【 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 畢業(yè)論文】物理專業(yè) 畢業(yè)論文 文獻(xiàn)翻譯 中英文對(duì)照 麥克斯韋方程組

1、外文資料翻譯麥克斯韋方程組麥克斯韋方程組是英國(guó)物理學(xué)家麥克斯韋在19世紀(jì)建立的描述電場(chǎng)與磁場(chǎng)的四個(gè)基本方程。方程組的微分形式，通常稱為麥克斯韋方程。 在麥克斯韋方程組中，電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)不可分割的整體。該方程組系統(tǒng)而完整地概括了電磁場(chǎng)的基本規(guī)律，并預(yù)言了電磁波的存在。麥克斯韋提出的渦旋電場(chǎng)和位移電流假說(shuō)的核心思想是：變化的磁場(chǎng)可以激發(fā)渦旋電場(chǎng)，變化的電場(chǎng)可以激發(fā)渦旋磁場(chǎng)；電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)不是彼此孤立的，它們相互聯(lián)系、相互激發(fā)組成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的電磁場(chǎng)。麥克斯韋進(jìn)一步將電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)的所有規(guī)律綜合起來(lái)，建立了完整的電磁場(chǎng)理論體系。這個(gè)電磁場(chǎng)理論體系的核心就是麥克斯韋方程組。麥克斯韋方程組在電磁學(xué)中的地位，

2、如同牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律在力學(xué)中的地位一樣。以麥克斯韋方程組為核心的電磁理論，是經(jīng)典物理學(xué)最引以自豪的成就之一。它所揭示出的電磁相互作用的完美統(tǒng)一，為物理學(xué)家樹(shù)立了這樣一種信念：物質(zhì)的各種相互作用在更高層次上應(yīng)該是統(tǒng)一的。另外，這個(gè)理論被廣泛地應(yīng)用到技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。歷史背景1845年，關(guān)于電磁現(xiàn)象的三個(gè)最基本的實(shí)驗(yàn)定律：庫(kù)侖定律（1785年），安培畢奧薩伐爾定律（1820年），法拉第定律（1831-1845年）已被總結(jié)出來(lái)，法拉第的“電力線”和“磁力線”概念已發(fā)展成“電磁場(chǎng)概念”。場(chǎng)概念的產(chǎn)生，也有麥克斯韋的一份功勞，這是當(dāng)時(shí)物理學(xué)中一個(gè)偉大的創(chuàng)舉，因?yàn)檎菆?chǎng)概念的出現(xiàn)，使當(dāng)時(shí)許多物理學(xué)家得以從牛頓“超距觀

3、念”的束縛中擺脫出來(lái)，普遍地接受了電磁作用和引力作用都是“近距作用”的思想。1855年至1865年，麥克斯韋在全面地審視了庫(kù)侖定律、安培畢奧薩伐爾定律和法拉第定律的基礎(chǔ)上，把數(shù)學(xué)分析方法帶進(jìn)了電磁學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域，由此導(dǎo)致麥克斯韋電磁理論的誕生。 積分形式麥克斯韋方程組的積分形式： 這是1873年前后，麥克斯韋提出的表述電磁場(chǎng)普遍規(guī)律的四個(gè)方程。其中：（1）描述了電場(chǎng)的性質(zhì)。在一般情況下，電場(chǎng)可以是庫(kù)侖電場(chǎng)也可以是變化磁場(chǎng)激發(fā)的感應(yīng)電場(chǎng)，而感應(yīng)電場(chǎng)是渦旋場(chǎng)，它的電位移線是閉合的，對(duì)封閉曲面的通量無(wú)貢獻(xiàn)。（2）描述了磁場(chǎng)的性質(zhì)。磁場(chǎng)可以由傳導(dǎo)電流激發(fā)，也可以由變化電場(chǎng)的位移電流所激發(fā)，它們的磁場(chǎng)都是

4、渦旋場(chǎng)，磁感應(yīng)線都是閉合線，對(duì)封閉曲面的通量無(wú)貢獻(xiàn)。（3）描述了變化的磁場(chǎng)激發(fā)電場(chǎng)的規(guī)律。（4）描述了變化的電場(chǎng)激發(fā)磁場(chǎng)的規(guī)律。在沒(méi)有場(chǎng)源的自由空間，即q=0, i=0，方程組就成為如下形式： 麥克斯韋方程組的積分形式反映了空間某區(qū)域的電磁場(chǎng)量(d、e、b、h)和場(chǎng)源(電荷q、電流i)之間的關(guān)系。 微分形式麥克斯韋方程組微分形式：在電磁場(chǎng)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，經(jīng)常要知道空間逐點(diǎn)的電磁場(chǎng)量和電荷、電流之間的關(guān)系。從數(shù)學(xué)形式上，就是將麥克斯韋方程組的積分形式化為微分形式。利用矢量分析方法，可得： 注意：(1)在不同的慣性參照系中，麥克斯韋方程有同樣的形式。(2) 應(yīng)用麥克斯韋方程組解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題，還要考慮介

5、質(zhì)對(duì)電磁場(chǎng)的影響。例如在各向同性介質(zhì)中，電磁場(chǎng)量與介質(zhì)特性量有下列關(guān)系：在非均勻介質(zhì)中，還要考慮電磁場(chǎng)量在界面上的邊值關(guān)系。在利用t=0時(shí)場(chǎng)量的初值條件，原則上可以求出任一時(shí)刻空間任一點(diǎn)的電磁場(chǎng)，即e(x,y,z,t)和b(x,y,z,t)。 科學(xué)意義(一)經(jīng)典場(chǎng)論是19世紀(jì)后期麥克斯韋在總結(jié)電磁學(xué)三大實(shí)驗(yàn)定律并把它與力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行類比的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)立起來(lái)的。但麥克斯韋的主要功績(jī)恰恰是他能夠跳出經(jīng)典力學(xué)框架的束縛：在物理上以場(chǎng)而不是以力作為基本的研究對(duì)象，在數(shù)學(xué)上引入了有別于經(jīng)典數(shù)學(xué)的矢量偏微分運(yùn)算符。這兩條是發(fā)現(xiàn)電磁波方程的基礎(chǔ)。這就是說(shuō)，實(shí)際上麥克斯韋的工作已經(jīng)沖破經(jīng)典物理學(xué)和經(jīng)典數(shù)學(xué)的框架，只

6、是由于當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史條件，人們?nèi)匀恢荒軓呐ｎD的經(jīng)典數(shù)學(xué)和力學(xué)的框架去理解電磁場(chǎng)理論?，F(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)，h空間中的數(shù)學(xué)分析是在19世紀(jì)與20世紀(jì)之交的時(shí)候才出現(xiàn)的。而量子力學(xué)的物質(zhì)波的概念則在更晚的時(shí)候才被發(fā)現(xiàn)，特別是對(duì)于現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)與量子物理學(xué)之間的不可分割的數(shù)學(xué)邏輯聯(lián)系至今也還沒(méi)有完全被人們所理解和接受。從麥克斯韋建立電磁場(chǎng)理論到現(xiàn)在，人們一直以歐氏空間中的經(jīng)典數(shù)學(xué)作為求解麥克斯韋方程組的基本方法。(二) 我們從麥克斯韋方程組的產(chǎn)生,形式,內(nèi)容和它的歷史過(guò)程中可以看到：第一，物理對(duì)象是在更深的層次上發(fā)展成為新的公理表達(dá)方式而被人類所撐握，所以科學(xué)的進(jìn)步不會(huì)是在既定的前提下演進(jìn)的，一種新的具有認(rèn)識(shí)意義的公理體

7、系的建立才是科學(xué)理論進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。第二，物理對(duì)象與對(duì)它的表達(dá)方式雖然是不同的東西，但如果不依靠合適的表達(dá)方法就無(wú)法認(rèn)識(shí)到這個(gè)對(duì) 象的存在。由此，第三，我們正在建立的理論將決定到我們?cè)诤畏N層次的意義上使我們的對(duì)象成為物理事實(shí),，這正是現(xiàn)代最前沿的物理學(xué)所給我們帶來(lái)的困惑。(三) 麥克斯韋方程組揭示了電場(chǎng)與磁場(chǎng)相互轉(zhuǎn)化中產(chǎn)生的對(duì)稱性優(yōu)美，這種優(yōu)美以現(xiàn)代數(shù)學(xué)形式得到充分的表達(dá)。但是，我們一方面應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn)，恰當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)學(xué)形式才能充分展示經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法中看不到的整體性(電磁對(duì)稱性)，但另一方面，我們也不應(yīng)當(dāng)忘記，這種對(duì)稱性的優(yōu)美是以數(shù)學(xué)形式反映出來(lái)的電磁場(chǎng)的統(tǒng)一本質(zhì)。因此我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)識(shí)到應(yīng)在數(shù)學(xué)的表達(dá)方式中發(fā)現(xiàn)或看出

8、了這種對(duì)稱性，而不是從物理數(shù)學(xué)公式中直接推演出這種本質(zhì)。外文資料原文maxwells equationsmaxwells equations 1 is a british physicist maxwell in the 19th century description of the establishment of electric and magnetic fields of the four basic equations. equations of differential form, commonly referred to as maxwells equations. in max

9、wells equations, the electric and magnetic fields has become an indivisible whole. the system of equations and complete overview of the basic law of electromagnetic fields, and predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. maxwell made the vortex electric field and displacement current hypothesi

10、s of the core idea is: the changing magnetic field can stimulate vortex electric field, electric field changes the magnetic field can stimulate scroll; electric and magnetic fields are not isolated, they are interlinked and mutually stimulate the formation of a uniform electromagnetic field. maxwell

11、 further electric and magnetic fields together all thelaws, the establishment of a complete theoretical system of electromagnetic fields. the electromagnetic field is the core of the theoretical system of maxwells equations. maxwells equations in electromagnetism the position, as newtons laws of mot

12、ion in mechanics, like the position. to maxwells equations at the core of the electromagnetic theory, classical physics is the most proud achievements. it reveals the perfect unification of the electromagnetic interaction, for the physicist to establish such a belief: the interaction of various subs

13、tances at a higher level should be unified. in addition, this theory has been widely used in technical fields.historical background in 1845, with regard to electromagnetic phenomena of the three basic experimental laws: coulombs law (1785), amp - biot - savart law (1820), faradays law (in 1831-1845)

14、 has been summed up, faraday the power line and magnetic line of force concept has developed into the concept of electromagnetic fields. field emergence of the concept, but also a credit to maxwell, which was then the physics of a great initiative, because it is the emergence of the concept of field

15、, so that at the time many physicists from newton to be ultra-distance concept, a way out of the shackles of generally accepted the role of electromagnetic and gravitational effects are short-range effect thinking. from 1855 to 1865, maxwell comprehensively examined in the coulombs law, ampere - bio

16、t - savart law and faradays law, based on the mathematical analysis methods into the electromagnetic field of study, leading to maxwells electromagnetic theory birth.integral form maxwells equations of the integral form: this is a before and after 1873, the formulation of maxwells electromagnetic fi

17、eld to the universal law of the four equations. of which: (1) describes the nature of the electric field. under normal circumstances, the electric field could be the coulomb electric field can also be stimulated by changes in the magnetic field induced electric field, and the induced electric field

18、is the vortex field, and its line of electric displacement is closed on the closure of non-contribution to the flux surface.(2) describes the nature of the magnetic field. magnetic field can be excited by conduction current, but also by changes in the electric field created by the displacement curre

19、nt, which are the magnetic vortex field, magnetic induction lines are closed lines, closed surfaces of non-contribution to the flux. (3) describes the changes in the law of magnetic field excitation. (4) describes the changes in the law of magnetic field excitation. field source in the absence of fr

20、ee space, that is, q = 0, i = 0, equations become the following forms: maxwells equations form the points of a region of space reflects the amount of electromagnetic fields (d, e, b, h) and field source (charge q, current i) relationship.differential form differential form of maxwells equations: in

21、the practical application of electromagnetic fields often need to know point by point in space and the electromagnetic charge and current relationship. from the mathematical form, is the integral maxwells equations for the differential form formal. the use of vector analysis methods available: note:

22、 (1) in different inertial frames of reference, the maxwells equations have the same form. (2) the application of maxwells equations to solve practical problems, we must also consider the impact of media on the electromagnetic field. for example, in isotropic media, the volume of electromagnetic fie

23、ld and dielectric properties of the relationship between the volume of any of the following: in the non-uniform medium, we must also consider the volume of electromagnetic field in the interface of the boundary value relations. in the use of t = 0 the initial amount of pm conditions, in principle, f

24、or a time as any point of the electromagnetic field of space, that is, e (x, y, z, t) and b (x, y, z, t).scientific significance (a) the classical field theory is maxwell in the late 19th century summed up the law of electromagnetism and the three experiments with the mechanical model based on an an

25、alogy with the creation. however, maxwells main achievements is that he can just jump out of the shackles of the framework of classical mechanics: in the physical in order to market rather than force as the basic object of study in mathematics is different from classical mathematics the introduction

26、 of the vector partial differential operator fu. that is found the basis of electromagnetic wave equation. this means that, in fact, maxwell has been to break through the classical physics and classical mathematical framework, but, because of the historical conditions at that time, it is still only

27、available from newtons classical mathematics and mechanics to understand the framework of electromagnetic theory. modern mathematics, h space in the mathematical analysis is in the 19th century and at the turn of the 20th century when it appears. quantum mechanics and the concept of matter waves at

28、the time was later found, especially for modern mathematics and quantum physics an integral between the mathematical logic contact has also not yet completely been understood and accepted. maxwell electromagnetic theory from the establishment to now, there has been a euclidean space to the classical

29、 mathematical solution of maxwells equations as the basic method. (b) we know from maxwells equations have the form, content and the course of its history can be seen: first, the physical object is in a deeper sense of justice to develop a new expression of support by human hands, so scientific prog

30、ress will not be established under the premise of evolution, with a new understanding of the meaning of the axiom system is a sign of the progress of scientific theories. second, the physical object and its expression is different, but if we do not rely on the expression of appropriate methods will not b