垂懸分詞匯總

1、垂懸分詞一般來講，分詞或分詞短語在句子中充當狀語時，其邏輯主語與句子主語一致，如：Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的邏輯主語是句子主語he。當分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，則應(yīng)將分詞的邏輯主語補出來，如： George yawning, the conversation dropped.這種 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)被稱作獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時我們遇到這種情況：分詞的主語既不與句子主語一致，分詞本身又非獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：Going up the hill , the statue of Lincoln struck my eye ,在登

2、上山的當兒，林肯的雕像十分引我注目。Tired but happy, the bus whisked us home.我們雖然疲乏，但很高興，公共汽車飛快地把我們送到了家。這種分詞在語法上被稱作垂懸分詞( dangling participle),也叫無依著分詞。垂懸分詞從起源上來說， 是語言的錯誤使用(performance error),即將分詞的主語與句子的主語錯誤聯(lián)系，從而產(chǎn)生垂懸分詞，所 以有人又叫它錯關(guān)聯(lián)分詞( misrelated participle)。垂懸分詞通常出現(xiàn)在句子開頭或接近開頭的位置，與句子中的其它成分不產(chǎn)生必要的句法關(guān)系，特別是它與句子主語無邏輯關(guān)系。鑒于這種特點

3、，垂懸分詞別名為：獨立分詞( absolute participle)或孤立分詞 (isolated participle )。垂懸分詞多數(shù)為現(xiàn)在分詞，少數(shù)為過去分詞。下文將從使用場合和情況對垂懸分詞進行分類、歸納和 總結(jié)。.當分詞主語是不定人稱時，如：忖即 dining in the restaurant, a jacket and tie are required.2-當分詞的主語是表示時間、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象等的無人稱代詞it時，如：Being Christmas, the government offices were closed .3.當分詞的暗含主語是句子的整體時，如：II.； si

4、ren sounded, indicating that the air-raid was over .Ulhi；jVdl to his closest advisers, he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.4 .在正式科技文章中，分詞前常常帶有連詞，其主語通常與I, we, you等同，如：When installing a boiler , the floor space which is available is very important .忖即 treating patients with language reta

5、rdation and deviation of languagedev clop me rn,the therapy consists , in part , of discus- sions of the patientsproblems with patients and teachers , with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.5 .垂懸分詞最常見于方式分離狀語(style disjunct),表明說話人對所說的話的方式、條件以及說話人的態(tài)度或看法，這種用法可細分為以下幾種情況：口.說話者用垂懸分詞引出話題，如：

6、talking of , getting back to, coming to等，意思為談到,關(guān)于，回到”等，請看例句：Gelling back to our story, the princess was killed .Ccmii唱 to this question , Isayno.垂懸分詞表明說話者的說話方式， 如：putting it mildly , frankly speaking , generally speaking,roughly speaking, broadly speaking, biologically speaking 等，請看例句：Pulling it mil

7、dly , you have caused us some inconvenienceGE匚rail)，speaking, dogs are more faithful to men than cats .J 有些垂懸分詞或詞組表明說話的依據(jù)或視角，如：judging from , according to , cnnsidcriTig ,viewing it from , seeing, 例如：Jutlgii增 from his expression , he is in a bad mood.Acuording to Barthes, the author had died.CmEilui

8、i唱 the low price, the car is worth buying .有些垂懸分詞或詞組還為說話者所說內(nèi)容的成立提供條件，如： providing (that), provided (that), supposing, given,意思為if 或 with , wanting 和 failing 意思為without。例如：Provided that a film entertains , few people care about its other merits.5kl prudence and patience, anybody can achieve something

9、.Suppnsinv this to be true, he is certainly the murderer.C.表示轉(zhuǎn)折性的垂懸分詞或詞組有：admitting that, allowed that, allowing for , cinisidcriTig (that),assuming that, seeing that, granting that, granted that,mmihEEing,請看例句：AHnvJiig for (= Considering) the deficiencies, the show is a success.Gmn閡(=Granting) that

10、 you are right, you should not get angry.Adi nil li ng (= Assuming = Allowing ) that he is drunk, that is no excuse.f.有些垂懸分詞或詞組還可以表明說話者所說內(nèi)容有無例外情況，如： barring , bating, sapling, excepted, saving that, 意思為除了11 ； including , counting , setting 忍呢，leaving . . to one side, 意思為包括；除了還有”等，請看例句：Barring (= bat

11、ing) this point, I agree with you .There are fifteen students countingme.Se山咽 aside the question of capital, this business has many other problems.從以上列舉的垂懸分詞，我們可以得到一個總體印象：垂懸分詞雖然在產(chǎn)生之初為錯誤聯(lián)系使用所致，但一旦被言語社團成員所接受，便成為正確英語；由于其產(chǎn)生的特殊性，及其使用場合的有限性，垂懸分 詞與一般分詞相比靈活程度差一些，也就是說，垂懸分詞的表達及用途相對固定。甚至于有些垂懸分詞詞 組已被很多詞典編撰者當作固定

12、詞組來看待，如上文中的generally speaking , frankly speaking ,judging from , com ing to details等。另外，從詞性角度來看，有些垂懸分詞已不再被看作是分詞，失去了 動詞的本性，已演變成介詞或連詞。被當作介詞看待的垂懸分詞有：considering , counting, including , barring , bating , excepting, excepted, concerning, regarding, respecting, touching , wanting , failing , pending, sav

13、ing 等等，例如：Considering its cost, this machine is not worth buying .H；.： asked me questions concerning my health.Pciidiiig a report from Rancy , well pro- ceed as planned.1 know nothingrespecting that girl .已變成連詞的垂懸分詞有：providing (that), provided (that), saving, notwithstanding , seeing, considering, granting , granted, adm itting , assum ing, allowing , supposing 等等。例句:Wa was prudent notwithstanding that he was young .-ant