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1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計 ( 論文) 外文資料翻譯專業(yè):播送電視新聞學(xué)姓名:學(xué)號:0815540128外文出處: The Americanjournalofsociology,Vol.77,No.4(Jan.,1972),pp.660-679附件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2. 外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評語:簽名:年月日學(xué)院 系:設(shè)計藝術(shù)與傳媒學(xué)院21 / 21附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文客觀性作為戰(zhàn)略:新聞報道客觀性概念的考察節(jié)選二記者面對這些壓力時,便會強調(diào)其新聞的客觀性,他們認(rèn)為其報道戰(zhàn)略緊跟客觀性原那么可以減少危險性。他們假設(shè),假設(shè)所有的記者都毫無個人偏見的獨立的遵守客觀性原那么,那么可以順利完成工作并防止受到誹
2、謗。雖然會受到好萊塢新聞工作給別人所留下的刻板印象的影響,他們解釋說主要是犯了誹謗的判決的危險。記者們認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人都理解完畢報道時機的重要性。在談到自己被控告誹謗的經(jīng)歷時,記者肯定其行為是客觀的,但也犯了無可防止的錯誤。簡單來說,他們的評論應(yīng)以事實作為胖短的根據(jù)和根底,但是有些事實,只要看起來像是真的,就會被立即接受。比方下面所舉出的一個魯莽的例子:AlbertoRamirez 和他名義上的妻子Elisa在昨天下午舉行了一個儀式紀(jì)念一個叫Longina的女人 .記者在誹謗和荒唐確定的“客觀性與“事實之間,他們自己或其他記者觀察或可核實。驗證假設(shè)使 用或可以使像使用適當(dāng)?shù)某绦?,例如通過 呼叫民事
3、登記處的辦公室,以驗證是 否 Alberto確實是 Longina 的丈夫。假設(shè)驗證是必要的,但它不能獲得本身,記者可以采取其他的策略。三此外,以驗證“事實 ,以下四個戰(zhàn)略步驟,讓記者來宣揚他們的客觀性。1. 介紹沖突的可能性。新聞記者必須可以識別的“事實 ,甚至盡管他們中的一些真實的性格是不容易核查。例如,一位美國參議員重申,美國蘇聯(lián)的背后去,在一 個特定類型的導(dǎo)彈開展。記者當(dāng)然無法驗證準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)他的版本完畢這樣的肯定,它 甚至有可能,他無法找到準(zhǔn)確的值肯定是到什么程度,或者不是一個“事實的信息。記者只能確定,肯定了“A的參議員。記者理解到,肯定的“X是一個“事實,雖然“那是假的。這個問題,記
4、者以翔實組織。消費者希望新聞是擺在首位,要知道假設(shè)肯定是或不是“事實,新聞的功能是對他說,以消費者的希望和需要的新聞就知道了。其次, 由于無法驗證的參議員的肯定,消費者的消息可以責(zé)怪記者或稱“有利于的參議員和他的信息公司,假設(shè)他還沒有提交/ 顯示替代的意見。例如,假設(shè)參議員是民主和共和黨總統(tǒng),這個消息的消費者可以指責(zé)的報紙,有利于民主派,因 為只有“中提到 其實一直認(rèn)為,民主黨參議員肯定的。記者注意到,他宣布之前,將來的批評他的“客觀性的才能處于危險之中。雖然記者無法驗證參議員的肯定,真理本身,可以看一下,是可以。例如,他可以要求共和黨的國防部長,參議員的肯定,假設(shè)是真實的。假設(shè)國防部長重申,
5、 參議員的指責(zé)是“假 ,記者將無法證明部長的肯定是“事實。所有的方式,他將能寫,國防部長肯定的“B。當(dāng)介紹 / 顯示真的都聲稱, “ A的參議員和國防部長的“ B,記者將可以確認(rèn)這是“客觀的 ,因為他提出 / 顯示“兩個雙方的歷史不利于一個政黨或個人一些。此外,在顯示真的都聲稱,“客觀記者分開據(jù)稱是消費者,假設(shè)斷定參議員或部長說:“真相的新聞。這實際是一種機制,以保持客 觀性是有問題的。在這個簡單的例子,我們可以說,它設(shè)“新聞消費提供足夠數(shù)量 的數(shù)據(jù),因此,由自己決定標(biāo)簽這種做法。該程序可以越來越復(fù)雜。例如,在參數(shù)的“ B,國防部長可以指責(zé)的參議員說,他正在與國防的政治。軍隊總參謀部的 頭,一
6、個民主主義者,將彌補國防大臣的攻擊肯定,他是共和黨政府把國家平安的 危險與他的情報系統(tǒng)和徒勞的主體位置軍事預(yù)算為開展。翌日,一個國家范圍內(nèi)的 和平組的主席將召集的新聞發(fā)布會上指責(zé)都在爭論開始在拉巴斯的外交努力,在全 球范圍內(nèi)的平安損害開展高估。政府部長發(fā)言人將一個句子,然后和平支持者試圖 攻擊美國的政治進(jìn)程的指導(dǎo)。在這一點上,有五人參議員,國防部長,軍隊總參謀部負(fù)責(zé)人,和平主義者指導(dǎo)和政府發(fā)言人 ,要求對他們的肯定一個方式的真理,每一個代表一個可能的現(xiàn)實。分析有關(guān)大麻的爭議,古德1970 年,第 50-68 頁,他呼吁這成泥,說自己的意見得到“與現(xiàn)實的政策。雖然這個概念是很重要的社會學(xué),是無用
7、的記者 們面臨的困境,以確定和驗證的“事實。無論如何,記者自稱是“客觀時,真正符合這些說法,他們發(fā)布他們,因為他們遵循日復(fù)一日另一天。據(jù)他描繪了一個 記者,新聞的消費者不會承受在一天所有的歷史的兩面,但他將看到在一段時間點 關(guān)于這個問題的觀點的多樣性。像論壇“與現(xiàn)實的政策通風(fēng),新聞定義的情況的消息,讓消費者到達(dá)一個結(jié)論,超出了足夠的數(shù)據(jù)演示。真正的矛盾索賠集群一樣,這是我們作為典型案例, 這是見過這樣一個有益的邀請,到消費者的新聞,所以對之前新聞的特征反響的選擇性知覺,。毫無疑問,選擇性知覺的邀請是堅持,因為每個版本的現(xiàn)實要求一樣的潛在有效性。在盡可能很快,因為我們定義為“對外部對象的關(guān)注心靈
8、的“客觀性,并稱之為“客觀 ,“它屬于思想的對象,而不是思想主題,這將是難以維持,因為做記者,顯示在沖突客觀性的可能性產(chǎn)生。2. 介紹起重證據(jù)。當(dāng)然,也有在記者獲得的證據(jù)說明,真正維護(hù)索賠的場合。起重證據(jù)是“更多的事實 ,通常我們像真理承受的任命和定位。這種堅持在“起重事實是廣義的,出版商和排長記者,與記者的批評,如批評者之間出現(xiàn)的出版商和頭上。例如,主任助理“成為更客觀看完后,他形容像一個“純熟的音樂家死者 的訃告說明,寫作要求。他問:“我們怎么知道,死者是純熟的音樂家“,而不是一個音樂家從三季度的“涉及在市政帶。一個對他說,在說明段越往下組成的完畢曾與約翰 菲利普 蘇薩感動。 “附加,實際
9、上是適宜的版頭, 嫻熟的“音樂一詞的理由。似乎在方式上,有記者批評他的版頭,因為他們糾正不良和“抽象的,在特定的環(huán)境時,文章發(fā)表在“共產(chǎn)主義的宣傳。他表示,在問題的文章,必須提到 的更多的“完成,例如審查工作標(biāo)題被認(rèn)為是宣傳共產(chǎn)主義的。雖然他成認(rèn),“共產(chǎn)主義宣傳的標(biāo)簽是不是每一個人的文學(xué)一塊非常優(yōu)良的特性,堅持在一個更具體的介紹,將是“更客觀 。他將提供“事實 ,他們真的支持的初步肯定。此外,大概提到的職稱,將允許以同樣的方式“共產(chǎn)主義宣傳的描繪是準(zhǔn)確的程度,其 中的價值,并與“事實的讀者,其中音樂家協(xié)會與索薩通過將使讀者來決定自己 的“純熟的音樂家的標(biāo)簽,假設(shè)是準(zhǔn)確的。記者,其中的“事實自己
10、說話的肯定是有益的。這句話意味著“事實說話,在自己的記者之間的區(qū)別,廣義,它講的“事實。假設(shè)記者說的“事實 ,她不能聲稱自己是客觀的, “客觀或“無偏見 。當(dāng)然,這是一個社會學(xué)問題。例如,涉谷 1966演示的肯定和承受的“事實 ,依靠社會進(jìn)程的測量。3. 明智地遵守。記者看到的作為起重證據(jù)形式的其別人的意見任命。當(dāng)有人認(rèn)為投入更多,認(rèn)為他們自己在歷史上參與搬走,并與他們分開“做說話,因為她排在以下事件指導(dǎo)人之間的討論。建立一個在邊緣區(qū),其東主不在,一直在數(shù)天沒有暖氣,到接近零攝氏度的溫度。所有人宣布,已發(fā)送到別人的修復(fù)鍋爐,在一樣的時刻。當(dāng)史密斯,房地頭,打 的建立, 沒有人正在努力修復(fù)加熱,
11、 “事實,史密斯補充信息所涉及的事件,記者。當(dāng)核實歷史,瓊斯,科主任,要求其下屬的史密斯,因此,它被接觸更多租房的建立,以增加信息中提到的名稱。瓊斯說:“假設(shè)你得到我的MAS租房我們刪除它 。一段時間后瓊斯重申,它希望更多的約會的聲明,因為“有困難。不起用證據(jù)的情況下,歷史可以給在民意的崛起。當(dāng)參加更多的名稱和聲明,記者可以清楚的故事, 自己的意見, 并獲得別人說, 他本人認(rèn)為。例如,在訪問一組由大屠殺黑人學(xué)生在南卡羅來納州奧蘭治,聯(lián)邦公訴人影響的新聞報道,有記者問之前的行為,其反響組新教的牧羊人他們曾與聯(lián)邦公訴人。神父答復(fù)說:“我們認(rèn)為它發(fā)生的一切偉大的當(dāng)務(wù)之急,我們的當(dāng)務(wù)之急收到 一個答案
12、, 真的不成認(rèn)有被暗殺的人,他是可悲的, 是越來越多的情緒和注意力是。沒有被借出時,它向我們介紹說,“.當(dāng)時記者問, 這兩個詞說。神父頂嘴,“我認(rèn)為她已經(jīng)是不必要的硬度 。當(dāng)我們完畢了,記者解釋說,他采訪過的牧羊人特別是才能的肯定,因此不會有稱他自己殘酷的一個聯(lián)邦公訴人的信息。延伸到顯示的像設(shè)備,直到任命使用,以防止存在故事中的記者。例如,可以用來表示“這個人是作出肯定她是不一樣的記者。此外,他們可以有“SIC的含義。例如。新左派指定一組?!靶伦笈杀硎颈环Q為新左派的一個組,在這種情 況下,本集團的合法性問題提出的。由反對招募激進(jìn)的表現(xiàn)印象,記者用所有可能的安撫,看來他的版頭,他知道對面的表現(xiàn)形
13、式。文章說:一些人搬到的陽光明媚的下午,從昨天到一個令人難以置信的成功“和平游行 反對招募了當(dāng)?shù)氐墓珗@ ,到達(dá)高潮時,更 .年輕的他們表現(xiàn)出的招聘他的紀(jì)錄。兩個小時的平均表現(xiàn),并轉(zhuǎn)身增長的“左的“新運動的想法,這是必要的改變 “建立中,我們都不會感到慚愧生活的美國美國的政策??棺h公園內(nèi)的表現(xiàn)是誣陷,東海岸到西海岸,在60 個城市,正在抵抗國慶的地方。這種情況下,已經(jīng)持續(xù)了兩天,今天開始與區(qū)域中的“政治工廠的結(jié)論。 在當(dāng)?shù)毓珗@的游行一直被視為相對自由的暴力,假設(shè)我們認(rèn)為高數(shù),大多數(shù)年輕的參與者。市警察專員約翰史密斯,在當(dāng)?shù)嘏沙鏊?fù)責(zé),聲稱:“只有兩個或三個戰(zhàn)斗,迅速控制,已經(jīng)變黑了如此完美的一天
14、。前三段的任命被宣布,在事件的發(fā)言,雖然沒有確定在新聞源 。雖然記者親自肯定和entrecomillados條款達(dá)成協(xié)議,讓他申明,它并沒有干涉他在這個問題的意見。轉(zhuǎn)向“客觀的歷史和他們之前,他的上司的保護(hù)他。記者收到的表現(xiàn)蓋的大部分訂單,雖然她得到了相反誰是它的排長,隨著示威。假設(shè)這些已經(jīng)注意到他們的政治情感,沒有他,他們已經(jīng)返回到命令表現(xiàn)。此外,他們的故事會發(fā)生相當(dāng)大的改動。毫無疑問,版頭稱贊,其中記者工作。總之,記者到他的上司的操縱干擾,用他自己的意見,通過使用一種機制的客觀性關(guān)聯(lián)。4. 構(gòu)建信息在一個適宜的詞組。在適當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z構(gòu)造的信息,也是一個過程來表示,例如像正式的新聞屬性的客觀性。
15、事件最重要的信息出如今第一段,連續(xù)段將包含信息的重要性遞減。消息的構(gòu)造理論上看上去像一個倒置的金字塔。這個人是正式新聞工作者的客觀性方面的問題更多。與其他三個正式屬性的尊重,記者可以肯定,她已提交/ 顯示在沖突的不同肯定真的,那是額外的證據(jù),他限制自己編譯它們,人的任命和信息代表別人的意見,不是她自己的一個。無論如何,雖然有記者甚至可以不自覺地選擇一個標(biāo)題,他們將批準(zhǔn)他的排長,它折疊本身的政策手段的經(jīng)歷行事,記者將繼續(xù)負(fù)責(zé)新聞人。他不能援引選舉,獲得了另一個人。記者可以調(diào)用他的敬業(yè)精神和肯定,他的持有人重視自己的新聞判斷。來調(diào)用自己的新聞判斷新聞意識的氣味 ,是一種內(nèi)在的防御機制,因為“新聞估
16、價是選擇“客觀與“事實 ,彼此競爭的才能,決定什么是“事實更“重要或“有趣。“重要或“有趣,它表示的內(nèi)容。換言之,證明構(gòu)造的信息, 記者必須援引他細(xì)微內(nèi)容知識, “重要或“有趣 。舉報人的困難,直到某一點是減少到了著名的公式,根據(jù)新聞必須包含“誰, 什么,何時,何地,如何及為什么。這五個問題是,它被稱為“主材料事實的事件。因此,記者在首位的主要“物質(zhì)的東西事件的簡報,將是可以肯定,他一直是“客觀。盡管如此,報紙和記者,誰不同意,在確定這些物質(zhì)的事實。通過翻閱另一報 紙出版的表現(xiàn)形式的新聞,這同一個記者,刪除“黨派。一個抱怨,“有成千上萬的人表現(xiàn),和所有少兩個或三個和平地表現(xiàn)了,不過下午的報紙為
17、首的暴力事件的主題。明顯的,在黃昏的報紙的記者會頂嘴,它的消息是“客觀的,因為暴力是“最物質(zhì)的東西 ,“誰,什么,如何,何時,在哪里和為什么的歷史。因為它說明文學(xué)充分,在他們的“重要事實選舉報紙異議,但他們每個人的信息政策,聲稱他們是“客觀 。假設(shè)記者有困難,以確定“重大事實,甚至沒有留下自己的報紙內(nèi)容的政策,她認(rèn)為可以把在理論中另一種可能的選擇。而不是討論個別知情的故事正式的屬性,他們可以形容報紙的正式屬性。附件2:外文原文文獻(xiàn) :/ /stable/2776752The journalists confront these pressures emphasizing th
18、eir objectivity, arguing that the dangers can be diminished if informative strategies are followed that they identify with the objective news. They assume that if all the journalists compile and structure facts of an independent way, without prejudices and impersonal, the closings will be able to be
19、 fulfilled and to be avoided the demands by defamation. The journalists think that most of people she includes/understands the importance of the hours of closing, although only is by the stereotypes of the journalistic work that Hollywood spreads; they explain mainly to profane the dangers of thejud
20、gments by defamation. Speaking on their own experiences in defamation judgments, the journalists affirmed that its behavior had been objective, but who had committed inevitable errors. In two words, their commentaries were: the journalist has to put in judgment fabric the facts resorting to the sour
21、ces, but some facts simply have to be accepted like true immediately. If everything had to be put at issue we would arrive at absurd like the following one: Alberto Ramirez and his thus denominated wife ElisaSonseca Phons carried out in afternoon of yesterday what could be described like a celebrati
22、on in his generally denominated home in honor of a woman that says to be called Longina Berrueco Sonseca and to that commonlywith its testimony, lady of the house.The journalists sail between the defamation and the absurd one identifying the objectivity with the facts that they themselves or other j
23、ournalists observe or who can be verified. The verification supposes to use or to be able to make use of appropriate procedures like for example calling by telephone to the office of the Civil Registry to verify if Alberto Ramirez is indeed the husband of Elisa Sonseca. If the verification is necess
24、ary but it cannot obtain itself, the journalists can resort to other strategies.IIIBesides to verify facts, the four following strategic procedures, exemplified like the formal attributes of the news, allow the journalist to proclaim their objectivity.1. -Presentation of possibilities in conflict. -
25、 The journalists have to be able to identify the facts, even although the authentic character of some of them is not easily verifiable. For example, an American senator affirms that America goes behind the Soviet Union in the development of a specific type of missile. A reporter certainly cannot ver
26、ify such affirmation on time to arrive at the closing of his edition, and it is even possible that he never could locate the information precise to value to what extent the made affirmationis or not a fact. The reporter only can determine that the senator affirmedalthough To it is false.This as much
27、 creates problems to the reporter as to the informative organization. In the first place, the consumer of the news which wants is to know if the affirmation To is or not a fact, and a function of the news is to say to him to the consumer of the news which wants and needs to know. Secondly, since the
28、 affirmation of the senator cannot be verified, the consumer of the news can blame the reporter and his informative company of parcialidad (or to favor the senator) if he also does not present/display the alternative opinion. For example, if the senator is democratic and thepresident is republican,
29、the consumer of the news can accuse the newspaperto favor the democrats, because the only mentioned fact has been that the democratic senator affirms A. The journalist will notice that his capacityto proclaim his objectivity before the future critics is in danger. Although the reporter cannot by its
30、elf verify the truth of the affirmation of the senator, can look for which yes can. For example, he can ask therepublican minister of defense if the affirmation of the senator is true. If the defense minister affirms that the accusation of the senator is false, the reporter will not be able to prove
31、 that the affirmation of the minister is factual. Of all ways he will be able to write that the defense minister affirmed B. When presenting/displaying both claims really, the A of the senator and the B of the defense minister, the journalist will be able tohistory without favoring to a political pa
32、rty or person some. In addition, when presenting/displaying both claims really, the objective journalist leaves supposedly is the consumer of the news that if decides the senator or the minister says the truth.To say that this practical one is a mechanism to maintain the objectivity isproblematic. I
33、n this simple example we can label this practice saying that it supposes to provide a sufficient number of data to the consumer of the news so that decides by itself. The procedure can be complicated more and more. For example, within argument B, the defense minister can accuse the senator that he i
34、s making political with the national defense. The head of the General Staff of the army, a democrat, will compensate then the attacks of the defense minister having affirmed that he is the republican government who is putting in danger the national security with his systems ofintelligence and their
35、vain position in the subject of the military budget forthe armamentstico development. On the following day, the president of a pacifist group of national scope will summon a press conference to blameboth started off in controversy to overvalue the armamenst tico development in damage of the diplomat
36、ic efforts for La Paz and the world-wide security.The minister spokesman of the government will make a sentence then of the pacifist leader being a supporter of the Comunism that tries to attack the American political processes.head of the General Staff of the army, the pacifist leader and the spoke
37、sman of the government) who demand the truth for their affirmations of a nonverifiable way, and each one represents a possible reality. Analyzing the controversy about the marijuana, Goode (1970, pp. 50-68) he calls to this gets into the mud of opinions that are said to themselves made the policy wi
38、th the reality. Although this notion is important sociological, is uselessfor the journalists who face the dilemma to identify and to verify the facts. Anyway, the journalists claim to be objective when really match these claims and they publish them as they are followed one another day after day.Ac
39、cording to he described a journalist to it, the consumer of the news willnot receive in a single day all the sides of a history, but he will be seeing in a period of time a diversity of points of view on the subject.Like forum where the policy with the reality is ventilated, the journalistic definit
40、ion of the situation goes beyond the presentation of the sufficient data so that the consumer of the news reaches a conclusion. A cluster of contradictory claims really, like which we have put as typical case, can that it is seen like a beneficial invitation, to the consumer of the news, so that exe
41、rts its selective perception, in a characteristic reaction before the news.Without a doubt which the invitation to a selective perception is insistent, because each version of the reality demands the same potential validity. In as much as soon as we define the objectivity as attention towards extern
42、althe thought and not to the thinking subject (both definitions of dictionary), it will be difficult to maintain, since the journalists do, whom to present/display possibilities in conflict objectivity generates.2. -Presentation of the lifting evidence. Of course, there are occasions in which the jo
43、urnalist can obtain an evidence that really maintains a claim. A lifting evidence is the appointment and positioning of additional facts that commonly we accepted like truth. This insistence in the lifting facts is generalized, appearing between the critics of the publishers and platoon leaders to t
44、he reporters, like between the critics of the reporters to the publishers and heads.For example, late an assistant to the director of the edition requested to the writing that became more objective necros, after reading an obituary note that he described to the deceased like a skillful musician. He
45、asked: and how we know that the deceased was a skillful musician , and not a musician from three to the quarter that touched in the municipal band. One said to him that paragraphs more down in the note consisted that the concluded one had touched with John Philip Sousa. The additional fact, was suit
46、able the edition head, justified the skillful musical term.Of seemed way, a reporter criticized his edition heads because they corrected bad and nonobjective, when an article was published on communist propaganda in certain surroundings. He expressed that theexamined work titles were considered prop
47、aganda communist. Although he recognized that the label of communist propaganda was not a very fine characterization of each individual piece of Literature, insisted in which one more a more concrete presentation would be objective more. He would offer facts (titles) that they really supported the i
48、nitial affirmation. In addition, the presumably mentioned titles would allow the reader in the same way to value the degree in which the description communist propaganda was exact and with factual it, in which the association of the musician passed away with Sousa would allow the reader to decide by
49、 itself if the label of skillful musician were accurate.The affirmation of the journalists, of which the facts speak by themselves is instructive. This saying implies a distinction generalized between the facts that speak and the own reporter (or the orador, or cotilla, etc.) that it speaks of facts
50、. If the journalist had to speak by the facts, she could not proclaim that he is objective, impersonal or without prejudices. Of course, it is a sociological obviedad that the facts do not speak bythemselves. For example, Shibutani (1966) demonstrates that the affirmation and acceptance of the facts
51、 depend in much measurement of the social processes.3. -The judicious use of the comiles. The journalists see the appointments of the opinion of other people as a form of lifting evidence. When putting inparticipation in history move away, and with it they leave done themspeak, as she shows the disc
52、ussion between platoon leaders in the following incident.A building in a marginal district, whose proprietor was absent, had remained during several days without heating, to a temperature near the zero degrees. The proprietor declared to have sent to somebody to fix the boiler at those same moments.
53、 When Smith, the premises head, telephoned to the building, nobody was working to repair the heating, fact that Smith added to the information of the reporter who covered the event. When verifying history, Jones, the section director, called to its subordinate Smith so that it was put in contact wit
54、h more renters of the building to increase the number of names mentioned in the information.Jones said: If you obtain to me m s(declaraciones of renters) we removedit. (After some time) Jones repeated that it wanted more appointments of declarations because was having difficulties. Without lifting e
55、vidences, history could give rise in opinion.When adding more names and declarations the reporter can clear his own opinions of the story and obtain that others say what he himself thinks. For example, in the news coverage of a visit of a group of affected by a massacre of black students in Orangebu
56、rg, Carolina of the South, a federal public prosecutor, a reporter asked the protestant shepherd of the group forwith them.The priest answered: We felt great preoccupation by everything what it is happening. He is lamentable that our preoccupation receives an answer that really does not recognize th
57、at there are people who have been assassinated, are many emotions that are growing and to that attention is not being lent when it is said to us that olvidemos. the then reporter asked, to say it in two words, you are you insatisfecho . The priest talks back, I think thatshe has had an unnecessary hardness. Sight to a friend and continuous Cruelty is the word.When we finished, the reporter explained us that he had interviewed theshepherd speci
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