionCareusedonlybetweenfriendsDcarrymoremessage,推理隱含意義。由該段第一句“theexpressive，personalassociationsthatapenstillpromotesbetterthanadigitalkeyboarddoes.”可知選D。,D,9Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantloveothersuntilyouloveyourself.Sometimesyoullhearpeoplesaythatyoucantexpectsomeoneelsetoloveyouuntilyouloveyourself.Eitherway，youvegottoloveyourselffirstandthiscanbetricky.Sure