(江蘇專用)高中英語Unit2PeopleonthemoveSectionⅣGrammar

1、Section IVGrammar&Wdling溶旌嗣蜃二蘭落的組成部分段落是由若干個彼此關聯的句子構成的，通常用以表達一 個中心思想或者從一個角度對文章的主題進行闡述。因此，段 落不能是一組句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某 些基本特征，遵循一定段落發(fā)展方向的。當然，段落并沒有固定的模式。在實踐中，我們常常碰到各種各樣的段落，有些僅僅充當導語或結束語，有些僅僅起過渡作用，這種段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想內容。要寫出一篇好文章，我們就必須了解一些結構完整的段落的寫法，掌握一些組成段落的基本知識。結構完整的段落大多由三部分組成:一、主題句主題句是概括段落中心思想、反映作者寫

2、作意圖的一個概括性的 句子，是段落的核心所在。所以，寫好主題句是寫好段落的前提。1. 段落主題句的位置及其作用主題句通常由主題和作者的觀點兩部分組成，作為段落傳遞信息 的出發(fā)點，簡明扼要地告訴讀者段落的線索和范圍。但是，主題句的 位置并不是固定不變的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。 主題句位于段首的情況比較多見。段首主題句開門見山，直接點明段 落主題，有助于確定段落的主線，使各個發(fā)展句圍繞段落主題自然展 開；段尾主題句具有結論作用，是對前面句子的歸納總結。請看下面各例:Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one，s studie

3、s or career vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck 一 being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a ma

4、tter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother has. In a word，people have different ideas on it.本段的主題句 Public opinions on what it takes tosucceed in one' s studies or career vary widely放在段落的開頭，開門見山地點明主題，使讀者很容易抓住本段 的寫作主線：對學業(yè)或事業(yè)成功的因素所持的各種不同 的觀點和看法。Give students a c

5、hance to grow. Do you mold them from one of a thousand patterns? Let them seek knowledge，but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all，do not push them against a stone wall，crushing th

6、em with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.在這個段落中，主題句先不出現，而是先舉出許多具體的例子，在段落結尾時才予以歸納，得出中心結論:Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.這樣的段落結構容易產生懸念，從而收到特 殊的表達效果。但是，主題句有時也可能出現在段落中間，或者根本就

7、沒有明顯的段落主題句。2. 段落主題句的寫作方法主題句的作用是要告訴讀者該段的主題思想，該段將圍繞這個主題思想逐步展開、定義、論述、分類、解釋和舉例說明等。所以，段落主題句中必須包含一個主導思想，這是一個等待發(fā)展 的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同時，段落主題句不能寫得太籠 統，也不能涉及面太窄。一個段落的容量是有限的，如果主題句 限定范圍太寬，其內容就無法在一個段落中闡述清楚；如果限定 范圍太窄又不利于段落的發(fā)展。段落主題句所限定的內容必須符 合段落寫作的目的，有助于段落的展開和抒發(fā)。例如:Television is very important.這個句子太寬泛，沒有表達一 個清楚的主題思想，作

8、主題句不大合適。可以改為：Televisionplays an educational role in our daily life.Big cities have traffic problems.這個句子如果用作主題句也沒有表達出明確的主題思想，范圍限得過寬，抓不住段落主線，不好下筆擴展段落?？筛臑椋篢raffic problems in big citiesare serious，which can be found in several ways.二、擴展句擴展句是用來支持或說明主題句的，是段落主題句的延伸和擴展，起著輔助主題句.擴展段落中心的作用，對主題句表達的中心思想或舉例說明.或

9、細致描寫、或詳細解釋，使讀者能夠清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達的意思O擴展句一般要具備如下特點:清晰、詳實，有較強的說服力，能清楚地表達思想;(2)條理分明，脈絡清晰。上一句要為下一句鋪平道路，下一句是 上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地論述或敘述主題。III一個段落通常有若干個擴展句。這些擴展句可以處于同一個層 次，共同來為主題句服務；也可以在一級擴展句之下用二級擴展句來 支持一級擴展句，從而構成擴展句之間的層次關系。但在段落中如果 有多個不同層次的擴展句時，必須要合理地安排它們，既要做到簡潔 清晰、意義連貫、合乎邏輯，又要做到層次分明并緊緊地圍繞主題句, 為主題句服務；同時還要注意一級擴展句、

10、二級擴展句等和主題句之 間的關系。一級擴展句為主題句服務，二級擴展句支持一級擴展句來 說明或論證主題句。在寫作中常用的關聯詞有：for example, for instance, furthermore, firstly, secondly, thirdly, on the other hand, however 等。三、結尾句結尾句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起著非常重要的作用，用以對全段內容進行總結、歸納或提出結論性的觀點。結尾句常和主題句相呼應，以不同的形式再現主題，并與擴展句相關聯。結尾句所表達的意思跟主題句一致，但句子結構和用詞都不一樣。但是并非任何段落都必須有結尾句才算完整。有的段

11、落，尤其是一些較短的段落中只有主題句沒有結尾句。考鬆印證（2012陜西離考）根據短文內容，從下框的AF選項中選出能概括每一段主題的最佳選項。選項中有一項為多余項。A. Be well-organised.B. Close with a Q & AC. Don't be contradictory.D. Bring it to a specific end.E. Speak slowly and pause.F. Drop unnecessary words.Speaking to a group can be difficult, but listening to a bads

12、peech is truly a tiresome task especially when the speaker isconfusing. Don，t want to confuse your audience? Follow thesesuggestions:61.|When it comes to understanding new information, the human brain needs a little time. First，we hear the words; then, we compare the new information to what we alrea

13、dy know. If the two are different, we need to pause and think. But a breathless speaker never stops to let us think about what he or she is saying and risks confusing us. Slow it down. And breathe.62.Sometimes we all start a sentence one way and then switch directions which is very difficult to foll

14、ow. When you confuse your listeners with opposing information you leave the audience wondering what part of the information is right and what part they should remember. Instead of relying on keeping correcting yourself，work to get the facts clear and straight.63Jumping from point to point as it come

15、s to your mind puts the onus （責任）on your listeners to make up for your lack of organisation. And it，s confusing for them to listen，reorganise, and figure out what you' re saying all at once. But going smoothly from one point to the next helps them understand information more easily. You can arra

16、nge things from beginning to end，small to large，top to bottom or by some other order. Just be sure to organise.64.|Repeated use of umy ah, like, you know and some other useless noises can drive an audience crazy. It makes the speaker sound uncertain and unprepared, and it can leave listeners so anno

17、yed that they can' t pay attention. Recently I attended a speech that was marked by so many ums that audience members were rolling their eyes. Was anybody grasping the intended message? Um, probably not.65.Many speakers Hnish up their speeches with question-and-answer (Q & A) sessions, but s

18、ome let the Q & A go on without a clear end. The audience is often left confused about whether the meeting is over and when they can get up and leave. Do your listeners a favour by setting a time limit on questions, and close your speech with a specific signal even if it' s something simple

19、like, "If you have any more questions, you know where to reach me."Or even more to the point, conclude your speech with "Thanks for your time. ”答案：61 65 ECAFDPhotographs are everywhere. They decorate （裝飾）the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news

20、is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands，and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.Reporting the news

21、through photos is called photoj ournalism At times photoj ournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times，they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book，which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social ch

22、ange.As historical and artistic documents（文獻），photos can become more important over time.上面這段文字中，1.主題句有：2.擴展句有:3結尾句是：參考答案與提示1. (l)Photographs are everywhere.(2)Reporting the news through photos is called photoj ournalism.2. (l)They decorate the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of diff

23、erent goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature.(2)At times photoj ournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times，they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book， w

24、hich can do more than record the facts.3 As historical and artistic documents, photos can becomemore important over time.建議信假如你是李華，你的好朋友王平給你寫信咨詢應如何正確讀書，請 結合你的讀書經驗給他寫一封信。內容包括以下要點：1. 所讀書籍難度要適中，偏難、偏易均不宜。若發(fā)現一本書太難， 不妨先放在一邊，換一本容易些的讀；2.34.5.讀書固然要讀自己感興趣的書，但更要讀對自己有益的書； 有的書匆匆瀏覽便可；有的則需細讀、精讀，更要隨時記筆記； 不要羞于問問題，任何

25、比你懂得多的人都是你的老師； 勤査詞典。詞典是你最好的老師。注意：1詞數：120左右；2. 可適當增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。Dear Wang Ping,I m glad to receive your letter asking for my suggestions on how to read books correctly. (2) To read successfully requires correct ways of reading. Here are some suggestions.Firstly，choose books which are neither too diffic

26、ult nor too easy for you. ©If you find it too hard to go on with the book，just put it aside for the moment and change for an easier one. Secondly, choose books that not only interest you but also benefit you, since reading is not always for fun only. Some books are to be read roughly, but some

27、must be read slowly and carefully. Don，t forget to take some notes whenever you feel it necessary. Thirdly，don't be shy to ask questions. ©Anyone who knows more than you do can be your teacher. Finally，do make good use of dictionaries as dictionaries are your best teachers.1 do hope my sugg

28、estions are helpful to you.Best wishes.Yours sincerely,Li Hua»結構分析/ 、文章結構嚴謹，邏輯清楚，語言得體，符合建議信格式。第一段:引出話題。第二段：提出具體建議。第三段：總結。»亮點點擊亮點一：句用不定式短語作主語，句用it作形式賓語， 另外，句中短語neither“nor及句中not only.but also 等的巧妙運用，使得語句靈活多變，展現了作者較深的英語文 字功底。亮點二：、句中定語從句，、句中狀語從句及句中賓語從句的運用得體，使文意表達清楚嚴謹。亮點三：句用助動詞do進行強調，表明作者提建議的態(tài)

29、 度真誠懇切。如何寫建議信建議信是常用的書信形式之一，主要用來和收信的一方交流 自己對某一問題的看法并提出自己的合理化建議，從而使對方參 考或接受。建議信一般采取三段式結構：首段，提一提來信中的事情，自然引入要談論的話題。第二段，針對來信中的問題，提出自己的合理化建議。在表 達自己的建議時要有的放矢、切中要害，力求簡潔扼要。在說理 的過程中要盡量站在對方的角度客觀地分析問題，努力做到邏輯分明，理由充分。末段，簡潔地提出希望自己的建議對其有所幫助或是表達自己良好的祝福。黃僉熬達1在表述建議時有很多常用的語言，我們可以熟記于心并靈活運用。Here is my advice./My advice f

30、or you isthisMy advice is that /My advice is as follows / What I suggest is that/lt is suggested that. /I suggest that2.在書信中還有一些常用的句式，能使你的寫作增色不少。Thanks so much for your letter; which arrived.I will appreciate it if you canI would also like to know if you can/could.You have no idea how excited I was when I received your letter! I was nearly crazy.I look forward to hearing from you.假設你是高中生李越，有感于校園中存在的隨意涂寫（toscribble）和亂丟垃圾（to li