外文翻譯--電動(dòng)自行車(chē).doc

外文資料翻譯INREJECTINGELECTRICBIKES,themunicipalitiescitedsuchconcernsasthethreatofpollutionfromspentlead-acidbatteries,interferencewithautomobilesresultinginaccidentsorslowedtraffic,andtheimpactontheviabilityofpublictransitsystems.Advocatesforgreentransportationsaytheseargumentsamounttothinlyveiledattemptstoprotecttheelectric-bicycleindustryscompetitors.Therealreasoniscompetitionfrominterestgroups,saysHeZuoxiu,arenownedtheoreticalphysicistandacademicianattheChineseAcademyofSciences.Anoutspokenfigureinpublicdebatesaroundenvironmentalandenergypolicy,Hesaysnoneoftheargumentsagainstelectricbikeshasmerit.Lead-acidbatteries,hepointsout,areusedincars,too.Therealpollutionsourceisnottheelectricbikes,itstheautomobiles,headds.Andhesaystransitoperatorsandmanufacturersshouldbeforcedtocompetewiththeelectricbikesbyofferingmoreefficientservicesandcheaper,cleanervehicles.Theproblem,heexplains,isthatelectric-bikemanufacturersareinsignificantnexttotheotherinterestgroups,particularlythecarmakersthatareattractingbillionsofdollarsofforeigninvestment.TheautomotiveindustryisidentifiedasapillarindustryinChinasofficialfive-yearplans.BackwithsurpriAlthoughtheoddsagainstthemaredaunting,electric-bikemanufacturersarepushingsingsuccess.Themastermindofoneofthemosthigh-profilebattlesisNiJie,presidentofLuyuanElectricVehicleCo.,aprivatelyownedmanufacturerthathasapragmaticapproachtothemarket,asizableR&Deffort,andanambitiousvisionforChineseEVtechnology.LuyuanEVwasagovernmentventure-capitalspinoff.BuildingfromaprototypeputtogethernineyearsagobyLuyuansgeneralmanager,HuJiHong,Niswife,LuyuanwentprivateafterNi,Hu,andotherprincipalsboughtouttheinitialinvestors.Theyhavebuiltadynamiccompanythatsold120000electricbikesandscooterslastyearandexpectstosell300000thisyearseephoto,ComingOfftheLine.TofindLuyuanEV,youmustheadoffthebeatentracktoJinhua,anindustrialmetropolisof1millionpeoplethatistuckedintotheunbrokensprawlsouthofShanghaithatisZhejiangprovince.Inthechairmansspaciouscorneroffice(oneofthefewheatedroomsatLuyuanonacoldFebruaryday),Nichain-smokes,sippingfromaseeminglybottomlessjarofwell-steepedgreentea.HesaystrafficisthetopconcerninmanyChinesecities,andtheelectricbicyclefillsavoidbyofferinganaffordablealternativetosittinginastationarycarorbus.Ifgovernmentsdonthavethesolution,thepeoplewillbehaveintheirownways,saysNi.Theresnowaytostopthat.!Nitookpeoplepowertosurprisinglimitsin2003whenofficialsinFuzhou,thecapitalofneighboringFujianprovince,decidedtobanelectricbicyclesshuttingoffwhatuntilthenhadbeenoneofLuyuansbestmarkets.Thecitynotonlyceasedissuinglicensesforelectricbicyclesbutalsoseized20electricbikesfromabicycleshopinthesummerof2003.Nigatheredacoalitionof126electric-bikemanufacturersandfiledsuitagainstthecityinitsownmunicipalcourt.Thecoalitionscoredapartialwinagainstthecitygovernment,forcingittoreturntheseizedbikes.Farmorevaluable,saysNi,wasthesympatheticcoveragetheyreceivedfromnationalmediaandthewarningthatattentionsenttoothermunicipalities.WhatwetoldothergovernmentsisthatiftheydothesameasFuzhou,therewillbesometrouble,hesays.Conflictoverelectricbikesisntlimitedtothemunicipalitiesandthemanufacturers.EventheChinaBicycleAssociationhasbeenclashingwithsomecompanies,includingLuyuan,overwhattypesofelectrictwo-wheelersshouldbeontheroadseephoto,TheBasicBike.Thebikegroupenforcesanationalstandardforelectricbicycles,andwhicheverparameteryouchooseweight(nomorethan40kilograms),width(220millimetersforthepedalshaft),speed(20km/h,maximum)manyofthelatestelectricscooterseitherflunkorthwartthestandard.Lotsofelectricscooters,forexample,areoutfittedwithnonfunctioningpedalsandwithspeed-limitingdevicesdesignedforeasyremovalafterpurchase.Luyuanslatestmachinedoesntjustskirttheelectric-bikestandard；itrumblesrightoverit.LuyuancallsitsnewproducttheLEV,shortforlightelectricvehicle,andNiopenlyadmitsthatitsmorethanabicycle.LuyuansWebsitecallsitanelectricmotorcycle,andthatseemsfitting:theLEVweighsinat95kg；its48-V,20-AHbatterypacksdoubletheenergyofthestandardbike；andits500-wattCPU-controlledmotorpropelsitto35km/h.TheLEVhasnoofficialstatusinChina.Nevertheless,onwhatshouldbeaslowsalesdayataLuyuanretailoutletindowntownJinhua,theLEVsareflyingoutthedoor.Inthespaceofanhour,oneissnappedupbya25-year-oldman,andaworkingmotherrollsoutwithanother.WhydidshechooseanLEV?Shedrivesherratherbig-bonedsontoschoolandprefersanLEVtoagas-poweredscooter,pointingtotheendemicairpollutionhangingoverthecity.NiisbettingthatgovernmentswillsanctiontheLEVifitprovespopular.HesayshebelievesthatLuyuanhasaddressedtheoneconcernmunicipalitiescouldlevelagainsttheLEVthatmighthavestuck:reducedsafetyduetothecyclesgreaterweight.TheLEVemploysanelectricdrumbrakethat,Niclaims,stopsitfasterthanthecantileverbrakesusedongarden-varietyelectricbikescould.Aisalsointheworksthatwouldboostbrakingpowerbyusingthein-hubmotorasageneratortopullenergyoutofthewheels,extendingthevehiclesrangebysimultaneouslychargingthebattery.Evertheentrepreneur,NiseesthesuccessoftheLEVasasteptowardbiggerandbetterthings.Healreadyhashiseyeonthemarketforsmalldeliveryvehicles,andheevenimaginesLuyuanmakingelectriccarsandchallengingthemajorautomakers.Theyareinvestingmoney,sayingwearegoingtochangethegasolinesystemtoelectric,hepointsout.Butwillthebigcompaniesreallybewillingtodestroytheirownfactoriestobuildthenewones?InNisview,small,aggressiveChinesecompanieslikeLuyuanaremorelikelytodrivetheEVrevolution,becausetheyhavenothingtolose.THEBIGGESTCHALLENGEfacingelectric-bikemakersmaynotbemunicipalbans,conservativestandards,oreventechnology.Itmaybetheroads.ChinaisfollowingthedevelopmentpathofWesterncountrieslikeamap,rapidlyredesigningitscitiesaroundtheautomobile.AcrossChina,citiesarerejectingamixed-usemodelandredevelopingalongastrictzoningmodel,razingresidentialbuildingsincentercitiestomakewayforshinyofficetowersandpavingfarmlandontheperipherytocreatelargeindustrialparks.Displacedfromtheurbancenters,housesandotherresidentialbuildingsarespringingupinsprawlingsuburbs,justastheydidintheWestdecadesago.Theautomobileiskinginthismodel,becauseintheabsenceofextensivepublictransit,carsaretheonlywaytogetfromdistantsuburbstoofficesandindustryparks.Tomakewayformorecars,Chinascitiesarewideningtheirmainroadsandbuildinghighways.Theresulthasbeenarapidincreaseinautomobileusethat,justasitdoeseverywhereelseintheworld,almostinstantlyabsorbstheextraroadways.TheresultinggridlockhasbeenespeciallyacuteinChinascapital.Beijinghad1millioncarsin1997andwasonceexpectedtoreach2millionin2008.Instead,ithit2millionlastyearandnowexpects3.5milliontobeinusein2008.Alloverthecountry,theybelievethatwiderroadsaremoreefficientfortraffic.Theyrewrong,saysYuKongjian,anurbanplanningexpertatBeijingUniversity.Carcultureisadisasterforthebicycle.Roadwideningoftencomesattheexpenseofbikelanes,whilehighwaysareoff-limitstobikesandnearlyimpossibletocross.Onthesmallerroadways,rush-hourtrafficblocksthebikelanesandintersections,promptingoutburstsofroadragefromfrustratedcyclists.Yuusedtocycle20to30minutesbetweenworkandhome,buthenowdrivesa10-to60-minutetrip,dependingonthetraffic.Itstoodangeroustobike,sopeoplegiveup.Igaveup,hesays.5b3B!Yuisconfidentthat,inthelongrun,itisthegasguzzlersthatwillbeforcedtogiveway.Onereasonisgridlock.AnotherisChinasendemicurbanpollutionseephoto,PeaSoup.OnallbutthebestdaysinJinhua,forexample,thecityskylinedisappearsbehindadensehazeofsmogandparticulates；moreandmoreofthatatmosphericsoupispouringoutoftailpipes.ItsthestrategiccostofpetroleumthatinspiresprofessorHesconfidenceintheelectricbike.Chinasoilimportsareonthesameexponentialgrowthpathasitscarfleet.ChinahaseclipsedJapanasthesecond-biggestimporterofoil,bringingitintodirectcompetitionwiththeworldsleadingconsumerofpetroleum:theUnitedStates.Withimportdependenceandenvironmentalburdensinmind,Chinahaspromulgatedfuel-efficiencystandardsthatarestricterinprinciplethanthosecurrentlyinforceintheUnitedStates,anditisconsideringimpositionofa20to50percentnationaltaxonretailgasolineanddiesel.IFCHINACANFINDAWAYtomakerelativelyefficientelectricbikesasignificantpartofitstransportationsystem,itcouldhavemajorrepercussionselsewhereinthedevelopinganddevelopedworld.ThatincludestheUnitedStates,whichhastheworldsmostcar-dependentculture.UnlikeJapanandEurope,wherebicycles,trains,andotherformsoftransportationstillthrive,theUnitedStatesisoneofthefewplaceswherepeoplemovealmostexclusivelybycar.AsWaveCrestsBenjaminputsit,Weliveinabubble.地方官員常用的這樣的借口來(lái)拒絕電動(dòng)自行車(chē)：鉛酸電池會(huì)污染環(huán)境；電動(dòng)車(chē)會(huì)干擾機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛行駛，阻塞交通；特別是對(duì)公交系統(tǒng)造成巨大沖擊。積極為綠色交通奔走呼吁的請(qǐng)?jiān)溉耸空f(shuō)，這些借口蒼白無(wú)力，不過(guò)是試圖去保護(hù)電動(dòng)車(chē)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者而已。中國(guó)科學(xué)院著名理論物理學(xué)家，院士何祚庥一針見(jiàn)血地指出：“真正的原因就是來(lái)自利益集團(tuán)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)?！焙卧菏吭谟嘘P(guān)環(huán)境和能源政策的公共辯論中一向直言。他說(shuō)反對(duì)電動(dòng)車(chē)的理由沒(méi)有一條真正站得住腳：汽車(chē)上用的也是鉛酸電池，他特別補(bǔ)充：“真正的污染源不是電動(dòng)車(chē)，而是汽車(chē)。”如果現(xiàn)有的交通運(yùn)營(yíng)者們和制造商們想與電動(dòng)車(chē)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，就要為大眾提供效率更高，價(jià)格更便宜，更清潔的交通工具。但問(wèn)題是，與其它競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者相比，電動(dòng)車(chē)廠商微不足道，特別是汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)，吸引了數(shù)十億美元的外國(guó)投資。在中國(guó)官方制定的五年計(jì)劃中，汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)被列為“支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)”。盡管面臨著嚴(yán)酷的生存挑戰(zhàn)，但電動(dòng)自行車(chē)廠商們并沒(méi)有退卻，而是知難而進(jìn)，并取得了驚人成功。綠源電動(dòng)車(chē)公司的董事長(zhǎng)倪捷是代表電動(dòng)車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)界的靈魂人物，他從一家小企業(yè)開(kāi)始艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，以務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)，并取得成規(guī)模的研究開(kāi)發(fā)成果，對(duì)中國(guó)電動(dòng)車(chē)的技術(shù)發(fā)展有獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解。綠源電動(dòng)公司一開(kāi)始是從政府風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資中分離出來(lái)的。九年前，綠源現(xiàn)任總經(jīng)理胡繼紅(倪捷的妻子)制造出第一臺(tái)樣機(jī)，綠源公司成立了，隨后在倪捷和胡繼紅的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，公司改為私營(yíng)，并且從最初的投資者手里買(mǎi)下了所有產(chǎn)權(quán)。公司成長(zhǎng)迅猛，去年業(yè)績(jī)傲人，電動(dòng)自行車(chē)和踏板電動(dòng)車(chē)銷(xiāo)量達(dá)到了12萬(wàn)輛，今年的銷(xiāo)售目標(biāo)是30萬(wàn)輛。去尋找綠源，要從上海市一路南下，來(lái)到金華。這是浙江省的一座城市，人口百萬(wàn)，工業(yè)重鎮(zhèn)。順著金華市工業(yè)園的公路就可以找到綠源公司的總部。倪捷的辦公室坐落在辦公樓的一角，寬敞舒適，是公司里為數(shù)不多的帶暖氣的房間之一，寒冷的二月里，這一點(diǎn)顯得尤為突出。倪捷煙不離手，喝著泡著濃濃的綠茶的廣口杯，侃侃道來(lái)創(chuàng)業(yè)的艱辛與收獲。他說(shuō)，在中國(guó)的大多數(shù)城市里，交通是個(gè)首要問(wèn)題，電動(dòng)車(chē)是昂貴的轎車(chē)和擁擠的公交車(chē)的首選替代品和補(bǔ)充品?！叭绻疀](méi)有明確的解決方案，人民就可以按自己的辦法去行動(dòng)，沒(méi)有理由去阻