土建專業(yè)英語課后習題答案

1、1.Geology has a vital part to play in all engineering operations which interact in any way with the ground, and thus the science is critical to the entire field of civil engineering.地質(zhì)發(fā)揮任何方式與地面交互的所有工程業(yè)務的一個重要組成部分，因此科學是整個土木工程領域的關鍵。2.Environmental impact statements are now often mandatory before constr

2、uction can be started.環(huán)境影響報告書，現(xiàn)在常常是強制性的，才可以開始建設。3.In London,because the city is built on a great basin of unconsolidated material(including the well-known London clay),tube railways, located far below ground level and built in clay that was easily and economically excavated, have provided an admirab

3、le solution to one part of the citys transportation problems.在倫敦，因為這個城市是一個松散材料（包括著名的倫敦粘土），管鐵路，位于遠低于地面和建在粘土，輕松和經(jīng)濟出土，大盆地建成，提供了一個令人欽佩的解決方案部分城市的交通問題。4.Courses on foundation engineering and construction methods present excellent opportunities for geologic lessons.基礎工程和施工方法的課程，目前地質(zhì)教訓的極好的機會。5.Every branch

4、of civil engineering deals in some way with the surface of the earth,since the works designed by civil engineer are supported by or located in some part of the earths crust.某種方式與地球表面的每個分支土木工程交易，因為由土木工程師設計的作品是支持或位于地殼的某些部分.1.地下鐵道是城市交通系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。Metro is the urban transport system, an important part of2

5、.土木工程師在設計之前必須對建筑場地進行勘察。Civil engineer in the design of the construction site must be carried out prior to survey3.施工方案有時取決于場地的工程地質(zhì)條件。Sometimes depending on the venue construction program engineering geological conditions.1.All these processes of rock formation,movement and decay have caused rock fou

6、nd at the surface(outcrop) to consist of many different types and to have definite physical properties.所有這些巖石的形成，運動和衰變過程引起的表面（露頭）發(fā)現(xiàn)的巖石，包括許多不同類型，并有明確的物理性質(zhì)，化學性質(zhì)。2.Wind forces may be strong enough to blow away pieces of rocks that have become loose because other weathering processes.風的力量可能強大到足以吹走件已成為松散

7、的，因為其他的風化過程的巖石。3.When the rock reaches the elastic limit a fracture occurs and there is a sudden release of energy in the form of earthquake waves.The fracture in the rock is called a fault.當巖石達到彈性極限和骨折的發(fā)生是突然釋放的能量在地震形成的巖石波.骨折被稱為故障。4.Water acts as solvent in these processes by which plants decompose

8、rocks and break them down into soil.The removal of these elements from the body of the rock leaves very small spaces into which water enters and the decay process accelerates.水作為溶劑，在這些過程中植物分解巖石和打入土中.去除這些元素從巖體葉到其中的水進入和加速衰變過程中的非常小的空間。5.The interior of the Earth is believed to be built of concentric sh

9、ells of rock material,named the crust and mantle,which surround a central core.被認為是地球內(nèi)部的內(nèi)置同心炮彈名為地殼和地幔巖石材料，圍繞一個核心。1.地震不可避免地影響土木工程項目，工程師設計時要充分考慮地震力對結(jié)構(gòu)物的影響。Inevitably affect the earthquake civil engineering projects, the design engineer to fully consider the seismic forces on structures affected.2.風化嚴重

10、的巖石承載力大大降低。Weathered rock bearing capacity greatly reduced.3.巖體中存在大量結(jié)構(gòu)面（大連續(xù)面）There are a large number of structures in the rock face (large discontinuity)4.地殼運動引起火山噴發(fā)和地震的發(fā)生。Crustal movement caused by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes1.When dealing with non-cohesive soils such as sands and gravels t

11、he rates of compression will keep pace with the construction of the building she therefore when the structure is complete there should be no future settlement if the soil remains is the same state.與非粘性土壤，如砂和礫石的壓縮率處理時，會繼續(xù)與建筑結(jié)構(gòu)完成時，她因此應該是沒有前途的解決辦法，如果土壤仍然是相同的狀態(tài)建設的步伐。2.In cohesive soils the voids are ver

12、y often completely saturated with water which in itself id nearly incompressible and therefore compression of the soil can only take place by the water moving our of the voids thus allowing settlement of the particles. 在凝聚力的土壤的空隙很多時候，這本身就是幾乎不可，因此土壤的壓縮只能采取由水的地方，移動我們的空隙，從而使解決粒子的水完全飽和。3.The resistance

13、which can be offered by a soil to the sliding of one portion over another or its shear strength is of importance to the designer since it can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of a soil and the pressure it can exert on such members as timber in excavations.可提供土壤之一或部分超過其抗剪強度的滑動阻力，因為它可以用來計算土壤承

14、載力的壓力，它可以對這些成員作為設計師的重要性木材發(fā)1.基礎工程的費用占整個項目的50%。Basic project cost 50% of the total project.2.樁基的承載力檢測要在監(jiān)理工程師的監(jiān)督下進行。Pile bearing capacity test to be under the supervision of the supervising engineer3.沉降計算要充分考慮施工過程對土體性質(zhì)的影響。Settlement calculation of the construction process to fully consider the impact o

15、f soil properties4.土工試驗要盡量采取原狀土，因為土體的力學參數(shù)受其結(jié)構(gòu)的控制。Soil test to try to take undisturbed soil, because the mechanical parameters of soil structure under its control.1.The ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centers contributes enormously to

16、wards a progressive economy.能力，使道路交通流之間的工業(yè)和商業(yè)中心自由和安全地走向一個漸進的經(jīng)濟貢獻巨大。2.Landscaping and hedge and tree planting on the sides and central reservations should be arranged to provide a pleasant and interesting outlook for the road users,to avoid monotony and boredom.園林綠化和兩側(cè)和中央預訂對沖基金和植樹應安排道路使用者提供一個愉快而有趣的的世

17、界觀，以避免單調(diào)和無聊。3.Mechanical stabilization consists of adding granular or cohesive materials,depending on which is the most suitable,to the subsoil to improve its grading.In particularly dry climates,it is often found necessary to add a little calcium chloride in order to retain sufficient moisture to e

18、nsure cohesion.機械穩(wěn)定增加粒狀或粘性材料，這是最合適的，底土，以改善其grading.在特別干燥的氣候，往往要加少許的氯化鈣，以保持充足的水分，以確保凝聚力。4.As soon as possible after consolidation,it is advisable to apply a bituminous emulsion waterproof seal over the stabilized subsoil.盡快合并后，最好是申請在穩(wěn)定心土乳化瀝青防水密封5.In modern road construction,there is a far greater rec

19、ognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road than was the case years ago.在現(xiàn)代化的道路建設，有一個底土的重要性大得多比年前的情況下承認的道路下方。1.為了避免視覺單調(diào)、乏味，道路兩側(cè)及中央分隔帶要進行美化，種植樹木。 Landscaping and hedge and tree planting on the sides and central reservations should be arranged to provide a pleasant and interesting outlook

20、 for the road users,to avoid monotony and boredom2.機械穩(wěn)定法是指在基層土中，根據(jù)土質(zhì)加入顆粒狀或者有附著力的材料，以提高其級配。Method is the mechanical stability of soil at the grassroots level, according to the soil or by adding granular material with adhesive to improve its grading3.水泥、石灰使土質(zhì)變硬，從而大幅度增加其抗壓強度。Cement, lime makes the soil

21、 hard, and to dramatically increase its compressive strength4.現(xiàn)代道路應該按照預計的車流量和車速進行設計。Modern road traffic should be expected and in accordance with the design speed1.Pavements have been divided into two broad categories,flexible pavements and rigid pavements.路面已被分為兩大類，柔性路面和剛性的行人路。2.The flexible paveme

22、nt may consist of a relatively thin wearing surface built over a base course and subbase course,and they rest upon the compacted subgrade.柔性路面可能包括一個穿著比較薄建面超過基礎課程和底板當然，他們休息后，壓實路基。3.The rigid pavement,because of its rigidity and high modulus of elasticity,tends to distribute the load over a relatively

23、 wide area of soli;thus,a major portion of the structure capacity is supplied by the slab itself.剛性路面，由于其剛性和高彈性模量，往往分布在一個比較寬的孤子面積的負荷，因此，能力結(jié)構(gòu)的主要部分是由板本身提供。4.Taxiways and runway ends should always be constructed using a heavier section than the central portion of the runway because of high concentratio

24、n of traffic.滑行道和跑道兩端應始終使用較重的部分比中央部分的跑道，因為高濃度的交通。5.Base course and subbase course under highway pavements may be constructed using one of several techniques.If the material is pervious,it may extend through the shoulder to permit drainage at the point it intersects the side slope.相應的課程，并根據(jù)公路的行人路底板當然

25、可以構(gòu)造使用的材料是透光的幾個techniques.If之一，它可能會延長到肩膀，允許在點相交邊坡排水。6.If an asphalt pavement has high stiffness,it may behave essentially as a rigid pavement and fatigue of the surface or of any pavement component may become critical.In these cases,concepts underlying design approach those those historically adopte

26、d for concrete pavement design.如果瀝青路面具有高剛度，它可能表現(xiàn)為一個剛性路面和疲勞的表面或任何路面組件基本上可能成為critical.In這些情況下，基本概念的設計方法混凝土路面設計所采用的歷史。1.柔性路面可以建于基層上相對較薄的磨耗層與底基層，它們支撐于夯實的路基上。Flexible pavement can be built on the grassroots level, relatively thin wear layer and sub-base, they support the compaction of the roadbed in2.與公路

27、不同，機場跑道達500英尺寬，民用機場跑道的寬度在50到200英尺范圍變化，軍用機場跑道要寬一些，以適應重型轟炸機的降落。With different roads, airport runways 500 feet wide, the width of the civil airport runway 50-200 feet range changes to wider military airport runway to accommodate the heavy bombers landed.3.剛性路面因其剛性及較高的彈性模量，荷載傳遞范圍較大。Rigid and rigid pavem

28、ent because of their high elastic modulus, a large range of load transfer4.排水設計對于路面工程來說非常重要，一般采用透水性好的材料修筑底基層和基層，可以保證路面工程的耐久性。Drainage design for the road project is very important, the general construction ofsub-base materials with good permeability and primary, can guarantee the durability of the r

29、oad project1.The wind-gust components affect the periodicity of the vortex shedding,tending to make it less regular and producing weaker excitation over a wider range of wind speed.風陣風組件影響的渦脫落的周期，撫育，以減少定期和生產(chǎn)以上的風速范圍更廣的激勵減弱。2.The obvious result of reduces structural weight is that wind forces are now

30、greater in relation to the inertia of the structure,and there is also a secondary effect from the reduction the lowest natural frequency of oscillation of a more slender design.明顯的結(jié)果降低了結(jié)構(gòu)重量，風的力量，現(xiàn)在關系結(jié)構(gòu)的慣性更大，也有一個從減少自然更修長設計的振蕩頻率最低的輔助效果。3.Before the Tacoma Bridge collapse,bridge engineers were content

31、to design for static loads produced by lateral winds,and the conventional design of bridges was focus mostly on the strength of a structure.塔科馬大橋倒塌之前，橋梁工程師的內(nèi)容設計為側(cè)風所產(chǎn)生的靜態(tài)載荷，和傳統(tǒng)的橋梁設計主要集中在結(jié)構(gòu)強度。4.A lesson learned from the Tacoma Bridge was the recognition of the importance of aeroelastic investigation i

32、n structural design which included the rigidity,damping characteristics and the aerodynamic shape of the bridge.從塔科馬大橋吸取了教訓，是氣動彈性在結(jié)構(gòu)設計，其中包括剛度，阻尼特性和橋的氣動外形調(diào)查中的重要性的認識。5.Excitation due to the periodic formation of vortices in the air flow in the wake of the structure is primarily dependent on details of

33、 the shape of the cross section.If the structure is rigid and the incident flow is steady,the vortex formation would be very precisely periodic at a frequency proportional to the wind speed.勵磁由于空氣流動渦結(jié)構(gòu)后，定期形成，主要是依賴交叉位置.如果結(jié)構(gòu)剛性和事件流是穩(wěn)定的形狀的詳細信息，渦的形成將非常精確在風速成正比的頻率定期。6.Antisymmetric oscillations occur with

34、 an odd number of nodes within the center span.反對稱振蕩出現(xiàn)奇數(shù)的中心范圍內(nèi)的節(jié)點.1.橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)設計中要充分考慮橋梁的剛度、阻尼效應和橋梁的空氣動力學形狀。 The design of bridge structures to fully consider the bridge stiffness, damping effects and aerodynamic shape of the bridge.2.斜拉橋一般用于跨度較大的情況。Span cable-stayed bridge is generally used for larger si

35、tuation.3.靜止的空氣中，橋梁的震動由于其內(nèi)在的阻尼特征而迅速衰減。Still air, the bridge because of its inherent vibration damping characteristics of the rapid decay4.許多橋梁由于風振而破壞。Many bridges and vibration due to wind damage.5.風對斜拉橋的影響有三種，不同的空氣動力學機理可導致明顯的振動作用。 The impact of wind on the cable-stayed bridge in three different aer

36、odynamic mechanisms can lead to significant vibration effect.1.Tall buildings,however,require two basic technical ingredients.First,economic method building a tall building must be found and second, a reliable and economic method of transporting people vertically trough the building must be availabl

37、e.高樓大廈，但是，需要兩個基本的技術成分.首先，必須符合經(jīng)濟的方法，建設高樓和第二，一個可靠和經(jīng)濟的方法，運送人垂直槽的建設必須可用。2.A heroic step was taken in 1930 when Empire State Building was built with more or less conventional method of construction.This was no example of any economic breakthrough.一個英雄的步驟是在1930年時，帝國大廈是內(nèi)置的結(jié)構(gòu).這種方法或多或少的傳統(tǒng)沒有任何經(jīng)濟突破的例子。3.Within

38、 the last few years,researchers on building materials such as reinforced concrete and structural steel have made great stride and opened horizons for more efficient use of these materials.建材，如鋼筋混凝土和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的研究人員在過去的幾年里，取得了大步，并為更有效地利用這些材料打開了視野。4.The increase in height-to-width ratio will generally mean in

39、crease in premium for height caused by additional material to reduce lateral sway,as well as to increase resistance to overturning.在高度與寬度的比例增加，通常意味著保費增加的其他材料，以減少橫向晃動，以及增加抵抗力，以推翻引起高度。1.最近的三十年中，高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)框架體系發(fā)生了巨大的變化。The last three decades, high-rise building frame system has undergone tremendous changes2

40、.世貿(mào)大樓的倒塌重新激起了人們對摩天大樓防恐襲擊應急預案有效性的疑慮。 World Trade Center collapse rekindled awareness of the effectiveness of contingency plans for attacks on skyscrapers counter-terrorism concerns.3.摩天大樓往往成為國際大公司展示公司實力的象征。Skyscrapers often become an international symbol of the strength of the company shows the compa

41、ny4.電梯的發(fā)明才使得修建高樓成為可能。The invention of the elevator that makes it possible to build high-rise1.When your paper is subjected to peer review, a good reviewer will read the Material and Methods carefully.當你的論文受到同行評審，一個很好的評審會仔細閱讀的材料和方法2.In describing the methods of the investigations,you should give suff

42、icient details so that a competent worker could repeat the experiments,as stated above.在描述的調(diào)查方法，你應該給予足夠的細節(jié)，使合資格的工人可以重復實驗，如上所述。3.The purpose of the Introduction should be supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without n

43、eeding to refer to previous publications on the topic.介紹的目的，應提供足夠的背景資料，讓讀者了解和評估目前的研究結(jié)果，而無需參考以前的出版物上的主題。1.摘要是科技論文特別重要的組成部分，也是被人閱讀最多的部分。Summary of scientific papers is particularly important component of being read some of the most2.用英文寫作科技論文需要很好的英文水平和規(guī)范的科技論文寫作技巧。Writing scientific papers in English,

44、very good standard of English required standard of scientific papers and writing skills.3.國際著名的科技文獻檢索期刊包括美國的科學文獻索引（Sci)和工程索引（Ei）。 The worlds leading technology journal literature search of scientific literature, including the U.S. index (Sci) and Engineering Index (Ei)在城市地下空間開拓的過程中，一些具有規(guī)模效應的大型地下構(gòu)筑物已

45、經(jīng)對區(qū)域下水環(huán)境產(chǎn)生了影響。通過對南京市地下水的實測分析以及與地鐵隧道相互作用的研究表明，秦淮河古河道是地下水補給及傳輸?shù)闹鲃用}，地鐵隧道穿越秦淮河古河道，且隧道埋深與主要導水層深重合，導致區(qū)域地下水環(huán)境發(fā)生改變，降低了地下水的循環(huán)代謝，將加重地下水的污染。提出人地協(xié)調(diào)的生態(tài)城市的規(guī)劃應充分結(jié)合地質(zhì)調(diào)查的結(jié)果，選擇合理的空間布局，降低對生態(tài)環(huán)境的有害影響。 Underground space in the city to open up the process, some with large scale underground structures on the regional water

46、 environment has an impact. Measured by analysis of groundwater in Nanjing and the interaction with the subway tunnel studies have shown that the Qin Huai River is the ancient river and groundwater recharge transmission aorta, through the Qin Huai River, the ancient river subway tunnel and the tunne

47、l depth and the main deep water layer co-lead , leading to regional groundwater conditions change, reducing the metabolic cycle of groundwater will increase groundwater pollution. Person to coordinate the proposed eco-city planning should be fully integrated with the geological survey results, choos

48、e a reasonable spatial distribution and reduce the harmful effects on the ecological environment.1.Structural reliability theory is concerned with the rational treatment of uncertainties in structural engineering and with the methods foe assessing the safety and serviceability of civil engineering a

49、nd other structures.結(jié)構(gòu)可靠性理論關注的是理性對待不確定性的結(jié)構(gòu)工程與土木工程和其他結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性和可維護性評估方法敵人。2.Uncertainties exist in most area of civil and structural engineering and rational design decisions cannot be made without modeling them and taking them into account.Many structural engineers are shielded from having to think abo

50、ut such problems at least when designing simple structures,because of the prescriptive and essentially deterministic nature of most codes of practice.最土木及結(jié)構(gòu)工程和設計合理，決策領域存在的不確定性，不能沒有建模，并考慮到他們數(shù)量.許多結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，至少去思考這樣的問題，設計結(jié)構(gòu)簡單時屏蔽，因為的規(guī)定大多數(shù)守則的做法基本上是確定性的性質(zhì)3.Most structural design is undertaken in accordance wit

51、h codes of practice,which in many countries have legal status,meaning that compliance with the code automatically ensures compliance with the relevant clauses of the building laws.大多數(shù)的結(jié)構(gòu)設計是在按照實務守則，在許多國家的法律地位，這意味著與代碼遵守進行自動確保遵守建筑法的有關條款4.The main object of structural design is therefore to ensure, at a

52、n acceptable level of probability that each structure will not become unfit for its intended purpose at any time during its specified design life.結(jié)構(gòu)設計的主要對象，因此，確保在可接受的水平的概率，每個結(jié)構(gòu)不會成為不適宜挪作它用在任何時間在其指定的設計壽命。1.結(jié)構(gòu)工程師在其設計中應考慮以下三項內(nèi)容：穩(wěn)定性、強度和剛度以及經(jīng)濟性。 Structural engineers in their design should consider the fol

53、lowing three elements: stability, strength and stiffness, and economy.2.在正常使用荷載作用下，結(jié)構(gòu)處于彈性狀態(tài)。In normal use loads, the structure is in elastic state3.結(jié)構(gòu)分析是確定在給定的荷載作用下結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的應力和應變，以便使結(jié)構(gòu)設計得合理。Structural analysis is to determine the loads in a given structure under the stress and strain, so that the design

54、 was reasonable.4.結(jié)構(gòu)工程師應在結(jié)構(gòu)工程領域具備必要的資格和經(jīng)驗，并在地方主管部門注冊。Structural engineer should be in structural engineering have the necessary qualifications and experience, and local authorities registered.1.Concrete is strong in compression,but weak in tension;its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of

55、its compressive strength.Due to such a low tensile capacity,flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading.混凝土是強大的壓縮，但在緊張的弱，其拉伸強度變化，從8至14，其抗壓能力.因為如此低的抗拉能力，彎曲裂縫發(fā)展早期階段的加載。2.The types of prestressing force involves,together with its magnitude,are determined mainly on the basis of the type of system

56、 to be constructed and the span length and slenderness desires.Since the prestressing force is applied longitudinally along or parallel to the axis of the member,the prestessing principle involved commonly known as linera prestessing.預應力類型涉及，其幅度，主要是要構(gòu)建的系統(tǒng)的類型和預應力施加縱向沿著或平行成員軸的跨度和細長desires.因此基礎上確定俗稱lin

57、era prestessing prestessing原則。1.預應力的類型和數(shù)值的大小主要由結(jié)構(gòu)體系的類型、結(jié)構(gòu)所要求的跨度和剛度來決定。The type and value of pre-stressed mainly by the size of the type of architecture, structure and stiffness of the span required to decide.2.林同炎的荷載平衡方法特別值得一提，因為它大大簡化了設計過程。Lintongyan load balancing method is particularly noteworthy,

58、 because it greatlysimplifies the design process.3.預應力混凝土的一個值得研究的問題是結(jié)構(gòu)物的徐變。Prestressed concrete is a problem worthy of study the creep of structures1.Prequalification documents should give information about the project,the tendering procedure and the prequlification procedure.The documents are prepared by the employer/engineer.資格預審文件應當提供有關項目的信息，招標程序和prequlification procedure.The文件是由雇主/工程師準備。2.The employer will normally seek to award the contract to the tender submitting the lowest evaluated responsive tender.The award must be made during the period if tender va