土木工程專業(yè)英語 11房建1班韓偉晨

1、成 績徐 州 工 程 學(xué) 院 11 級 房建(1) 班課程考試試卷考試科目 專業(yè)英語 考試時間 2013.12.17 學(xué)生姓名 韓偉晨 學(xué)生學(xué)號 20110701143 所在院系 土木工程學(xué)院 任課教師 劉志勇 徐州工程學(xué)院印制Management and recycling of constructional solid waste in Turkey Abstract Control and management of solid waste materials created during/after building/demolition and renewal of a struct

2、ure is one of the most important problems of modern societies today. Solid waste materials which are differentiated depending on properties of structure and construction technique generally consist of materials such as concrete, brick, stone, briquette, wood, metal, glass, gypsum, plastic, ceramic.

3、The matter of reuse was created as a result of limited capacity of reserves of sources and increased consumption depending on increase of population. Today it is possible reuse of various solid wastes. Consequently, evaluation of construction wastes which are used as primary aggregate source in cons

4、truction industry, became very important in our world where natural sources were finished. Target of that study is examining utilization ratio of materials preferred during building process of structures by recycling at the end of utilization life for “Construction/ demolition wastes management and

5、reuse”; control of environmental pollution, ecologic balance and economical development and discussion by providing examples from Turkey. Keywords: Construction wastes, reuse, recycling , ecology. 1. Construction Wastes Reuse and Management Solid waste materials created during/after building/demolit

6、ion and renewal of a structure are called construction wastes. Since Construction wastes have a high ratio especially in cities depending on size of construction areas in terms of volume/weight, control and management of that type of wastes became necessary. For that reason construction wastes are i

7、mportant problems of todays modern cities. Solid waste materials which are generally differentiated depending on construction technique and properties of structure consist of materials such as concrete, brick, stone, briquette, wood, metal, glass, gypsum, plastic, ceramic. Construction and demolitio

8、n wastes in European Community countries and USA due to modification and repair of structures/infrastructures annually are approximately 180 million tons, and 136 million tons respectively. Ratios of these wastes for new constructions, renovation activities and demolitions are respectively 8%, %44 %

9、38 respectively. The wastes which are called as construction and demolition wastes , could be used as secondary raw material after being duly processed. It is important to induce reuse of that type of wastes due to protection and sustainability of natural sources. Since sources are limited to reserv

10、e capacity and increase of consumption depending on increased of population, concept of reuse appeared. Recycling is defined as transformation of solid wastes to a new material by using as raw material; recovery is defined as reuse of wastes to obtain energy or to obtain a new product by processing

11、under physical or chemical processes. Today it is possible reuse of various wastes. Especially right management of construction demolition wastes is important for use of structural materials such as concrete, metal, wood, glass in reconstruction and renovation. Thus, most of the materials recovered

12、by demolition of structures could be used in similar or same projects or other construction projects after cleaned and repaired. Recycling of construction wastes in Turkey has been a legal liability according to Regulation of Control of Solid Wastes (1991) published by Ministry of Environment. Howev

13、er recycling did not reach to desired values due to the problems experienced in application. 1.1. Reusable Construction Wastes Construction sector is one of the sectors where raw material is extensively consumed during production process. However reducing materials used in the process of manufacturi

14、ng to minimum is not preferred due to its effect on quality of work performed. However evaluation of materials in structures by reuse procedure, will both reduce its negative environmental effects to minimum, and provide economical contribution. Most important recyclable wastes on the world are pape

15、r, aluminum, glass and plastic materials. Concrete, natural stone, wood and metal have an important role in recycling of construction wastes. Concrete Concrete is an indispensable material in construction sector due to architectural possibilities provided. Extensive use of concrete increases ratio o

16、f recycling. Waste concrete materials obtained after demolition and destruction works, will be made granulated materials ready for reuse after crushed and disintegrated at concrete recycling plants. It is estimated that approximately 300 million cubic meter of concrete is produced in Europe annually

17、. Accordingly, annual ready to use concrete consumption reached to 0.3-1.40 cubic meter/person. Especially in many states of USA it is a legal obligation to use that material which was produced so extensively by recycling. After the legal sanctions levied in USA to construction sector, recycling of

18、200 miles of concrete cladding was enabled. 1 Natural Stone It is more advantageous evaluation of natural stones by reuse than other construction wastes. Especially recycling of marble material is used as liquid additive, cement additive, lime production and in construction industry as refractor mat

19、erial as wastes in the form of powder and particle 2. For the production of ceramic tiles, marble powder with the size less than 0.5mm is preferred. Concrete is another structural material where marble powder is used as additive. According to the studies made, it was observed that there is a specifi

20、c rise in compression strength if about 10% of thin material ratio is replaced by marble powder in concrete production. 3 In Turkey, still there is no extensive application related to that subject although there is the possibility of evaluation of natural stone construction wastes in many sectors su

21、ch as ceramic, cement, paint, glass, structural materials. Wood Wood is the unique material in reusable construction wastes having the property of organic and sustainable property. Since its source of production is renewable, makes the property of sustainability of wood prominent among construction

22、wastes. Wood material as construction waste, is evaluated primarily as fuel. In that case wood material is not recycled but recovered since energy is produce after fired. Wood material as construction waste, is evaluated secondarily in production of paper. Metal Metal as construction waste; covers e

23、lements obtained from aluminum, iron-steel, brass alloys, copper etc. products. Recovery rate of metals are close to 100%. As an example, it was observed that as a result of recovery of used steel; 74% of energy, 90% of raw material, is saved, 40% of water consumption is reduced, and 76% decrease of

24、 pollution of waste water, 86% decrease of pollution of air, and 97% decrease of waste of metals.4 Thus, protection of energy source and environment protection will be possible with the recovery of metal construction wastes such as construction iron, wire fences, door and window woodworking, steel d

25、oors, sanitary installation pipes, taps, etc2. Reuse of Construction Wastes on the WorldPercentage of construction wastes in total wastes are expressed as 44% in Australia, 25-50% in Denmark, 38% in Hong-Kong, 36% in Japan, 30% in Italy, 70% in Spain. It was stated that 44% of 14 million tons of was

26、tes per year in Australia left to waste areas are sourced from construction industry.5 Construction waste management in the construction industry has been the subject of several research projects around the world. Some of the projects have focused on the environmental damage and reduce the generatio

27、n of waste at source, and to proposed alternative methods for treatment of construction waste. Since the beginning of years of 1980s in many EU countries such as Germany, Holland, Austria, Sweden, Hungary, wastes of construction materials are reused as raw material after recovered at various facilit

28、ies. About this subject Brossik and Brouwers (1996) conducted a research project in The Netherlands, concerned with the measurement of construction waste, regarding sustainability requirements. 6 There have been a number of studies mostly concerned with the economic aspect of waste in the constructi

29、on industry. In the UK, Skoyles (1976) monitored material waste in 114 building sites, concluding that there is a considerable amount of waste that can be avoided by adopting relatively simple prevention procedures. 7 3. Reuse of Construction Wastes in Turkey Basis of waste management policy is sepa

30、ration of waste material from its source and recovery of recoverable products to economy of country. In Turkey in 2004 an extensive regulation was organized for management of structural wastes according to Control Regulation of Excavated Soil, Construction and Demolition Wastes by Environment and Fo

31、rest Ministry 9. However level of applications and activities in the scope of that regulation is not satisfactory yet. According to current regulations in Turkey all producers and consumers , including houses, are obliged to separate solid wastes at source, and punishment is foreseen for those not r

32、especting them. However according to report of T.R. Court Of Accounts : Performance Inspection Report of Waste Management National Regulation in Turkey and Results of Applications, considerable amount of excavation and construction wastes are left to environment arbitrarily and household wastes are

33、stored in a mixed manner. Transportation and collection of excavation and construction demolition in Turkey is under the responsibility of municipals and they are performed by private sector by tendering procedure. Although related regulations are available in Turkey, waste collection is made by the

34、 system of street collectors to a great extent arbitrarily and under unhealthful conditions. Waste materials are tried to be recovered by street collectors or mobile scrape collectors in waste containers at streets under unhygienic conditions. Consequently, responsibilities of municipals in waste ma

35、nagement is generally limited to collection of wastes from urban areas.4. Conclusion Use of construction wastes after recycled is an alternative source of raw material especially for construction sector. Especially recycling of concrete, wood and natural stone will be useful economically, it will af

36、fect sustainability of materials due to environment effects such as flood. Recovery of these type of wastes at mobile, semi mobile and stationary systems is possible. Recycling matters for Turkey as general policy is not sufficient yet. However recycling of construction wastes by legal obligation is

37、 being studied to prevent environmental and economical losses and to meet part of raw material requirement. Consequently, it could be concluded that the most important problem in Turkey in waste management, is disposal of dangerous wastes with industrial origin, industrial wastes with household orig

38、in , household wastes, special wastes and construction wastes collectively without separation. 關(guān)于在土耳其管理和回收建筑用固體廢物研究報告摘要在建筑物的創(chuàng)建、拆遷或者重新修建的過程中，控制和管理建筑所產(chǎn)生的固體廢料是一個最重要的問題,在現(xiàn)代社會。固體廢物材料分化根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的屬性和施工技術(shù)通常分為很多種類，如混凝土、磚、石、團(tuán)塊、木頭、金屬、玻璃、石膏、塑料、陶瓷等。有限的資源儲備和因人口的增加所帶來的資源消費(fèi)的增加決定了建筑廢料有必要重新利用。如今，我們可能將重新用利用各種固體廢棄物。對于建筑行業(yè)，在

39、自然資源被消耗完之前，找到建筑廢料中值得作為主要骨料的材料，對于我們的世界是會非常重要的。這項(xiàng)研究的目的是通過對土耳其提供例子的分析，在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)建過程中，考慮到施工廢舊材料的管理與重新利用，研究可回收利用材料的利用率，控制環(huán)境污染、生態(tài)平衡和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵詞:建筑廢料、重用、回收、生態(tài)。1、施工廢棄物的重新利用與管理對于建筑的構(gòu)建、拆除、修復(fù)時所產(chǎn)生的固體廢物材料，我們稱之為施工廢棄物。建筑廢物在各個地方都占有很高的比率，而在城市尤為突出。根據(jù)建筑面積的大小、重量的高低、控制和管理這類廢物變得的很要。因此在當(dāng)今的現(xiàn)代城市中，對于建筑廢物的處理是一個很重要的問題,。固體廢物材料通常根據(jù)施工

40、工藝和結(jié)構(gòu)的分化屬性分為不同的材料，如混凝土、磚、石、團(tuán)塊、木頭、金屬、玻璃、石膏、塑料、陶瓷。在歐洲和美國，由于修改和重建建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建筑的拆卸廢物每年大約分別為1.8億噸,和1.36億噸。這些廢物的比率在新建筑、裝修活動和拆遷過程中，分別占8%,44%和38%。廢棄物,是建設(shè)和拆除建筑物過程中所產(chǎn)生的廢棄物,可以作為二級原料從而被正式加工?？紤]到可持續(xù)發(fā)展和對自然資源的保護(hù)，這將能很好的促進(jìn)該類型的廢物的重新利用。由于資源受到資源儲備能力和人們消費(fèi)水平不斷的增加所引起的限制,回收再利用的概念被提出了?；厥站褪侵竿ㄟ^使用一定的原料將固體廢物轉(zhuǎn)換的到一個新的材料這一過程。恢復(fù)則是指為

41、通過對廢物的重用，在物理或化學(xué)處理過程中，獲取能量或獲得一個新產(chǎn)品。今天它指的是各種廢物的再利用，特別是對重要的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)材料的拆除廢棄物的管理，如混凝土、金屬、木材、玻璃。大多數(shù)的材料在恢復(fù)原結(jié)構(gòu)后，可以被用在類似或相同的地方或其他部位。1.1 可重用的建筑廢料建筑業(yè)是一個在生產(chǎn)過程中原材料被廣泛消耗的行業(yè)。然而在建設(shè)過程中，構(gòu)建一個質(zhì)量較好的建筑物要比減少材料的使用使其降到最低消耗重要的多。然而材料在結(jié)構(gòu)施工重用的過程是很有價值的,它減少了對環(huán)境的影響,為經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。在世界上主要的可回收的廢物是紙、鋁、玻璃和塑料材料。混凝土、天然石材、木材和金屬同樣也是有重要作用的建筑回收廢物?；?/p>

42、凝土混凝土是一種在建筑行業(yè)中不可或缺的材料，由于建筑上廣泛的運(yùn)用了混凝土，使的混凝土回收的比率得到了很大的提高。廢棄混凝土材料是拆遷和拆除建筑物留下的廢棄物,將準(zhǔn)備重用的混凝土廢棄物解體后壓碎成粒狀，放入混凝土回收工廠。據(jù)估計(jì),在歐洲每年大約生產(chǎn)有3億立方米的混凝土是回收混凝土,年度混凝土消費(fèi)達(dá)到0.3 - -1.40立方米/人。尤其是在美國的許多州,將使用回收混凝土上升到一個法律義務(wù)，這導(dǎo)致該材料得到此廣泛回收。在美國受到法律制裁后的建筑業(yè)回收利用了200英里的混凝土包層。1天然石材與其他建筑廢物再利用相比，天然石材的回收再利用是更加有價值的。尤其是對大理石材料用的回收，使之成為液體添加劑、水泥添加劑、石灰生產(chǎn)原料。在建筑材料工業(yè)廢物折射形式的大小小于0.5毫的大理石粉和粒子成為生產(chǎn)瓷磚的首選。以大理石粉作為添加劑的混凝土可生成為另一種結(jié)構(gòu)材料。根據(jù)研究,觀察到產(chǎn)生一個特定在壓縮強(qiáng)度大約10%薄材料比的新型材料，可以取代了大理石粉在混凝土中的生產(chǎn)。在土耳其,雖然可能性評估天然石材建筑廢料（如陶瓷、水泥、涂料、玻璃、結(jié)構(gòu)材料）可以運(yùn)用在許多行業(yè),。但還沒有廣泛應(yīng)用相關(guān)主題。木頭在可重用的建筑廢料中，木頭是獨(dú)特的材料，它擁有有機(jī)性和可持續(xù)的價值。因?yàn)槠鋪碓吹目稍偕?使具有的可持續(xù)性的建筑廢物中的木材中表現(xiàn)突出。木材料作為建筑垃圾