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1、精品文檔高中英語語法之情態(tài)動詞(一)情態(tài)動詞的定義:情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。(二)情態(tài)動詞的特點:1)有一定詞義;2)不受主語人稱和數(shù)的變化影響;3)與主要動詞的原形(或稱不帶to 的不定式)一起構(gòu)成謂語(除 ought to 作固定詞組看待)。4) 否定式在后面加 notHe could be here soon.他很快就來。Wecantcarrythe heavy box.我們搬不動那箱子。She cant carrythe heavybox.Im sorry I cant help you.對不起,我?guī)筒簧夏恪hat have you been doing since

2、?(構(gòu)成完成進行體,本身無詞義)I am afraid I must be going.(一定要)You may have read some account of the matter.(或許已經(jīng))(三)情態(tài)動詞有四類:只做情態(tài)動詞: must,can(could),may(might),ought to可做情態(tài)動詞又可做實義動詞:need, dare可做情態(tài)動詞又可做助動詞:shall(should),will(would)具有情態(tài)動詞特征: have(had,has) to,used to情態(tài)動詞表猜測(四)情態(tài)動詞的基本用法1. can (could)1)表示能力, could 主要指

3、過去時間。He can play table tennis quite well.Could the girlread before she went to school? 這女孩上學前能識字嗎?2)表示可能(理論上或是邏輯判斷上)。The temperaturecan fallto 60 , thatis 60 below freezing.氣溫可降至 60,也就是零下 60。Hecant (couldn t) have enough moneyfor a newcar. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。Youmustnt smokewhile youre walking around in th

4、e wood. Youcould start a fire.在林子里走時勿吸煙,那樣可能會引起火災(zāi)。3)表示允許。CanI have a look at your newpen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎? Heasked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他問他可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。4)表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。Wherecan (could)they have gone to? 他們會去哪兒了呢?Hecant (couldn t) be over sixty.他不可能超過六十歲

5、。- 1 - 歡迎下載精品文檔Howcan you be so careless?你怎么這么粗心?5)比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。Can(Could) you lend mea hand? 幫我一把好嗎?I mafraidwecouldn t give you an answer today.恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。2. may(might)1)表允許, might 可以指過去時間,也可指現(xiàn)在時間,語氣更委婉。Youmaytake whatever you like.你喜歡什么就拿什么。Hetoldmethat I might smokein the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽

6、煙。-May (Might)I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎?-Yes, please./ Certainly.- Please dont ./Youd betternot. / No, you mustnt.2 )表可能(事實上)??梢灾高^去時間, 也可以指現(xiàn)在時間, 但語氣更加不肯定。Hemaybe at home. 他可能在家。Shemaynot knowabout it.她可能不知道這件事。Hewasafraid they might not agree with him. 他擔心他們可能不同意他的意見。 They might

7、be having a meeting, but I mnot sure. 他們有可能在開會,不過我不肯定。3) 用于祈使句,表示祝愿,句式需倒裝。May you return safe and sound.3. must1)表示義務(wù)。意為 “必須 ”(主觀意志)。Wemust do everythingstep by step.我們一切都必須循序漸進地做。You must see the doctor.Youmustnt talkto her likethat.你不可能那樣對她說話。-Must wehand in our exercise books now?我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習本嗎?-No,

8、 you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。(這種情況下,一般不用mustnt)2)表示揣測。意為 “想必、準是、一定 ”等,只用于肯定句。Hemust be ill.Helooks so pale. 他準是病了。他的臉色蒼白。She must be watching TV now.Shes wearing a diamond necklace.Shemust have a lotof money.她戴著鉆石項鏈,一定很有錢。3) 表示“偏要,硬要”做某事If you must smoke, please go out.4. shall1)表征詢意見,用于第

9、一、第三人稱疑問句。 Shall I get you sometea? 我給你點茶好嗎? Whatshall wedo this evening? 我們今晚做什么? Shall we put off the sports meeting until next week? Shall the boy wait outside? 讓那男孩在外面等嗎?2)表說話人的意愿,有 “命令、允諾、警告、決心 ”等意思,用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。Youshalldo as I say. 按我說的做。(命令)。- 2 - 歡迎下載精品文檔Youshallhave myanswer tomorrow. 你明天可以

10、得到我的答復(fù)。 (允諾)Heshallbe sorry foritone day, I tellyou. 有一天他會后悔的, 我告訴你。(警告)Nothing shallstop us from carryingout the plan.什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項計劃。(決心)5. will1)表意愿,用于各種人稱陳述句。I willdo anythingfor you. 我愿為你做任何事。Noneis so blindas those whowont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。Ifyou willread the book, I ll lend itto you. 如果你愿意讀這本書,我會

11、把它借給你。2)表請求,用于疑問句。Willyou close the window? It s a bitcold.請你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎?有點冷。Wont you drinksomemore coffee? 再來一點咖啡好嗎?Would you like to come to my party?3)表示某種傾向或習慣性動作。Fish willdie out of water. 魚離開水就不能活。The door wont open. 這門打不開。The boy willsitthere hour afterhour lookingat the trafficgo by.那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個

12、鐘點,看著車輛行人通過。Wood would float on the water.6. should1)表勸告,建議。意為“應(yīng)該 ”(某件事宜于做),用于各種人稱。Youshould be politeto your teachers.你對老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。Youshouldn t waste any time.你不應(yīng)該浪費時間。2)表推測,意為 “想必一定、照說應(yīng)該、估計”等。The filmshould be very good as itis starringfirstclass actors.這部新電影是一流演員主演的,估計拍得很好。They should be homeby now.

13、 照說他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當已經(jīng)到家了。3)表示意外;驚異。常用:Why/ How should ?Why should I help him? He has never done anything for me.7. ought to1)表勸告,建議,意為“應(yīng)該 ”(因責任、義務(wù)等該做) ,口氣比 should 稍重。Youare his father.Youought to take care of him. 你是他父親,應(yīng)當管他。Yououghtn t to smokeso much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2)表推測,暗含很大的可能,語氣較弱。HanMei ought to knowhis tel

14、ephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號碼。Theres a finesunset;itought to be a fineday tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天應(yīng)該是個好天。8.would1)表意愿。They would not lethim in because he was poorly dressed.他們不讓他進去因為他衣著破舊。- 3 - 歡迎下載精品文檔I said I would do anything foryou. 我說過我愿意為你做任何事。2)表委婉地提出請求、建議或看法。Wouldyou likeanother glass of beer? 再來杯啤酒好

15、嗎?Wouldyou mind cleaningthe window? 請把窗戶擦一下好嗎?They wouldnt have anythingagainstit.他們不會有什么反對意見。3)表過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或過去的一種傾向。Every time she wasin trouble,she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻煩都會向她求助。他告訴我盒子打不開了。When he was young, he would listen to music alone in his room.9. used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問式和否定式有

16、兩種。Heused to livein the countryside,but nowhe livesin the city.他過去住在鄉(xiāng)下,現(xiàn)在住在城里。There used to be a buildingat the streetcorner,but ithas been pulleddown.街道拐角處過去有座樓房,現(xiàn)在拆了。I usednt (didn t use) to smoke. 我過去不抽煙。Usedyou (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過去常步行去學校嗎?(五)其他用法首先它是動詞,而且不同于行為動詞,行為動詞表示的是可以通

17、過行為來表達的動作(如寫,讀,跑),而情態(tài)動詞只是表達的一種想法(如能,也許,敢) 。用法是:情態(tài)動詞 +行為動詞原形例句: I can read this sentence in English.我能用英語讀這句話。情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義 , 表示說話人的情緒 , 態(tài)度或語氣的動詞 , 但不能單獨作謂語 , 只能和其他動詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時去那兒。May I have your name?我能知道你的名字嗎?Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎?You must obey the schoo

18、l rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。情態(tài)動詞數(shù)量不多 , 但用途廣泛 , 主要有下列 : can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.情態(tài)動詞還有一個很重要的用法,即情態(tài)動詞表推測情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法小結(jié)(一)情態(tài)動詞表推測的三種句式1. 在肯定句中一般用must ( 一定 ) ,may(可能), might / could(也許,或許)。www.g(1)He must/may/might know the answe

19、r to this question?他一定 / 可能 / 也許知道這個問題的答案。(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷,他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。- 4 - 歡迎下載精品文檔2. 否定句中用 cant/ couldnt( 不可能 ), may not/might not(可能不 ) 。(1)It cant/couldntbe the headmaster. He has gone to America.這不可能是校長,他去美國了。(2)He may not/might not know the s

20、cientist.他也許不認識那位科學家。3. 疑問句中用 can/could (能 ?) 。(1)Could he have finished the task?他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎?(2)Can he be at home now?他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎?注:以上三種句式中情態(tài)動詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could并非may, can 的過去式,而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。(二)情態(tài)動詞表推測的三種時態(tài)1. 對將來情況的推測,用 “情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞原形 ”。(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00 前她一定

21、 / 可能 / 也許到。(2)She must/may/might/couldwalk miles and miles amongthe hillswithoutmeeting anyone. 她一定 / 可能 / 也許會在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個人。2. 對現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測,“情態(tài)動詞 + be ”, “情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞原形 ”, “情態(tài)動詞 +be doing ”;(1)He cant( couldnt) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.這個時候他不可能 / 可能不在家。(2)He must / may / might /

22、 could be listening to the radio now.他一定 / 可能 / 也許正在聽收音機。(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he come late for the opening ceremony ?布什先生一向準時,這次開幕式他怎么可能遲到呢?3. 對過去情況的推測,用 “情態(tài)動詞 + have + 過去分詞 ”。(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.地濕了,昨晚肯定 / 可能

23、 / 也許下雨了。(2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not havebeen at home .門鎖著,他不可能 / 可能不在家。(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book?難道他找到書了嗎?注:情態(tài)動詞should /ought to表推測時,意為 “想必會,理應(yīng) ”但與 “have +過去分詞 ”連用時,則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語氣意為 “本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒做 ”。(4)It s seven o clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any

24、moment.現(xiàn)在七點鐘了,杰克理應(yīng)隨時到達。 (推測)(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she hadto look after her mother in hospital.(虛擬)她本該出席你的生日晚會的,可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。- 5 - 歡迎下載精品文檔(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.( 虛擬)湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密,可是他并無惡意。(六)功能助動詞 (auxil

25、iary) 主要有兩類:基本助動詞 (primary auxiliary) 和情態(tài)助動詞 (modal auxiliary) ?;局鷦釉~有三個: do, have 和 be;情態(tài)助動詞基本的有十四個: may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need,dare, used to, ought to.had better上述兩類助動詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動詞構(gòu)成限定動詞詞組時,具有作用詞的功能:1) 構(gòu)成否定式:He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might no

26、t start until 5 oclock.2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式:Must you leave right now?You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you?3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝:Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.4) 代替限定動詞詞組:A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.重點疑難(

27、一) need 和 dare 的用法need 和 dare 既可用作情態(tài)動詞, 也可用作實義動詞。 用作情態(tài)動詞時, 主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實義動詞時,可用于各種句式。1. 用作情態(tài)動詞-Need I come?-Yes,you must. - 我需要來嗎? - 需要。Youneednt telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。I dont thinkyou need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。Shedare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一個人出去。Howdare you say I munfair?你竟敢說我不公平?Not on

28、e of them dared mention this.他們誰也不敢提這件事。2. 用作實義動詞Youdont need to do ityourself.你不必親自做這件事。Weneed to tellthem the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。The tableneeds painting(to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。Weshould dare to give our ownopinion.我們要敢于提出自己的觀點。Hedid not dare (to)look up. 他不敢抬頭看。I dare day hell comeagain.我想他會再來的。(

29、I dare say 為固定習語)(二)情態(tài)動詞后跟完成式和進行式的用法1. 情態(tài)動詞后跟完成式,。- 6 - 歡迎下載精品文檔表“應(yīng)當已經(jīng) ”, “想必已經(jīng) ”,“本來可以 ”等意。should have doneI should have finishedthe work earlier.我應(yīng)當早一點完成這項工作的。ought to have doneoughtn t to have doneThere was a lot of fun at yesterdays party.You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚會非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該

30、來,為何不來呢?must have doneHeisn t here. Hemust have missed the train.他還未到,一定是沒趕上火車。could have doneWherecould he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢?You could have passed the exam if you had been more careful.如果你細心一點的話,你本可以通過考試的。might have doneYoumight have read about it.你可能在報上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。Youmight have won his trust.你本來可能贏

31、得他的信賴的。needn t have doneneed have doneHeneednt have worriedabout it.他本不必為此事?lián)摹?. 情態(tài)動詞后跟進行式, 表示 “想必正在 ”,“可能正在 ”,“應(yīng)當正在 ”等意。 must be doingIt s twelve oclock. They must be having lunch. 現(xiàn)在是十二點。 他們一定正在吃飯。They maybe discussing this problem. 他們可能正在論討這個問題。 cantbe doingHecant be tellingthe truth.他說的不可能是真話。shouldn tbe doingSheshouldn t be working likethat.Shes stillso weak.她不應(yīng)當那樣干,她身體仍那么虛。(三)幾組詞的辨異1. can 和 be able

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