孫子兵法探討

1、 the institution of mechanical engineers 孫子兵法孫子兵法 sun tzus “the art of war” speaker: prof tin-pui leung, past president, imeche hong kong branch 孫子兵法孫子兵法世界上最早的兵書、軍世界上最早的兵書、軍 事理論著作事理論著作 the art of war the oldest book on military strategy in the world! author： 孫子(sun tzu) 即孫武 (sun wu)，春秋 (the spring a

2、nd autumn period) 末期齊國 (state of qi) 人，約與孔 子 (confucius, 551 479 b. c.) 同期。 the “art of war” brought sun tzu to the notice of helu, king of wu and became his general in 512 bc. for almost two decades, the armies of wu were victorious over their hereditary enemies, the kingdom of chu. 孫子兵法的層次孫子兵法的層次

3、gradation of “the art of war” 孫子兵法是從哲理的層面，來觀察戰(zhàn)爭現(xiàn) 象，探討和揭示戰(zhàn)爭的規(guī)律。 from philosophic point of view to observe war and reveal its regular pattern. 孫子兵法包含四個層次孫子兵法包含四個層次 : : the four gradations of “the art of war” 1. 戰(zhàn)爭觀念 the notion of war 一個軍事家，對戰(zhàn)事要有一個基本的態(tài) 度，是肯定還是否定戰(zhàn)事? 戰(zhàn)爭與政治、 戰(zhàn)爭與民心? 勝負的問題、戰(zhàn)爭的性質(zhì) (正義的，還是非正義的

4、?)。 最主要的核心，就是慎戰(zhàn)不要窮兵 黷武。 a militarist should have his own stand to war. to affirm or to deny? war and politics? victory or defeat? the nature? the prime importance is to ponder deeply over and not to wantonly engage in military aggression. 2. 戰(zhàn)略思想 the military strategy a. 不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵 (in defeating the en

5、emy without ever fighting) b. 先發(fā)制人 (to forestall the enemy) c. 速戰(zhàn)速決 (rapidity) 3. 戰(zhàn)術(shù)思想 the military tactics a. 爭取主動權(quán) 致人而不致于人 (stirs and is not stirred) b. 知彼知己 (know the enemy, know yourself) c. 避實而擊虛 (war shuns the strong and attacks the weak) 4. 治軍理論 leading the army a. 訓(xùn)練、調(diào)教 (military training) b

6、. 紀律、規(guī)章制度 (discipline, rules and regulations) c. 用將，將領(lǐng)用什麼樣的人 (the commander) d. 部隊的賞罰 (rewards) e. 令之以文，齊之以武(command (troops) with civility, rally them with marital discipline) 用政治教育、物質(zhì)鼓勵、 精神鼓勵來教育軍隊，及用嚴格的軍 紀軍法管理軍隊。political education, material reward, moral encouragement and severe military rules an

7、d regulations. 孫子兵法的意義孫子兵法的意義 significance of “the art of war” 孫子兵法的意義，不完全在它兵法的本身。 文化有兩種形態(tài)。第一種是很輝煌，很有 價值的東西(如甲骨文，對聯(lián)、書畫、等 等)。第二種是文明形態(tài)，如周易、 老子、論語，而孫子兵法就 是包含在這種文化之中 是活的、生 生不息的及給人啟示的。 “the art of war” has been applied to fields well outside the military. 孫子兵法圍繞著十個問題孫子兵法圍繞著十個問題 : : the ten questions: 1.義

8、與利 (justice and benefit) 2.力與謀 (strength and wisdom) 3.常與變 (constancy and change) 4.物與我 5.虛與實 (empty and full) 6.利與害 (advantage and disadvantage) 7.迂與直 (circuitousness and directness) 8.勢與節(jié)(中庸)(potential energy and moderation) 9.全與偏 (comprehensiveness and bias) 10.知與行 (understanding and action) 孫子運用

9、當(dāng)中的四個問題 common mistakes in applying sun tzus: 1. 歪曲原意，信口開河 (distorting authors meaning and making promise too easily) 2. 偏向、簡單化 (deviation and simplification) 3. 生搬硬套 (indiscriminate copy) 4. 誇大神化 (beyond limits of truth) |分別論述了計laying plans、作戰(zhàn) waging of war、謀攻attack by stratagem、形forms and disposit

10、ions 、 勢potential energy、 虛實empty and full、軍爭the fray、 九變 the nine changes、行軍army on the march、 地形forms of terrain、九地 the nine kinds of ground、火攻attack by fire、用間espionage等問題。 the art of war the 13 chapters |在這些問題的論述中，提出許多歷久常新的軍事 原則，制定作戰(zhàn)計劃，集中兵力，確定主攻方向， 善於實施機動，注意密切協(xié)同，創(chuàng)造主動態(tài)勢， 立足於不敗之地。並注意軍事地理、後勤供應(yīng)、 軍隊建

11、設(shè)、對敵政策等各重要事項。 many military principles have been discussed in these 13 chapters, including formulation of plans, concentration of armed forces, definite attack direction, availability to change, close coordination and creation of initiative situation. they also pay attention to the military geograph

12、y, logistics replenishment, modernization of the armed forces and military tactics. the art of war the 13 chapters |兵者，國之大事。死生之地，存亡之道， 不可不察也。 war is a grave affair of state; it is a place of life or death, a road to survival or extinction, a matter to be pondered carefully. chapter 1 laying plans |故

13、經(jīng)之以五事，校之以計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天， 三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。道者，令民與上同意，可與之 死，可與之生，而不危也；天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也； 地者，遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也；將者，智、信、仁、 勇、嚴也；法者， 曲制、官道、主用也。 there are five fundamentals for this deliberation, for the making of comparisons and the assessing of conditions: the way, heaven, earth, command, discipline. the way causes men

14、 to be of one mind with their rulers, to live or die with them, and never to waver. heaven is yin and yang, cold and hot, the cycle of seasons. earth is height and depth, distance and proximity, ease and danger, open and confined ground, life and death. command is wisdom, integrity, compassion, cour

15、age, severity. discipline is organization, chain of command, control of expenditure. chapter 1 laying plans |兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近 而示之遠，遠而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實而 備之，強而避之，努而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之， 親而離之。攻其無備，出其不意。 the way of war is a way of deception. when able, feign inability; when deploying troops, appear not to

16、be. when near, appear far; when far, appear near. lure with bait; strike with chaos. if the enemy is full, be prepared. if strong, avoid him. if he is angry, disconcert him. if he is weak, stir him to pride. if he is relaxed, harry him; if his men are harmonious, split them. attack where he is unpre

17、pared; appear where you are unexpected. chapter 1 laying plans |凡用兵之法， 日費千金，然後十萬之 師舉矣。in war, . the daily cost of all this will exceed one thousand teals of silver (for an army) |其用戰(zhàn)也，勝久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈， 九暴師則國用不足。in war, victory should be swift. if victory is slow, men tire, morale sags. sieges exhaust s

18、trength; protracted campaigns strain the public treasury. |故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。 without a full understanding of the harm caused by war, it is impossible to understand the most profitable way of conducting it. chapter 2 - waging of war |故兵貴勝，不貴久。in war, prize victory, not a protracted campaign. |故知兵

19、之將，民之司命，國家安危之主也。 the wise general is a lord of destiny; he holds the nations peace or peril in his hands. |其意即為速決 及就地補充給養(yǎng)裝備。 thats, with rapidity and immediate provisions of supplements. chapter 2 - waging of war |是故百戰(zhàn)百勝，非善之善者也；不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵， 善 之善者也。ultimate excellence lies not in winning every battle but

20、 in defeating the enemy without ever fighting. |故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之。in war, with forces ten to the enemys one, surround him; with five, attack him; with two, split in half. |知彼知己，百戰(zhàn)不殆；不知彼而知已，一勝一負； 不知彼，不知已，每戰(zhàn)必敗。know the enemy, know yourself, and victory is never in doubt, not in a hundred battles. h

21、e who knows self but not the enemy will suffer one defeat for every victory. he who knows neither self nor enemy will fail in every battle. chapter 3 strategic offensive |形forms and dispositions和勢potential energy 在孫子中有明顯區(qū)別 are different in “the art of war”。 形含有形象、形體等義。是指戰(zhàn)爭中客觀，有常，易 見的諸因素。forms and di

22、spositions involve appearance, form and structure, which are objective and conspicuous factors in a war. |勝可知，而不可為。不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。 one can know victory and yet not achieve it. invulnerability is defense; vulnerability is attack. |兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數(shù)，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生 度，度生量，量生數(shù)，數(shù)生稱，稱生勝。in war, there are five ste

23、ps: measurement, estimation, calculation, comparison, victory. earth determines measurement; measurement determines estimation; estimation determines calculation; calculation determines comparison, comparison determines victory. chapter 4 - forms |勢potential energy含有態(tài)勢之義，是指戰(zhàn)爭中 人為、易變、潛在的諸因素。它指隨機的和能動的

24、東 西(如指揮的靈活，士氣的勇怯，等等)。potential energy involves posture, which is man-made, changeable and potential factor in a war. |故善戰(zhàn)者，求之於勢，不責(zé)於人，故能擇人而任勢。 the skillful warrior exploits the potential energy; he does not hold his men responsible. he deploys his men to their best but relies on the potential energy.

25、 |凡戰(zhàn)者，以正合，以奇勝。in warfare, engage directly; secure victory indirectly. |奇正combination of indirect and direct 是指投入 實際戰(zhàn)鬥的兵力配置，即按先出、後出、正面接敵與 側(cè)翼突襲，主攻和助攻等兵力所做的分配。 chapter 5 potential energy |虛實empty and full 是指兵力部署和兵力的相對集 中和相對分散。它與奇正不同，奇正是將兵力 投入實際戰(zhàn)鬥時所做的戰(zhàn)術(shù)配置。 虛實是指通過分 散集結(jié)的運動變化，造成預(yù)先在會戰(zhàn)地點上的我強敵劣。 empty and ful

26、l means troop disposition and armed forces redeployment. trough concentration and dispersion of armed forces, creates a decisive battle in defeating the enemy. |兵形像水，水之形避高而趨下，兵之形避實而擊虛；水 因地而制流，兵因敵而制勝。military dispositions take form like water. water shuns the high and hastens to the low. war shuns th

27、e strong and attacks the weak. water shapes its current from the lie of the land. the warrior shapes his victory from the dynamic of the enemy. chapter 6 empty and full |軍爭the fray是指兩軍爭奪會戰(zhàn)的先機之利。the fray means contention for decisive battle initiative |軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。the difficulty of the fray lies

28、in making the crooked straight and in making an advantage of misfortune. |故迂其途而誘之以利，後人發(fā)，先人至。take a roundabout route, and lure the enemy with some gain; set out after him, but arrive before him. |善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也，以治待亂，以 靜待譁，此治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待飢，此治 力者也。the skillful warrior avoids the keen spirit,

29、attacks the dull and the homesick; this is mastery of spirit. he confronts chaos with discipline; he treats tumult with calm. this is mastery of mind. he meets distance with closeness; he meets exhaustion with ease; he meets hunger with plenty; this is mastery of strength. chapter 7 - the fray |先秦子書

30、中常見九變nine changes一詞。九變述 民之所以守戰(zhàn)至死原因有九 。九變實即九地之 變。there are nine reasons why people defend fight until death. |聰明的人考慮問題，一定要兼顧利、害兩個方面。in the wise leaders plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together. |凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚衆(zhòng)，圮地?zé)o舍，衢地交合， 絕地?zé)o留，圍地則謀，死地則戰(zhàn)。途有所不由， 軍有所不擊， 城有所不攻，地有所不

31、爭，君命有所不受。in war, the general receives orders from his sovereign, then assembles troops and forms an army. on intractable terrain, do not encamp; on crossroad terrain, join forces with allies; on dire terrain, do not linger; on enclosed terrain, make strategic plans; on death terrain, do battle. ther

32、e are roads not to take. there are armies not to attack. there are towns not to besiege. there are terrains not to contest. there are rulers orders not to obey. chapter 8 nine changes |著重講行軍中的宿營和觀察敵情兩個 問題。 army on the march considers the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the ene

33、my. chapter 9 army on the march |著重講六種形勢持點不同的作戰(zhàn)地形以 及相應(yīng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)要求。 explanation on the six kinds of terrain as well as the corresponding tactical request. chapter 10 - terrain |根據(jù)主客形勢的不同和深入程度， 掌握士兵心 理，誘使士兵前往會戰(zhàn)九地the nine kinds of ground，可分三類： 1.從主客形勢和深入程度講 from the situation and degree of “hosts and visitor

34、s” 2.從行軍的角度講 from the marchs point of view 3.從會戰(zhàn)的角度講 from the battles point of view |投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。throw them into perilous ground, and they will survive; plunge them into death ground, and they will live. chapter 11 the nine grounds |凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜， 四曰火庫，五曰火隊。there are five ways to attack b

35、y fire. the first is to burn men; the second is to burn supplies; the third is to burn equipment; the fourth is to burn warehouses; the fifth is to burn lines of communication. |故以火佐攻者明， 以水佐攻者強。水可以絕， 不可以奪。fire assists an attack mightily. water assists an attack powerfully. water can isolate, but it

36、cannot take away. chapter 12 attack by fire |閒即間，指使用間諜。the use of spies. |所以動而勝人，成功出于眾者，先知也。先知者， 必取於人，敵之情者也。prior information enables (generals) to move and conquer, brings them success beyond that of the multitude. this information can be obtained only from men, form those who know the enemys dispo

37、sitions. |故用閒有五：有因閒，有內(nèi)閒， 有反閒，有死閒，有 生閒。there are five sorts of spies: local, internal, double, dead, and live. |因閒，是利用敵方的鄉(xiāng)野之民作間諜；內(nèi)間，是利用敵 方的官吏作間諜、反間，利用敵方間諜作我方間諜；死 間故意把假情報傳到外面，讓我方間諜得知而傳給敵方。 生間，是送回情報的人。 chapter 13 the use of spies |在對戰(zhàn)爭的看法上，認為兵者，國之大事，必須認 真，全面地加以研究。 war is a grave affair of state. it is

38、a matter of life or death. therefore, it must be earnest and study comprehensively. |提出決定戰(zhàn)爭勝負的是五事five fundamentals 七計seven stratagems。 |五事即道、天、地、將、法 the moral law, heaven, earth, command, discipline。 |七計為主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令 孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？which ruler has the way? which general has the ability? whic

39、h side has heaven and earth? on which side is discipline more effective? which army is the stronger? whose officers and men are better trained? in which army are rewards and punishments clearest? essence of the art of war |道(政治) 為五事七計之首。 “moral law” is the head of five fundamentals and seven stratag

40、ems. |在戰(zhàn)爭指導(dǎo)方面，提出 z不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵 in defeating the enemy without ever fighting的全勝戰(zhàn)略理論； z以知彼知己 know the enemy, know yourself為 基礎(chǔ)的能攻善守，速戰(zhàn)速勝rapidity的作戰(zhàn)原則； z爭取主動proactive、因情任勢、示形動敵、善用奇 正、避實擊虛、靈活應(yīng)變allow flexibility的用兵方略。 because strives 在治軍上，重將， 重管，重練。要 求將帥具備智、信、仁、勇、嚴wisdom, integrity, compassion, courage, sever

41、ity的條件。 essence of the art of war (contd) |對部隊管理要文武兼施both civil and military management，賞罰並重rewards and punishment 。 |在軍事哲學(xué)思想上，強調(diào)人事，注重客觀條件，同時 強調(diào)指揮人的主觀能動性，做到先知 prior information 、先勝victorious first。 |故善戰(zhàn)者，求之於勢，不責(zé)於人，故能擇人而任勢。 the skillful warrior exploits the potential energy; he does not hold his men

42、responsible. he deploys his men to their best but relies on the potential energy. essence of the art of war (contd) |清晰地解釋管理之論，例如速戰(zhàn)速決rapidity， 即是成本效益cost-effective，用低消耗戰(zhàn)略調(diào)動 redeploy人力manpower、財力financial capabilities、 物力material resources。 |知已知彼 know the enemy, know yourself的 彼，包括局勢state of affairs、

43、市場market、經(jīng) 濟環(huán)境economic environment、競爭對手 competitors等。 |用間篇談探取軍事情報，用在現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)，即 是搜集資料，收取訊息。to collect information and comprehensive study. |知人善任、辨別人才。孫子兵法談及智、信、仁、 勇、嚴 wisdom, integrity, compassion, courage, severity 五大人才標(biāo)凖。 management and the art of war |提出了完備的管理策略，包括下列過程：a completed management strategy

44、 z估量形勢、制訂目標(biāo)、制訂策略、評估策略、實施策 略（人力範(fàn)疇）、實施策略（操作範(fàn)疇）及策略控制。 estimate situation, making goal, making strategy, appraisal strategy, implementation strategy (manpower), implementation strategy (operation) and strategic control z充分考慮決定性因素，例如目前的環(huán)境、競爭者的形 勢、生存策略和有關(guān)整體形勢的詳盡資料等。 full consideration of determining facto

45、rs, for example present environment, competitors situation, survival strategy and exhaustive material of relevant situation and so on. management and the art of war (contd) |學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)鬥 learn to fight |顯示方法 demonstrates the method |行動正確 moves correctly |瞭解事實 understands the fact |防備不測 be prepared |只爭朝夕 mak

46、e best use of ones time |作出改善 make improvement |集中力量 concentrate the strength |模糊視線 fuzzy the line of sight business management the art of war the 13-chapter competition strategy (1)making of planformulate management strategy and assess strength (2)waging of waruse appropriate resources to match up

47、with competition strategy (3)strategic offensiveplan competition strategy according to the strength of enemy and ally (4)forms and dispositions ponder the offensive and defensive situation, estimate the strong and weak to draw up the goal (5)potential energymake use of the advantages to grasp the opportunity and control the changing factors the art of war the 13-chapter competition strategy (6)empty and fullexamine the business environment to grasp all marketing factors. (7)the fraysettle conflict , reconcile quarrel (8)the ni