閱讀組說明文任務(wù)--新增版

1、李巧燕 1，2 （2009北京C，2009北京E）1 2009北京 CHow Room Designs Affect Our Work and FeelingsArchitects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，實(shí)證的) basis. They are discovering how to design

2、spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think. Her resea

3、rch indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.In additions to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant's abilit

4、y to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academ

5、ically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vo

6、cabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.Recent study on room lighting design suggests than dim(暗淡的) light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase re

7、laxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. "We have a very limited number of studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw(吸管),"

8、 architect David Allison says. "How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That's what we're all struggling with." 64. What does Joan Meyers-Levy focus on in her research?A. Light. B. Ceilings. 由鎖定法在Joan Meyers-Levy句出答案。C. Windows. D

9、. Furniture.65. The passage tells us that _.A. the shape of furniture may affect people's feelings 鎖定法 B. lower ceilings may help improve students' creativity 鎖定法C. children in a dim classroom may improve their grades D. students in rooms with unblocked views may feel relaxed 鎖定法CD選項(xiàng)正好相反66.

10、The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that_.A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researches so far have faults in themselves C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns 與a very li

11、mited number 同義。管中窺豹，略見一斑。67. Which of the following shows the organization of the passage? CP: Central Point P: Point SP: Sub-point(次要點(diǎn)) C: Conclusion根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)一般總-分-總規(guī)律，先看文章最后一句，交代了文章的分述層次，共三層：how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.由先細(xì)節(jié)后推理后主旨的做題順序，可知第二

12、段在做64題細(xì)節(jié)題的時(shí)候已經(jīng)找到突破口知第二段在講關(guān)于ceilings的內(nèi)容，然后根據(jù)文章首句開門見山或承上啟下的特點(diǎn)會(huì)交代本層所講內(nèi)容，第二段inadditiont to 已經(jīng)把后面段落的意思和第一段分離，且第二三段首句分別提到concentrate和focus of attention 知 后兩段分別是段應(yīng)首段末尾的keep people focused 層并分為兩層進(jìn)行分述。根據(jù)所做65題推理細(xì)節(jié)題知第五段都是在講ralaxtion的內(nèi)容，是對(duì)應(yīng)文章首段末句中的第三點(diǎn)lead to relaxation進(jìn)行的闡述。所以文章層次明晰，脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)比較好把握。答案： 64.B65.A66.D67

13、.C2 2009北京 ECamping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and ,at its best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave no mark.Wi

14、ld camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of

15、 Scotland, but in England you must ask the landowners permission, except in national parks.Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野營(yíng)地)seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, mo

16、re remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: walking in makes a real adventure.Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good nights sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on oth

17、ers and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland, avoid standing dead trees, which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most prot

18、ection on the windward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not madechanging it should be unnecessary.72. You neednt ask for permission when camping in _.A. natio

19、nal parks in England 鎖定可得，后面選項(xiàng)可不看B. most parts of ScotlandC. crowded lowland Britain D. most parts of England73. The author thinks that a good campsite is one _.A. with easy access B. used previously 首段陰影部分已告知作者之意，不必多讀，合題旨者為作者所寵。C with modern conveniences D far away from beaches74. The last paragrap

20、h mainly deals with _.A. protecting animals B building a campfireC camping in woodland 最后一段陰影句皆為動(dòng)詞開頭句，是TIPS題型，顯然ABD是TIPS，且問題是 mainly deals with ，故選C。D finding a campsite with privacy75 The passage is mainly about _.A the protection of campsites B the importance of wild campingC the human influence o

21、n campsites D the dos and donts of wild camping 根據(jù)主旨題特點(diǎn)知選D答案 72.A73.B74.C75.D常華 3，4 （ 2008北京B，2007北京B）3 2008北京 BDomestic(馴養(yǎng)的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses werent tame(馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first in

22、teractions humans had with horses were far different from those today.Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication.As people began to tame and ride horses,

23、they chose to keep those animals that had more desirable characteristics. For example, people may have chosen to keep horses that had a gentle personality so they could be ridden more easily. People who used horses to pull heavy loads would have chosen to keep stronger animals. Characteristics like

24、strength are partly controlled by the animals genes. So as the domesticated horses reproduced, they passed the characteristics on to their young. Each new generation of horses would show more of these chosen characteristics.Modern-day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This var

25、iety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication. The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breedstypically reaching only one meter tall. With short, strong legs, the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts(礦井) with low ceilings. Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the sce

26、ne around 1700. People bred these heavy, tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horses were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy load

27、s allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distances in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new form of rapid

28、 transportation helped cultures spread around the world.59. Before domestication horses were _.A. caught for sports B. hunted for foodC. made to pull ploughs D. used to carry people60. The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show _.A. it is smaller than the Clydesdale horseB. horses used

29、 to have gentle personalitiesC. some horses have better shapes than othersD. horses were of less variety before domestication61. Horses contributed to the spread of culture by _.A. carrying heavy loadsB. changing farming methodsC. serving as a means of transportD. advancing agriculture in different

30、areas62. The passage is mainly about _.A. why humans domesticated horsesB. how humans and horses needed each otherC. why horses came in different shapes and sizesD. how human societies and horses influenced each other解析：59. B.選項(xiàng)中A, C和D 是Domestic(馴養(yǎng)的) horses能干的事（見第一段刷黃的部分）。正確答案B在第二段刷黃部分可以找到。60D.找題干的關(guān)

31、鍵詞Shetland horse在第三段及以下掃讀定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段有，因?yàn)榈谌螞]有，所以第三段不讀。Shetland horse是作為例子出現(xiàn)的，那么例子出現(xiàn)是為了證明該段的topic sentence的，因此選跟本段第一句同義的或相關(guān)的即可。61. 根據(jù)本文的最后一句得出C。62. D.主旨題。見文章刷粉色的部分。只需要讀這部分即可。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：D選項(xiàng)范圍合適。答案：59B 60D 61 C 62 D4 2007北京 BThe Book of LifeSo far, scientists have named about 1.8 million living species（物種）, and

32、 thats just a small number of what probably exists on Earth. With so many plants, animals, and other living things coveting the planet, it can be tough to figure out what type of grass is growing by the roadside or what kind of bird just flew by.A soon-to-be-started Web site might help. An internati

33、onal team of researchers has announced the creation of Web-based Encyclopedia （百科全書）of Life（EoL）. The project aims to list every species on Earth in a single, easy-to-use reference guide.To get the encyclopedia started, the creators will use information from scientific databases （數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)） that already e

34、xist. And eventually, in special sections of the site, non-scientists with specialized knowledge will come to help. Bird-watchers, for example, will be able to input what birds theyve seen and where. To make sure the encyclopedia is accurate, scientists will review much of the information added to i

35、t. As the EoL develops, you might find it useful for school projects. The site will feature （以為特色）special pages for kids who are studying ecosystems in their neighborhoods. Another convenient feature of the EoL is that youll be able to pick the level of detail you want to see to match your interests

36、, age, and knowledge.It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species. The creators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed up that Process.60. The Web-based EoL aims to _.A. find out what covers the earthB. list all living t

37、hings on EarthC. work out the number of birdsD. save the existing plants61. One characteristic of the EoL is that _.A. it is run by school studentsB. it focuses on different types of grassC. it provides different levels of informationD. it allows non-scientists to review its data62. In the last para

38、graph, "that process" means _.A. analyzing species B. creating a new toolC. collecting dataD. describing species解析：60. B。找題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Web-based EoL回到文章定位，然后可以在第二段找到，本段刷黃色的部分即是答案。61. C。定位關(guān)鍵詞characteristic，然后在第四段看到中文注釋：以.為特色，因此定位此處。62. C。that 是代詞，代前面說過的東西。本題容易。答案 6 0 B 61 C 62 C劉濤 5，6 （2006北京D 20

39、06北京E）5 2006北京DWhile parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (嬰兒), societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness

40、. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another p

41、ractice that discouraged maternal (母親的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (撫摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers' and fathers' affection for their infants.A third practice which had t

42、he same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a

43、 wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infantwho, in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that _.A. an old social custom could be kept upB. maternal attachment co

44、uld be maintainedC. they could have better chances to surviveD. their parents would not be too sad if they died69. Why were babies wrapped?A. To protect them from the cold.B. To distance their mothers from them.C. To make them feel more comfortable.D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them.7

45、0. Wet nurses were women who _.A. babysat city infantsB. fed babies of other familiesC. sent their babies to the countryD. failed to look after their babies71. Which is the best title for the passage?A. Societal Conditions in Premodern TimesB. Practices of Reducing Maternal AttachmentC. Poor Health

46、Service and High Infant Death RateD. Differences between Modem and Premodern Parents解析：本文是介紹阻礙母子親密接觸的社會(huì)實(shí)際因素的文章。文章第一段指出，前現(xiàn)代時(shí)期，嬰兒的夭折帶給父母尤其是母親的巨大傷痛，所以就漸漸產(chǎn)生了阻礙母子親密接觸以減少悲傷的社會(huì)實(shí)際因素。接下來第二段和第三段就介紹了三種社會(huì)因素。第一種是在孩子兩歲前不給孩子起名字。68題就是針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)題，答案是第二段第一句，選D。第二種是把孩子包裹的緊緊的，減少母親對(duì)孩子的依戀感。69題是針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)命的題，答案是第二段的第三句，選B。第三種是讓別

47、人代為喂養(yǎng)自己的孩子，70題就是針對(duì)這一部分出的題，答案在第三段，選B。71題是全文主旨題，縱觀全文，主要是說阻礙母子親密接觸的社會(huì)實(shí)際因素，此外“practice”和”attachment”在文章中也多次出現(xiàn)，故其應(yīng)為文章的主題，所以包含這兩個(gè)詞的B選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是正確答案。答案68.D69.B70.B71.B6 2006北京EA study published in September suggests there is a surprising way to get people to avoid unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientis

48、t Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers to answer some questions on their personalities (個(gè)性) and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “we told those people we'd fed their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their ear

49、ly childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail (細(xì)節(jié)): “You got sick after eating strawberry ice-cream.” The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人為促生的) memory through leading questionsWho were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to

50、 41% of those given a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they'd avoid eating it. When Loftus published her findings, she started getting calls from people begging her to make them remember hating chocolate or French fries. Unfortunately, it's not th

51、at easy. False memories appear to work only for foods you don't eat on a regular basis. But most important, it is likely that false memories can be implanted (灌輸) only in people who are unaware of the mental control. And lying to a patient is immoral, even if a doctor believes it's for the p

52、atient's benefit.Loftus says there's nothing to stop parents from trying it with their overweight children. “I say, wake upparents have been lying about Father Christmas for years, and nobody seems to mind. If they can prevent diseases caused by fatness and all the other problems that come w

53、ith that, you might think that's a more moral lie. Decide that for yourself.”72. Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer some questions?A. To improve her computer program.B. To find out their attitudes towards food.C. To find out details she can make use ofD. To predict what food they'll

54、 like in the future.73. What did Loftus find out from her research?A. People believe what the computer tells them.B. People can be led to believe in something false.C. People tend to forget their childhood experiences.D. People are not always aware of their personalities.74. According to the study,

55、people may stop having a certain food if they _.A. learn it is harmful for healthB. lie to themselves that they don't want itC. are willing to let doctors control their mindsD. think they once had a bad experience of eating it75. What is the biggest concern with the method?A. Whether it is moral

56、.B. Who it is best for.C. When it is effective.D. How it should be used.解析：本文是有關(guān)改變記憶的實(shí)驗(yàn)及評(píng)價(jià)的。72題直接和文章中出現(xiàn)的難詞漢語注釋相關(guān)，文章中有“detail”等詞的中文注釋，而出現(xiàn)注釋的詞匯自然承載了文章中的重要信息，故72題的答案是“To find out details she can make use of.”73題和74題都是根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)命題的，根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的的結(jié)果，即第一段最后一句話，“41%的被告知虛假信息的被實(shí)驗(yàn)者相信了電腦的分析，認(rèn)為自己曾因食用草莓冰激凌而生病，所以今后要避免再食用?！彼?3

57、題的B選項(xiàng) “人們能被誤導(dǎo)相信虛假的東西”正確。74題D選項(xiàng)也正確。文章后兩段都在說道德的事情，分別是兩段的最后一句，很顯然immoral和moral 是關(guān)鍵詞，也就是這種可以讓人們放棄不健康食品的方法實(shí)施起來最引人爭(zhēng)議的地方。所以75題選A答案 72.C73.B74.D75.A崔玥 7，8 （2005北京B 2005北京D）7，2005北京BGood tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to