初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全：語(yǔ)態(tài)的概述

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全：語(yǔ)態(tài)的概述英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)部分的結(jié)構(gòu)是be+過(guò)去分詞。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱(chēng)，數(shù)的變化，這個(gè)變化都由be來(lái)承擔(dān)，后面的過(guò)去分詞不變。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞一定是及物動(dòng)詞或構(gòu)成及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。例如：Many people speak English.謂語(yǔ)：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：English is spoken by man

2、y people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。例如：He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門(mén)。(主動(dòng)句)The door was opened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)句)二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。現(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：amisaretaught一般過(guò)去時(shí)：wasweretaught一般將來(lái)時(shí)：willshall betaught be going to +be+taught現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：amisare beingtaught過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have

3、has beentaught現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：havehas beentaught過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had been +taught過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí): should/would +be+taught帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can/may/must+ be+taught1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)History is made by the people.歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的。2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)These new cars were made in Tianjing in 1994.這些新車(chē)是1994年在天津生產(chǎn)的。3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)Li Ming will be asked to attend the lecture.李明將被邀請(qǐng)參加講座。4.現(xiàn)在

4、進(jìn)行時(shí)A new railway is being built.一條新鐵路正在修建。5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)The roads were being widened.路那時(shí)正在加寬。6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已經(jīng)被派往去上海工作了。7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那兒時(shí)，一座新旅館已經(jīng)建好了。8.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)He said a new hotel would be built in two months.他說(shuō)兩個(gè)月后新旅館就會(huì)建好了的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定句和疑問(wèn)句Engli

5、sh is not used in European countries.歐洲國(guó)家不使用英語(yǔ)。Is English used in European countries？歐洲國(guó)家使用英語(yǔ)嗎？1.否定句凡是有be動(dòng)詞的句子，其否定句都是在be動(dòng)詞的后面加not，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也不例外。This song is not liked by young people.這支歌不被年輕人所喜愛(ài)。Rome was not built in a day.羅馬城不是一天建成的。2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句把Be動(dòng)詞放在句首，就構(gòu)成了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句；而疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句就構(gòu)成了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊疑問(wèn)句了。Is Chinese

6、 used only in China？漢語(yǔ)只是在中國(guó)使用嗎？Were these computers made in the U.S.A.？這些計(jì)算機(jī)是美國(guó)制造的嗎？Yes，they were.是的。No，they weren't.不是。What language is spoken in China？中國(guó)說(shuō)什么語(yǔ)言？Chinese.漢語(yǔ)。What was it made of？它是什么制造的？It was made of bamboo.是竹子造的。三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法(1)不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)  例如：Some new computers were stol

7、en last night. 一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)This book was published in (2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：the window was broken by Mike.This book was written by him.Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到。/ 四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法(1)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

8、的主語(yǔ)。(2)把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be過(guò)去分詞)(根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式)。(3)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are madeby themin the factory.歌訣是：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用。五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的

9、主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。歌訣是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.You ought to take it away.     It ought to be taken away.They should do it at once.   It should be done at o

10、nce.He is going to make it.It is going to be made（by him）.We can change water into ice.我們可以把水變成冰。Water can be changed into ice.水可以被變成冰。You must not take out any books.你不可以拿走任何一本書(shū)。Any books mustn't be taken out by you.六、使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)1.帶雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍要保留。如果保留的是間接賓語(yǔ)，要在間接

11、賓語(yǔ)之前加上介詞to或for.如：She sent me a novel on my birthday.I was sent a novel on my birthday.She sent a novel to me on my birthday.A novel was sent to me on my birthday.We are taught English by her.或English is taught to us by her.同樣類(lèi)型的：give sb sth/buy sb sth；  give sth to sb/ buy sth for sb.2.當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官

12、動(dòng)詞（如make，let，hear，see等）用與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式必須帶toThe boss made him work over twelve hours a day.He was made to work over twelve hours a day.3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)作為一個(gè)整體，不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。如：The meeting has been put off.4.有些及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(多表示“靜態(tài)”)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的有have， cost， last， hold， fit， agree with等。5.有些不及物動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，常見(jiàn)的有cut

13、， wash， write， sell等。如：  The shirt washes well.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)take care of照看be taken care ofcut down砍倒be cut downlaugh at嘲笑be laughed atlook after照料be looked after必背！被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)以下這些短語(yǔ)本身即是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式，不需再加“by”。be covered with              

14、    用覆蓋著be surprised at                    對(duì)感到驚奇be known to                      

15、; 出名be interested in                  對(duì)感興趣be made of（from）          用制造的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況學(xué)了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有些同學(xué)認(rèn)為主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句可以隨便換用，沒(méi)什么差別，這是一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺(jué)，在一般情況下主動(dòng)句比被動(dòng)句用得多。同時(shí)，要注意有些情況下是不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的。動(dòng)詞的變

16、化動(dòng)詞通常有下述的五種變化形態(tài)，以u(píng)se 為例：原形 use第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式 uses過(guò)去式 used過(guò)去分詞 used現(xiàn)在分詞 using1.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞時(shí)The man introduced himself as Mr. Parker.那個(gè)人自我介紹說(shuō)他是帕克。I found myself in the park.我不知不覺(jué)地來(lái)到公園里。2.當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)是表狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)Does the pair of new shoes suit you？那雙新鞋你穿著合適嗎？We will have a meeting.（×）A meeting will be had.（）A meetin

17、g will be held.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別“be +過(guò)去分詞”可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，也可能是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其主要區(qū)別是：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示以主語(yǔ)為承受者的動(dòng)作，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)則表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)。The letter was written yesterday.（動(dòng)作）信是昨天寫(xiě)的。The letter is written in English.（狀態(tài)）這信是用英文寫(xiě)的。The store is closed at five.（動(dòng)作）這個(gè)商店五點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)門(mén)。The store is closed today.（狀態(tài)）這個(gè)商店今天不開(kāi)門(mén)。注意為了明確地表示該被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作的，可用get來(lái)代替b

18、e動(dòng)詞。My bike got（代替was）stolen.我的自行車(chē)被偷了。(廣州06) As usual, Meihua _ at 6:30 this morning by her mother to get ready for school.    A. has woken up    B. woke up    C. wakes up    D. was woken up(06) We should water the young trees every two day

19、s.    The young trees should be watered by us every two days.2、 含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)用法；(廣州05) A neighbour helped to keep our dog. It _ while we were on holiday.    A. was taken care    B. took care of    C. is taken care of    D

20、. was taken care of學(xué)生易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)典型錯(cuò)題一： （01廣州市中考題）The man who lived alone on the island thought he _ never be _.A. will, find    B. would, be found    C. is, found     D. had, been found原因分析：學(xué)生受thought的影響，認(rèn)為"沒(méi)有被人發(fā)現(xiàn)"是在賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，因此時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該為過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)D，但是此題應(yīng)該是一個(gè)

21、對(duì)于語(yǔ)境的考查題，the man過(guò)去獨(dú)自一人居住在島上，因此"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"沒(méi)有被人發(fā)現(xiàn)是事實(shí)，但是句中never的隱含著"永遠(yuǎn)不"的意思，語(yǔ)義上更傾向于"過(guò)去的將來(lái)"，故而答案應(yīng)該為B。典型錯(cuò)題二：（02廣州市中考題）Don't worry. All the children _ by the nurses.A. are well taken care of       B. take good care ofC. are taken good care